Terms of Referen For Guradhamole

SOMALI REGIONAL STATE OFFICE OF THE
PRESIDENT LOWLAND LIVELIHOOD

RESILIENCE PROJECT (LLRP)
Technical Proposal for
Route Selection & Survey, Feasibility Study and

Detailed Engineering Design of Lot -IV projects
(Guradhamole-Jibri 10KM and Mubarek -
Kukubanya 55KM Road Projects)
RAAD ENGINEERING CONSULTENCY
FEBRUARY 2022
Jigjiga
Detail Engineering study & Design for Guradhamole- Jibri and Mubarek-Kukubanya Road Project
TABLE OF CONTENT
1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 BACKGROUND..................................................................................................................................................1
2 OBJECTIVE OF THE CONSULTANCY SERVICE............................................................................................... 1
3 THE SCOPE OF CONSULTANCY SERVICE..................................................................................................... 2
4 DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN.............................................................................................................. 2
4.1 DESIGN STANDARDS..........................................................................................................................................3
5 TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYING....................................................................................................................... 3
5.1 GENERAL.........................................................................................................................................................4
5.2 DATA COLLECTION (LOCATION SURVEY)................................................................................................................4
6 HYDROLOGY STUDY.................................................................................................................................. 5
6.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY...................................................................................................................................5
6.2 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY............................................................................................................................5
7 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY.......................................................................................6
7.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY...................................................................................................................................7
7.2 SCOPE OF WORK..............................................................................................................................................7
7.3 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY.........................................................................................................................8
7.4 LAND ACQUISITION............................................................................................................................................9
7.5 EXPECTED OUTPUT........................................................................................................................................... 9
8 MATERIAL AND GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION.....................................................................................10
8.1 METHODS OF INVESTIGATIONS..........................................................................................................................11
8.2 LABORATORY ANALYSIS....................................................................................................................................11
8.3 REPORT PREPARATION.....................................................................................................................................11
9 ENGINEERING DESIGN............................................................................................................................ 12
9.1 DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN/FINAL DESIGN....................................................................................................12
9.1.1 Geometric design................................................................................................................................12
9.1.2 Pavement Design.................................................................................................................................16
9.1.3 Minor Drainage Structures..................................................................................................................18
9.1.4 Preparation of Engineering Plans........................................................................................................19
9.1.5 Computation of Construction Quantities............................................................................................20
10 REPORTING............................................................................................................................................ 21
10.1 INCEPTION REPORT.....................................................................................................................................21
10.2 DESIGN STANDARD REPORT AND GUIDELINES..................................................................................................22
10.3 ENGINEERING DESIGN REPORT.....................................................................................................................22
10.4 DRAWING ALBUM......................................................................................................................................22
10.5 ENGINEERING COST ESTIMATE......................................................................................................................22
10.6 COMPLETION REPORT.................................................................................................................................23
10.6 SUMMARY OF REPORTING REQUIREMENT.......................................................................................................24
Raad Engineering Consultant i

11 WORK PLAN........................................................................................................................................... 24
12 TEAM COMPOSITION.............................................................................................................................. 25
12.1 COMPOSITION OF THE TEAM AND TASK ASSIGNMENT.......................................................................................25
12.2 COMPOSITION OF THE TEAM AND TASKS ASSIGNED TO EACH STAFF MEMBER........................................................25
12.3 TASKS ASSIGNED TO EACH MEMBER OF THE TEAM..........................................................................................26
13 Schedule............................................................................................................................................................28
Raad Engineering Consultant ii

1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
With over seventy five percent of the population of the country living in the villages, the
development in urban centres alone does not indicate the overall development of the country.
Only with the improvement of transportation facilities in rural areas, there could be faster
development of the rural centres. With the provision of access road, the fertilizers and other
inputs for agriculture and cottage industries could reach the rural population easily and similarly
the products can be sold at the nearest marketing centres for more remunerative prices resulting
in faster economic growth and decreased wastage. Access road development is one of the main
components of the government’s efforts to eradicate poverty of the people of Ethiopia. The target
roads are all important local links that connect to the higher order network and they serve the
rural communities giving access to agricultural areas district centers and markets resulting in the
social and economic well-being and opportunities of the local communities will be improved.
2 OBJECTIVE OF THE CONSULTANCY SERVICE

