HOMI BHABHA

YOUNG SCIENTIST EXAM

BIOLOGY
(PRACTICAL-2)

CLASS - IX

ALLEN
TM

CAREER INSTITUTE
Path to Success KOTA (RAJASTHAN)

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.
 ALLEN
TM

CONTENTS CAREER INSTITUTE

Path to Success KOTA (RAJASTHAN)
DR. HOMI BHABHA BALVAIDNYANIK SPARDHA

BIOLOGY
Sr. No. Topic Page No.
LAB HANDBOOK FOR FACULTY REFERENCE
Plant Kingdom : To study the given plant specimens and
13 1 - 12
classify with one diagnostic character
To identify individual parts pointed by arrow or label the
14 13 - 16
different parts of given specimen with one function
TARGET : STAGE – II

To observe the given specimens of monocots & dicots and

15 17 - 19
complete the given chart
Animal Kingdom : To study the given animal specimens and
16 20 - 41
classify with one diagnostic character
Diseases : To identify the various types of diseases and
17 42 - 44
complete the given table

18 To identify the disease from the symbol 45

.
 EXPERIMENT–13
PLANT KINGDOM

Characteristics of Division Bryophyta

-primitive plants (mosses)
-lack true roots, stems, or leaves
-lacks vascular tissue ® no xylem or phloem
-habitat must be moist and shaded
-usually very small in size
-gametophyte generation is dominant

Class Musci (Moss)

Example is the Polytrichum

Male Polytrichum Female Polytrichum Sporophyte of

Class Musci Class Musci Polytrichum
Division Bryophyta Division Bryophyta Class Musci
Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Plantae Division Bryophyta
Kingdom Plantae

1
 Kingdom Plantae
Alternation of Generation for the Polytrichum

Class Hepaticae (Liverworts)

Example is the Marchantia

-Performs Asexual Reproduction by Gemmae cup

Female Marchantia

Male Marchantia

2
 Marchantia
Class Hepaticae
Division Bryophyta
Kingdom Plantae

Class Anthocerata (Hornworts)

Example is the Anthoceros

3
 Anthoceros
Class Anthocerata
Division Bryophyta
Kingdom Plantae

Characteristics of Division Pteridophyta (also known as vascular plants or Tracheophytes)

-specialized plants
-have true roots, stems, or leaves
-have vascular tissue ® do have xylem (conducts water) and phloem
-variety of habitats
-grow to variety of sizes
-sporophyte generation is dominant
Subdivision Psilopsida
An example of this subdivision would be the Psilotum (whisk fern)

Psilotum
Subdivision Psilopsida
Division Pteridophyta
Kingdom Plantae

4
Subdivision Lycopsida
An example of this subdivision would be the Lycopodium (ground pine) or (club moss).
-Can be found in wooded areas.

Lycopodium
Subdivision Lycopsida
Division Pteridophyta
Kingdom Plantae
Subdivision Sphenopsida
An example of this subdivision would be the Equisetum
Deposits of silicon dioxide in cell wall.

Equisetum
Subdivision Sphenopsida
Division Pteridophyta
Kingdom Plantae

5
Subdivision Pteropsida
Class Felicinae
An example of this class would be Polypodium (fern).

Polypodium (Fern) Polypodium (Fern) Life History, showing the fronds (2n) and
Class Felicinae rhizome (2n)
Subdivision Pteropsida Class Felicinae
Division Pteridophyta Subdivision Pteropsida
Kingdom Plantae Division Pteridophyta
Kingdom Plantae

6
 Polypodium (Fern) Life History, showing the prothallia (singular : Prothallus) which are the sex organs
Class Felicinae
Subdivision Pteropsida
Division Pteridophyta
Kingdom Plantae

Polypodium (Fern) Life History, showing the prothalliasporophyte (2n)

Class Felicinae
Subdivision Pteropsida
Division Pteridophyta
Kingdom Plantae

7
 Underground stem with roots, Sori (2n)
Rhizome (2n) Fern
Fern Class Felicinae
Class Felicinae Subdivision Pteropsida
Subdivision Pteropsida Division Pteridophyta
Division Pteridophyta Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Plantae

Fern spore : Stalk, annulus, and spore mother cells (2n)

Fern
Class Felicinae
Subdivision Pteropsida
Division Pteridophyta
Kingdom Plantae

