Lesson-4

Heat and Temperature

E. Answer the following questions in brief

Q.1 Give the relation between Fͦ , Cͦ and K.

Ans . C F-32 K-273
= =
100 180 100
Q.2 What do you understand by “equilibrium temperature”?
Ans. The condition at which two substances in physical contact with each other exchange no heat. This
temperature of two substances in thermal equilibrium is known as equilibrium temperature.
Q.3 Water is kept in a vessel at a temperature of 30 C ͦ . What would happen if a hot metal ball having
a temperature of 70 C ͦ is dropped in it. Mention the heat flow.
Ans. The water in vessel having hot metal ball will become warm. The heat energy flows from the body
placed at higher temperature (metal ball) to the body placed at lower temperature (water in
vessel) .
Q.4 Give reasons
a. Mercury is commonly used in thermometers.
b. Cooking vessels are usually made up of metals while its handle is made up of plastic.
c. Sea breeze occurs during day time.
Ans.
a. Mercury is commonly used in thermometers because of its uniform rate of expansion with rise
in temperature, it does not stick to the walls of glass tube and its high boiling point.
b. Metals are good conductor of heat while plastic is an insulator. So handles are made up of
plastic to protect our hands from heat and cooking vessels are made up of metals to cook food.
c. Because sun’s radiations warm the land more faster than the water. So cool air above land rises
up and cool air above sea moves towards land.

Q.5 Why is mercury used as a thermometric liquid ? Mention its two advantages.
Ans. Mercury is used as a thermometric liquid because:-
1. It does not stick to the walls of a glass tube.
2. Mercury has high boiling point. Hence, it can be used over a wide range of temperature.
Q.6 Why do liquids show more expansion as compared to solids?
Ans. In liquids, the particles are less tightly packed than solids, so on heating they vibrate more
vigorously. They move much farther apart than solids. So, liquids show more expansion than
solids.
Q.7 Define the term thermal expansion?
Ans. The increase in size of an object on heating is called thermal expansion.
Q.8 Why are small gaps left between the rail tracks?
Ans. To accommodate the expansion of metal during summers small gaps are left between the railway
tracks.
Q.9 Why are air conditioners installed near the ceiling of rooms?
Ans. Air conditioners are installed near the ceiling of the room because they release cool dry air into
the room. As cool air is denser, it sinks while the warm air present in the room, being less dense,
rises and keeps the room cool.
Q.10 On which phenomena thermos flask works?
Ans. Thermos flask works on the principle of conduction, convection and radiation.
F. Answer the following questions in detail
Q.1 Difference between the following:
a. sea breeze and land breeze b. conductors and insulators
Ans. a. Difference between sea breeze and land breeze
Sea breeze Land breeze
1. The flow of cool air from sea towards 1. The flow of air from land towards the sea
the land is called sea breeze. is called land breeze.
2. Sea breeze blows during the day time. 2. Land breeze blows during the night.

b. Difference between conductors and insulators

Conductors
1. Materials that allow the heat energy to
pass through them easily are called
conductors.
2. Conductors have free electron that are
responsible to conduct heat.
Insulators
1. Materials that do not allow the heat
energy to pass through them easily are
called insulators.
2. Insulators do not have free electron to
conduct the heat.

Q.2 Convert:
a. 60 C
ͦ to Fͦ b. 300 K to C
ͦ c. 182 Fͦ to K
Ans. a. 9C
F = + 32
5
= 9 × 60 + 32
5
= 108 + 32
= 140 Fͦ
Thus, 60 C ͦ = 140 Fͦ
b. C = K- 273
= 300 – 273
= 27 C ͦ
Thus, 300 K = 27 C ͦ

5
c. K – 273 = (F-32)
9
5
= (182 – 32)
9
5
= × 150
9
= 83
K = 83 + 273 = 356
Thus, 182 Fͦ = 356 K
Q.3 Explain the working of thermos flask with well labelled diagram.
Ans. A thermos flask works on the phenomena of conduction, convection and radiation. It is made in
such a way that it reduces the loss of heat in the following manner:
• A thermos flask consists of doubled-walled glass bottle.
• All the air is removed from the space between the two walls of the glass bottle to prevent the
transfer of heat by conduction and convection.
• The surface of doubled-walled glass bottle is silvered like mirror to reduce the transfer of heat
by radiation.
• A plastic stopper is fitted in the mouth of the flask and a plastic cap is screwed over this
stopper to reduce conduction of heat.
 • The glass bottle is held inside the metal case with the help of cork pieces to prevent transfer of
heat by conduction as cork is a bad conductor of heat.

Q.4 Why we cannot measure the temperature of hot milk with clinical thermometer?
Ans. We cannot measure the temperature of hot milk with clinical thermometer because the
temperature of hot milk is very high due to which it will cause a large expansion of mercury and
thermometer will get damaged.
Q.5 Explain the different temperature scales.
Ans. The three temperature scales are Celsius scales, Fahrenheit scale and Kelvin scale
1. Celsius scale
On this scale, the melting point of pure water is taken as 0 Cͦ and the boiling point of pure water
is taken as 100 Cͦ . The interval between the two fixed points of this scale is divided into 100 equal
parts, where, each part is 1 Cͦ
2. Fahrenheit scale
On this scale, the melting point of the pure water is taken as 32 Fͦ and the boiling point is taken as
212 Fͦ . The interval between the two fixed points of this scale is divided into 180 equal parts,
where , each part is 1 Fͦ .
3. Kelvin scale
On this scale, the melting point of the pure water is taken as 273 K and the boiling point is taken
as 373 K. The scale is divided into 100 equal parts, where, each part is 1 K.

Q.6 Mention four application of radiation.

Ans. The four application of radiation are: -
1. In winter, we wear dark-coloured clothes to keep our body warm because the clothes are
good absorbers of heat.
2. In cold and hilly areas, the outer walls and roofs are usually painted with dark colour to keep
the houses warm.
3. Radiators of cars are often painted black to radiate the heat away.
4. In room heaters, the reflectors behind the heating coil are polished, shiny and silvery so that
maximum amount of heat can be radiated towards the front.
Q.7 Show that black colour is good absorber of heat with the help of an activity.
Ans. Aim: To show that black colour is good absorber of heat.
Requirements: Two soft drinks cans and water.
Method:
1. Take two soft drink cans (C1 and C2).
2. Paint the outer side of C1 with black colour and the outer side of C2 with white colour.
3. Half filled with cold water and leave them in the sun for some time.
4. Check the temperature of both the cans with the help of a thermometer.
Observation:
The temperature of C1 will be more than C2.
Conclusion:
This show that black body is good absorber of heat.