The objective of the consulting service is to conscientiously fulfil to the highest professional
standards the role of the Engineer/Engineer’s Representative, as defined under the Works
Contract and to study, design and supervise construction of the Works (on behalf of the Client)
throughout the entire construction period, including the defects liability (maintenance) period.
The main objectives of the consultancy services are
 To carry out field investigation, survey works and Detailed Engineering Design
 To prepare final and complete set of Tender Document to call for bids on competitive
basis for the construction of works to be satisfactorily implemented with conditions of
contract which will be agreed with SRS ROAD AUTORITY during preparation of tender
documents.
 Proper management of civil works contract as ‘Engineer’ in terms of civil works contract
including field measurements and quality assurance work.
 Efficient construction supervision by personnel who are experienced in the modern
methods of construction supervision and contract management.
 Completion of the work within the stipulated period of completion consultants will
specially be responsible for quality and early completion.
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3 THE SCOPE OF CONSULTANCY SERVICE

The service shall be carried out in accordance with generally accepted standards of professional
practice, following recognized engineering procedures. The consultant’s scope of work is
understood to cover all activities necessary to accomplish the stated objectives of these services,
while adhering to best practices of the profession, The following activities (but not limited to) shall
be properly addressed during the study, detail design and verification of the previous design:
− Review and update previous information, data and studies and design works applicable to the
proposed project sites;
− Conduct topographic survey for the road alignment and route;
− Prepare design drawings;
− Preparing bill of quantities on volume of work;
− Cost estimation of the project development;
− Prepare operation and maintenance manual;
− Technical specifications (from ERA 2013) & Tender Document Preparation
− Reports (Inception, Draft & Final design reports)
The study and detail design for which the consultancy services required is of Guradhamole-
Jibri and Mubarek-Kukubanya road project located in Ethiopian Somali Region for this fiscal
year.
4 DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN

We shall undertake the following services (but not limited to)
The competent consulting firm will be proposed to undertake the following services. The
detail services included but not limited to the following detail activities:
▪ Review of past studies undertaken as indicted in the TOR.
The Desktop study will be undertaken through collection and review of all relevant data such as,
topographic and geological maps, aerial photographs, meteorological & hydrological data,
planning reports and related information. The study helps to examine and establish broad route
requirements within the given origin and destinations, and identify all alternative alignments,
estimate lengths, identify number of crossings, classify terrains, prepare preliminary layouts for
each alternative so that cost estimate and construction feasibility can be tested, and evaluate
alternatives to select the best options which are worthy of further study and development. REC
will identify and gather all relevant data and information required for the detailed engineering
design of the Road projects. This involves collection of data from relevant sources.
The data to be collected from relevant sources include:
 Rainfall (monthly distribution & intensity) for as many years as possible,
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 Temperature (monthly minimum, maximum and average for the period for which
records are available),
 Other climatic features, such as wind, etc
 Stream flow data
 Any other climatic features of importance and indicates the effects on the
construction work.
 Terrain and geology,
 Traffic data,
 Type of soils and availability of construction materials,
 Costs of road materials and various items of works,
 Different maps (Geological, Topographic, etc.), and aerial photographs, and
 Planning reports, if available,
All these data, maps, aerial photographs, planning reports and related information will be
reviewed and analyzed. In the process of Route selection, contour maps of the area and aerial
photographs will be examined first. All possible route bands, minimum of three alternatives, are
then determined and delineated on the aerial photographs and map. The delineated route bands
will be evaluated from the point of topography, geology, land use, settlement, future
development, and other engineering parameters
4.1 Design Standards
The design standard to be adopted as necessary includes updated versions of standards laid down
in the following documents:
• The recent ERA Design Manuals
• Highway Design standards, AASHTO
• Others as necessary
5 TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYING
The consultant review earlier prepared topographic map of the project area (if any). The map shall be
compared with the existing Ethiopian mapping agency (EMA), satellite image, digital elevation model,
google earth and so on. Finally, the existing topographic map will be updated.
The field survey work will be planned based on the deskwork-based area mainly depending on the
length, width and standard grade of the road to be designed.
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5.1 General
A detailed knowledge of ground levels is critical to the design & construction of pavement and earthwork,
and minor and major cross drainage structures systems.
Control points will be established to assist in the design & later for construction activities in the project.
Permanent benchmarks shall be constructed out of reinforced concrete with steel rod tops. The
benchmarks will be located at the headwork area & near the road area where there will be no disturbance
during construction.
The benchmarks will be recorded in such a way indicating their value & access in the form of sketch.
Other benchmarks will also be established on the existing permanent features & will be described during
construction.
5.2 Data Collection (Location Survey)
The purpose of the final location survey is to fix the centre-line of the selected alignment in the
field and to collect additional data for the preparation of the drawings. If the preliminary survey
has been done properly, the data collection work during the final alignment survey will be
limited.
The center-line is translated on the ground by continuous transit survey and pegging the same.
The points of transit (POT) should be clearly marked on the ground by a nail in the existing
pavement or a hub in concrete on a new alignment. Suitable reference (at least two) should be
marked permanently on the ground. The horizontal intersection points (HIP) should be similarly
marked on the ground and referenced. All curve points, namely, beginning of transition (BS),
beginning of circular curve (BC), end circular curve (EC) and end of transition (ES) should be
marked and referenced. The centre-line should be staked at 50m intervals in plain terrain and
20m intervals. The cross-sections taken during the preliminary survey should be supplemented
by additional cross-sections at the curve points. Generally, cross sections should be available at
intervals of 50-100m in plain terrain, 50-75 m in rolling and 20m in hilly terrain. The survey in
accomplished in modern times by a Total Station, with assistance from GPS (Geographic
Position System) which determines the location of survey points by satellites.
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6 HYDROLOGY STUDY
Climatic and hydrological data are essential element in the design of the road and pertinent structures.
There are various relevant figures deduced from the climatic and hydrologic data mainly: -
 Temperature, monthly, maximum and minimum readings