8
Class Gymnospermae meaning "Naked Seed"
Characteristics:
-Naked seed
-Seed borne on cone
-Archegonia present with eggs.
-Germinations are short
-Single fertilization
An example of this class would be Genus Pinus .
"Conifers" - produce cones
Leaves - needles bundle of 3 is called a fascicle.
Male cones are 2n. Other names for male cone are:
Microstrobilus
Pollen cone
Staminate cone
They develop in the spring

Male Cone
Class Gymnospermae
Subdivision Pteropsida
Division Pteridophyta
Kingdom Plantae
The female cone:
Other names include: Megastrobilus, Carpellate cone, Ovulate cone
There are three types of cones: a 1st year, 2nd year, and 3rd year.
The 1st year female cone has a protective layer between the pollen (male) grain and the egg, which is called
the nucellus. Germination occurs when the pollen tube pierces the nucellus in order for the pollen to get to the
egg, which now is fertilization.
The 2nd year female cone is completely closed. The carpels close trapping the sperm pollen inside where it is
becoming a zygote to form a seed.
The 3rd year female cone opens up to release the seeds.

9
 Female Cone 1st year (Pollination cone) Female Cone 2nd year (Fertilization cone)
Class Gymnospermae Class Gymnospermae
Subdivision Pteropsida Subdivision Pteropsida
Division Pteridophyta Division Pteridophyta
Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Plantae

Female Cone 3rd year (Seed cone)

Class Gymnospermae
Subdivision Pteropsida
Division Pteridophyta
Kingdom Plantae
10
Class Angiospermae
Characteristics:
-Covered seed -Seeds are covered by the flower or a fruit
-No archegonium present -Germination is long
-Double fertilization (3n) structure
Angiosperm Female Gametophyte Development

What is happening:
1. The two polar nuclei will fuse together to form the fusion nucleus (2n).
2. Sperm 1 (n) fertilizes the fusion nucleus (2n) to form the Primary Endosperm Nucleus (3n).
3. Sperm 2 (n) will fertilize the egg to form a zygote (2n).

11
 A model of a flower.
Petals are collectively called the corolla. Sepals are collectively called the calyx.
There are four sets of floral organs:
1. Sepals, collectively called Calyx.
2. Petals, collectively called Corolla.
3. Stamen, male reproductive organ with two parts known as the Anther and Filament.
4. Pistil, female reproductive organ with three parts called the Stigma, Style, and Ovary.
Are necessary for reproduction to occur.
Male anthers produce pollen.
Pollen is setting on top of the stigma awaiting for the female to accept it.

Characteristics of Dicots:
1. They have a woody stem
2. They have multiples of 4 or 5 flower
parts
3. They have reticulate venation
4. Vascular bundles arranged in a ring

12
 EXPERIMENT–14
Identify the individual parts pointed by arrow of this model labelled with function.

Parts: Parenchyma (for food storage)

Collenchyma (support)
Sclerenchyma (support and protection)
Chlorenchyma (chlorophyll)
Xylem (transport water)
Phloem (transport food)
Vascular Cambium (secretes a ring of xylem each year (only in dicots)
Epidermis (outer most layer for protection)

13
Characteristics of Monocots:
1. They have a herbaceous (leafy or green) stem
2. They have 3 or multiples of 3 flower parts
3. They have parallel veins
4. Many scattered vascular bundles (xylem & phloem)
Identify the individual parts pointed by arrow of this model labelled with function.

14
Parts: Parenchyma (for food storage)
Collenchyma (support)
Sclerenchyma (support and protection)
Chlorenchyma (chlorophyll)
Xylem (transport water)
Phloem (transport food)
Epidermis (outer most layer for protection)

15
In this model of the root, where is this part showing meristem (mitosis / growth) located ?

16
 EXPERIMENT–15
To observe the given specimens of monocots & dicots and complete the given chart

17
18
EXERCISE:
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING CHART

PLANT/SEED DIVISION CLASS ROOT MAJOR ECONOMIC

SYSTEM/ DIETARY IMP
VENATION NUTRIENT
ALMOND

CORN

DATE PALM

BANANA

MUSTARD

RAGI

COCONUT

19
 EXPERIMENT–16
To study the Specimens of following organisms and classify with one diagnostic character:
THEORY: KINGDOM ANIMALIA
Characteristics of Phylum Porifera:
-They have pores
-Are marine
-Some live in fresh water or the ocean
-Non-motile, meaning they are "attached"
-They filter feed
-Asymmetrical (radial)
-Diploblastic containing 2 germ layers: endoderm and ectoderm
-Reproduce sexually and asexually
-Have collar cells (choanocytes)
-Possess spicules - make up the skeleton
-Have one opening
-Cellular level organization
Examples in Phylum Porifera: bath sponge, finger sponge, basket sponge, grantia