 Rainfall data-average, annual, peak intensity, monthly distribution (to the extent
available).
 Snowfall data-average, annual peak intensities, monthly distribution (to the extern
available).
 Wind direction and velocities.
 Fog conditions.
 Exposure to sun.
All necessary hydrological and meteorological data shall be Purchased from Ethiopia
metrological Authority.
6.1 Objective of the Study
The main objective of climatic and hydrological studies is to derive reliable data for design of head works
(dam and diversion weir), cross drainage structure, protection structure, and so on.
6.2 Methodology of the Study
The climatic and hydrologic study reports and information related to the project area will be reviewed.
Thorough review of document in desk work would yield identification existing hydrologic situation, gaps
and shortcomings required to be fulfilled and work need to be done ahead.
Rainfall and other meteorological records will be collected and used to determine evapotranspiration
which will be combined with crop and soil data to deduce a very crucial element called crop water
requirement. If there are no meteorological stations within the project area there may arise a need for
using metrological records of the nearby-located station.
All available data will be checked and updated to the date as needed. Verification and reconstitution of the
existing data using visual inspection of the data, graphical and statistical analysis will be done in order to
eliminate outlier values from the records.
The Consultant will collect climatic data and hydrologic data related to the project site and made the
following variables available after analysis:
- Time series of monthly rainfall
- Estimates of daily and monthly reference evapotranspiration
- Monthly mean climatic data
- Estimates of floods magnitude
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Watershed Analysis
Watershed area, flow magnitude and direction shall be analyzed to understand and design drainage
requirement including it type and size. The estimation of floods in the presence of adequate flow data will
be carried out by standard procedures by conducting frequency analysis and the design flood levels will
be fixed with specified return period that really confirms international standard. However, there could not
be flow data for the wadi. Therefore, computation of various frequencies of storm rainfall with different
return period and durations relevant for the design of cross drainage works will be made. In order to
improve the prediction flood measurement structure shall be designed at selected location.
7 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY

The social benefits that possibly ensue from the road construction and operation will be assessed
and mitigating and management strategies and actions to reduce or avoid the negative impact on
the people and the natural/physical environment will be proposed.
The study will include but not limited to: -

o Assessment of physical, economic, social and environmental impacts of the road during
construction and service period, including:
▪ Impacts from construction of the road activities on the physical biological and
social and cultural environment,
▪ Impacts form the road on surface hydrology (drainage effects of the road
embankment and extraction of construction materials,)
▪ Impacts from traffic emissions and noise on the village and town dwellers.
▪ Erosion from new road cuts and fills and temporary sedimentation of natural
drainage ways,
▪ Ground and water contamination by oil, grease and fuel in equipment operation
areas, o Creation of stagnant water bodies in borrow-pits, quarries, etc. Suited to
mosquito breeding and other disease vectors.
▪ Environmental and social disruption by construction camps, permanent
destruction of existing facilities, vegetation and soil in the right of way, borrow-pit sites,
waste dumps and equipment yards.
▪ Loses of land and land use options of land owners,
▪ Health and sanitation facilities for the road construction labour units
▪ Increased suspended sediment in streams affected by road cut erosion, decline in
water quality and increased sedimentation down-stream,
▪ Health hazards and interference to plant growth adjacent to road by dust raised
and blown by vehicles,
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▪ A baseline survey in the study zone of flora, fauna, climate, hydrology, soils
erosion and sedimentation,
▪ Possible transmission of communicable disease from road workers to local
populations and vice versa,
▪ Assessment of the adequacy of policy, institutional and administrative capability
for the mitigation of adverse environmental impacts identified from the above
investigations, especially for those which require execution and monitoring beyond the
implementation phase of the projects.
7.1 Objective of the Study
The immediate aim of the environmental impact assessment is to properly guide decision making
processes by identifying potentially significant environmental effects and proposing practical
environmental management plan of the proposed project thereby ensuring the protection of environment,
ecological functions as well as the well-being and the livelihood of the communities around the proposed
project area.
The specific objectives of the EIA study of the proposed project are:
− to incorporate environmental issues into project design and execution;
− to describe the bio-physical and socioeconomic baseline conditions of the project affected area;
− to identify significant potential impacts that would result from the proposed project activities; and
− to propose feasible mitigation measures to address the identified impacts and develop the
environmental and monitoring plan based on the predicted impacts.
7.2 Scope of Work
The scope of the study will be at project level which covers areas under direct influence of the project
components and its immediate environs and indirect impact areas that will be influenced by the project
and/or that will have an influence on the proposed project. The study will focus on major environmental
problems occurring in the project area, the baseline condition assessment of the physical, biological,
ecological and social issues prevailing in and around the project area. Apart from the assessment of
baseline condition, the study also covers identification of potential beneficial and adverse environmental
impacts resulted due to the proposed project and recommendation of enhancement and feasible mitigation
measures for the identified impacts.
7.3 Approach and Methodology
The approach that would be followed to carry out the tasks includes:
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 Collecting and analyzing baseline data including relevant Ethiopian Environmental