Bath Sponge Finger Sponge

Phylum Porifera Phylum Porifera
Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Animalia

Basket Sponge Grantia

Phylum Porifera Phylum Porifera
Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Animalia

20
 Characteristics of Phylum Coelenterata (Cnidaria)
-Live in ocean water
-Radial symmetry
-Diploblastic
-Possess stinging cells (nematocysts)
-Possess alternations of generations, occurs in all classes except in class Anthozoa
-Asexual= attached ® polyp (non-motile)
-Sexual= free swimming ® medusa
-Extracellular digestion
Tissue level organization

Portuguese Man-O-War Jellyfish Sea fan

Class Hydrozoa Class Scyphozoa Class Anthozoa
Phylum Coelenterata Phylum Coelenterata Phylum Coelenterata
Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Animalia

Sea anemone
Class Anthozoa
Phylum Coelenterata
Kingdom Animalia

21
Coral Sometimes called stag Brain Coral
horn coral Class Anthozoa
Class Anthozoa Phylum Coelenterata
Phylum Coelenterata Kingdom Animalia
Kingdom Animalia

Organ Pipe Coral

Class Anthozoa
Phylum Coelenterata
Kingdom Animalia

Characteristics to the Phylum Platyhelminthes ® Flat Worms

-Bilateral Symmetry
-Triploblastic
-Flattened dorso ventrally
-Excretory system with flame cells (protonephridia)
-Most forms are parasitic
-Most species are hermaphroditic-male and female sex organs present
3 classes to know:
An example to class Turbellaria is the Planaria.

Examples to the Class Trematoda, which are parasitic, are flukes & liver flukes.

22
 Sheep Liver Fluke
Class Trematoda
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Kingdom Animalia

Tape worm
Class Cestoda
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Kingdom Animalia

23
 Tape worm
Class Cestoda
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Kingdom Animalia
Flatworm (Platyhelminthes)
Characteristics to the Phylum Nemathelminthes ® Round Worms
-Tube within a tube body plan
-Pseudocoelom present
-Bilateral Symmetry
-Triploblastic
-Non metameric (no segments)
-Dioecious- male or female sex organs present

Horse Hair Round Worm Ascaris (Round worm)

Phylum Nemathelminthes "Identify it as Ascaris in lab practical."
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Nemathelminthes
Kingdom Animalia

24
Characteristics of Phylum Annelida ® The Segmented Worms
-tube within a tube body plan
-live in water and on land
-Segmented with repetitive parts
-bilateral symmetry
-triploblastic
-several well developed systems : digestive, nervous, excretory, circulatory, reproductive
Examples in the Phylum Annelida include the Earthworm, Leech, Sandworm (Clamworm), and Lugworm.

Earthworm Leech
Phylum Annelida Phylum Annelida
Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Animalia

Sandworm or Clamworm Lug worm

Phylum Annelida Phylum Annelida
Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Animalia

25
 Characteristics of the Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea characteristics:
-Joint footed -Body is segment -Includes all characteristics of phylum arthropoda
-Exoskeleton (made of chiton) -2 body segments (cephalothorax & abdomen)
-Specialized mouth parts -4 pairs of walking legs
-Simple (single image)/compound (multiple -gills for respiration (marine)
images) eyes -Green glands for excretion
-Gas exchange (Respiration) -Excretory glands

Examples of the class Crustacea include the Lobster, Crayfish, Shrimp, Crab, and Sow bug (common called
rolipoli)

Lobster
Class Crustacea
Phylum Arthropoda
Kingdom Animalia

Crayfish
Class Crustacea
Phylum Arthropoda
Kingdom Animalia

26
 Mantis Shrimp and a Shrimp
Class Crustacea
Phylum Arthropoda
Kingdom Animalia

Blue Crab
Class Crustacea
Phylum Arthropoda
Kingdom Animalia

27
An example to the class Chilopoda is the Centipede.

The Centipede
Class Chilopoda
Phylum Arthropoda
Kingdom Animalia
An example to the class Diplopoda is the Millipede.

The Millipede
Class Diplopoda
Phylum Arthropoda
Kingdom Animalia

28
Characteristics of the Class Insecta:
-3 body segment (head, thorax, and abdomen)
-3 pairs of walking legs
-Respire by trachea
-Dioecious
-Excrete through malphigian tubules
Examples of the class Insecta include the Grasshopper, Flies, Bees, Wasps, Hornets, Butterfly, Beetles, Praying
Mantis, and Waterbug.