Protection Authority standards, Ethiopian Roads Authority Environmental Guidelines for the
road sector, and requirements and international guidelines,
 Carrying out field survey along the road alignment corridors to collect biophysical and
socioeconomic data and identify sites of environmental significance and concern along the
corridors, and
 Discussion with those concerned and potential users to ensure the recommendations of
the study is in harmony with the people’s need and consistent with regulations.
In similar veins the following particulars will be dealt with while determining mitigating
measures required reducing the environmental impact (including implementation and
management of the necessary measures).
 Most environmental damage associated with road projects occurs during construction.
REC will, thus, anticipate and deal with issues before they become serious avoiding large and
unexpected expenditure on control or compensation at a later date.
 Mitigation measures will also be considered for the construction phase in the form of
precise and clear instruction to the contractor. These will be included in the contract so that
nonobservance carries penalties similar to those for non-compliance with the engineering
provisions of the contracts.
 The Consultant will strive to employ feasible and cost-effective measures, which may
reduce potentially significant adverse environmental impacts to acceptable levels, and
institutional and training requirements of those measures estimated.
 Details on proposed work programs and schedules will also be provided to ensure that the
proposed environmental actions are phased with engineering activities and will consider
compensatory measures if mitigation measures are not feasible or cost effective. In doing so,
the consultant shall make allowance for institutional, financial or other constraints on the
attainment of recommended measures ensuring that they are realistic.
Proposition that includes alternative approaches and recommendations would be made in order to
mitigate all adverse impacts. Thus, Impact Analysis will facilitate a sound formulation of
mitigation measures to minimize or alleviate potential threats to the environment. It will also be
used as a basis to review the roads design and plans, and recommend appropriate changes and
modifications. Efforts will, therefore, be made to assess the implications of the road projects on
the affected areas and propose alternative compromises and/or techniques to curb ecological
deterioration and social disruption without altering the smooth implementation of projects.
Further, in order to ensure a healthy environment around each road areas, it is envisaged to
propose a monitoring program to regularly assess the quality of the environment as a routine
practice during the construction period and thereafter during the operation stage. The monitoring
program will reveal changes and trends in the environment as a result of site preparations,
construction and the presence of the improved road facility in the areas of operation.
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The basic attributes of the sustainable monitoring program will include the following activities:
 Preparation of monitoring and management plan including work program and budget,
 Continued collection and analysis of environmental data,
 Preparation of periodical reports and liaison with the management of the protected areas,
 Identification of unexpected environmental impacts, and
 Formulation of counter-measures to mitigate any unexpected negative impacts.
Having completed the assessment and analyzing possible mitigation measures, the EIA report
will be prepared and submitted as per the schedule.
7.4 Land acquisition
The potential land acquisition and resettlement requirements in the right-of-way of the road
alignment will be assessed. All properties within the right of way of the Road will be identified.
The lists of properties/ plots will be registered by names of owners and show the extent of
properties that fall within the right of way. Resettlement requirements, if any, will be determined
in accordance with World Bank’s operational Directive on Involuntary Resettlement (ODR4.30).
A resettlement plan will be prepared if the number of people to be affected per project exceeds
200 persons. The report will be supported by plan drawings that clearly show the locations of
properties in relation to the road.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is the process of identifying and evaluating in advance, any
impact positive or negative, which results from the implementation of a proposed project. The primary
purpose of environmental impact assessment is to ensure that impacts associated with proposed project
are adequately and appropriately considered and mitigation measures for adverse significant impacts are
incorporated when decisions are taken.
EIA is a legal requirement in Ethiopia as per the EIA proclamation and the integration of EIA in this
proposed project serves to bring about administrative transparency and accountability, popular
participation on development that may affect the communities and their environment, meet legal
requirement and ensure sustainable development.
7.5 Expected Output
The final output of the environmental impact assessment will be comprehensive EIA study report that will
be prepared through categorizing, analyzing and synthesizing of all collected primary and secondary data
through different means. The draft EIA study report will be reviewed and approved by the client.
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8 MATERIAL AND GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION

The Material and Geotechnical investigation will be carried out on the selected alignment and
sources of materials (quarries, borrow pits, etc.) to the required standards as per the requirement
of the Client.
The sites specific investigation works include:
Along the selected road:
 Construction materials sites.
 Drainage or culvert if available
The sampling and testing program shall be presented by the Consultant and agreed upon by
Client.
Sub-grade soils shall be sampled and tested for different soil test types. Pavement depths will be
established and sub-grade soil shall be tested for classification, in situ density and moisture
content at a frequency of 500m intervals with additional test appropriate for the pavement
analysis shall be proposed. The tests are to include soil/moisture/ density relationships and CBR
values of subgrade soil and sub base materials. The CBR values for sub grade soil should be
conducted at 100m interval.
Investigations for sources of construction materials for embankment, pavement and drainage
structures shall be carried out, and suitable material sources surveyed and shown in the plans.
Quantities of over burden material will be proved and sampled by pitting or drilling where
necessary. Construction materials shall be tested where necessary for grain size distribution and
plasticity Characteristics; Maximum Dry Density and Optimum Moisture Content, Aggregate
Crushing Value, Sodium Sulphate soundness, Flakiness Index, and absorption and other
relevant tests to be proposed by the Consultant.
Based on the result of the materials investigation, the Consultant shall produce material
utilization diagrams which shall optimize the haulage of pavement materials and illustrate the
proposed pavement design details.
The results of material investigation shall be summarized in a factual materials report to be

approved by the Client. This assignment is basically accomplished by Material Engineer of
Geotechnical Engineer or Pavement Engineer to arrive at better outcomes.
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8.1 Methods of investigations
 Detail geological & structural geological mapping of the drainage structure site
areas will be prepared
 Construction material assessment in the vicinity of the project will be made
visually then by means of direct (test pits, trenches, auger holes)
 Intensive soil (undisturbed, as well as disturbed) & rock sampling from
construction materials & foundations will be made for laboratory analysis.
8.2 Laboratory Analysis
Either AASHTO or ASTM standard will be used as the appropriateness of the standard as
requirement arises & the tests will be undertaken at laboratory, & where required the tests will
be done other suitable laboratories.
8.3 Report preparation
Results of core drilling, insitu tests & laboratory test subsequently given to the designers so that
they may continue the design work in the course of study & design period
The geotechnical report will be based on the factual report, which includes the following
important information.
 Historical description of the site investigation,