Grasshopper
Class Insecta
Phylum Arthropoda
Kingdom Animalia

Beetle
Class Insecta
Phylum Arthropoda
Kingdom Animalia

29
 The Praying Mantis The Waterbug
Class Insecta Class Insecta
Phylum Arthropoda Phylum Arthropoda
Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Animalia

Examples of the class Arachnida are the Spiders, Ticks, Scorpions, and Brown Recluse (spider).

Spider
Class Arachnida
Phylum Arthropoda
Kingdom Animalia

30
 Scorpion
Class Arachnida
Phylum Arthropoda
Kingdom Animalia
An example of the order Xiphosura would be Horseshoe Crabs.

31
 The Horse Shoe Crabs
Class Xiphoneura
Phylum Arthropoda
Kingdom Animalia

Cambodian Bug

32
Characteristics of the Phylum Mollusca--Soft Body Animals
-A soft body usually covered by a dorsal calcareous shell.
-A broad flat muscular foot, located ventrally which can be used for locomotion.
-Has a mantle to protect the visceral mass
Examples of the phylum Mollusca include Chiton, Snails, Slugs (without shells), clams, mussels, oysters,
octopus (without shell), squid (without shell), chamber nautilus, conch, abalone

Chiton
Phylum Mollusca
Kingdom Animalia

Snail
Phylum Mollusca
Kingdom Animalia

33
 Slugs (without shells) Tooth Shells
Phylum Mollusca Phylum Mollusca
Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Animalia

Clams Mussels
Phylum Mollusca Phylum Mollusca
Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Animalia

34
 Oysters
Phylum Mollusca
Kingdom Animalia

Octopus (without shell) Squid (without shell)

Phylum Mollusca Phylum Mollusca
Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Animalia

35
 Chamber Nautilus
Phylum Mollusca
Kingdom Animalia

Conch
Phylum Mollusca
Kingdom Animalia

36
 Abalone
Phylum Mollusca
Kingdom Animalia

View of internal structure

37
Characteristics of the Phylum Echninodermata:
-Penta -radial symmetry
-All live in water (marine) ocean
-Possess a water vascular system (madreporite)
-Spiny Skin
Examples in the phylum Echinodermata are Starfish (sea star), Brittle star, Sand Dollar, Sea Urchin, and Sea
cucumber.

The Starfish The Brittle Star

Phylum Echinodermata Phylum Echinodermata
Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Animalia

Sand Dollar
Phylum Echinodermata
Kingdom Animalia

38
 Sea Urchin
Phylum Echinodermata
Kingdom Animalia

Sea Cucumber
Phylum Echinodermata
Kingdom Animalia

39
EXERCISE
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING CHART:
LOCOMOTORY EXCRETORY SYMMETRY
ANIMAL RESPIRATION HABITAT
ORGAN (if any) ORGAN (if any) (if any)

AMOEBA
BATH
SPONGE

HYDRA

LIVER FLUKE

ASCARIS

CRAB

ANT

COCKROACH

EARTHWORM

NEREIS

SPIDER

STARFISH

AMPHIOXUS

SEA SQUIRT

SEA
LAMPREY

40
TABLE 2 ( REFER TO EXAMPLES OF VERTEBRATES IN ADVANCE/FOUNDATION 9TH MODULE)

HEART
ANIMAL CLASS EXOSKELETON OVIPAROUS/VIVIPAROUS
CHAMBERS
SHARK
FROG
SNAKE
LIZARD
ROHU
TURTLE
TORTOISE
DUCK

MONKEY

BAT
EMU
CROCODILE
SPINY ANT-
EATER
BISON
DOLPHIN

41
 EXPERIMENT–17
DISEASES
AIM- TO IDENTIFY VARIOUS TYPES OF DISEASES BASED ON CAUSATIVE PATHOGEN, MODE
OF TRANSMISSION, SYMPTOMS AND SUGGEST METHODS OF PREVENTION, CONTROL AND
TREATMENT.
THEORY- Refer to Foundation CBSE/ ICSE/ Advance 9th module
Exercise:
Complete the following table for non-infectious diseases:
NAME OF CAUSATIVE INCUBATION MODE OF SYMPTOMS PREVENTION,
DISEASE PATHOGEN PERIOD TRANSMISSION CONTROL,
TREATMENT
e.g.
Tuberculosis

e.g. Vibrio
cholerae

42
43
 NON- COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (Deficiency disease)

44
 EXPERIMENT–18
To identify the type of disease from the symbol

45