 A description of the equipment used i.e., core barrels, packers, casings, rods, etc;
 The operating methods used with regarding to drilling, coring, water testing, degree of
drilling, undisturbed sampling;
 A log of each bore hole, trench & pit;
 Results of inset tests;
 Construction materials quality, quantity with locations; and  Laboratory analysis with
interpretations.
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9 ENGINEERING DESIGN
9.1 Detailed Engineering Design/Final Design
As indicated in the preceding section, the Detailed Engineering Design involves Geometric
design, Pavement design, and Drainage structures design. The Detail design, which takes
account of these standards and manuals, will be carried out using the latest techniques while
ensuring the use of available materials and economic solution as described hereunder.
9.1.1 Geometric design

The Consultant Will carry out the Geometric design of the road using Computer Aided Design
software based on ERA’s design standard manual. In designing the geometry of the road, REC
will, among other factors, consider the following essentials:
 Designing the longitudinal section in such a way that the road geometry will exhibit a
good riding quality;
 Designing the cross-section slope so that the surface water flows to the side drains as
quickly as possible;
 Designing the roadside drainage for adequacy of flow; and
 Investigating problems of erosion and siltation for appropriate protection measures.
Similarly, points that will be considered in the design of town sections include:
 The development master plan of the town;
 The volume of non-motorized traffic and requirement for parking lanes, bus bays and
footways;
 Assessment of existing junctions and incorporating changes including intersections and
interchanges;
 The provision of adequate road furniture like safe drainage, signing and pedestrian
crossings, and
 The incorporation of the environmental mitigation into the geometric design.
The detail design, which takes account of these requirements, is carried out as follows: -
Checking the field Data: - This activity includes the checking of the field data, editing and
digital terrain modelling of the surveyed data using SDR-Mapping & Civil 3D design software.
Sight distance: - Stopping sight distance will be provided when passing sight distance is not
economically obtainable, and for elements of intersections at grade. Passing sight distance will
also be considered so as to accomplish passing without reducing the speed of an oncoming
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vehicle travelling at the design speed should it come into view after the overtaking manoeuvre is
started.
Where an object off the pavement such as cut slope, or natural growth restricts sight distance,
the minimum radius of curvature will be determined by the stopping sight distance. Cuts may be
widened where vegetation restricting horizontal sight distance is expected to grow on finished
slopes. Widening is also an economic trade-off that will be evaluated along with other options.
At certain locations, sight distance greater than stopping sight distance will also be considered
to allow drivers time for decisions without making last minute erratic maneuvers.
Super elevations: - Super elevated cross slopes on curves will be made to extend the full width
of travelled way and shoulders, except that the shoulder slope on low side should be not less
than the minimum shoulder slope used on the tangents. The super elevation will also be
designed on the same plane for the full width of travelled way and shoulders, except on
transitions.
The length of super elevation transition will be based upon combination of super elevation rate
and width of rotated plane. Edge of travelled way and shoulder profiles will be plotted, and
introducing smooth curves will also eliminate irregularities resulting from interactions between
the super elevation transition and vertical alignment of the roadway.
Horizontal Alignment: - Since Horizontal alignment should provide for safe and continuous
operation at a uniform design speed for substantial lengths of roadway, the major considerations
that will be taken into account in the design are safety, profile, type of facility, design speed,
geotechnical features, topography and construction cost. Besides, the right of way
considerations might influence alignment in some cases. All these factors will, therefore, be
dealt with to produce an alignment that is safest, most economical, in harmony with the natural
contour of the land, and at the same time adequate for the design standard of the road.
Moreover, as horizontal alignment shall provide at least the minimum stopping sight distance
for the chosen design speed at all points on the road, every effort will be made to exceed
minimum values, and such minimum radii will be used only when the cost or other adverse
effects of realizing a higher standard are inconsistent with the benefits.
Where horizontal curves reverse direction, the connecting tangents will be made long enough to
accommodate the standard super elevation runoff.
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Vertical Alignment: - Factors, which affect vehicle operations, will be studied and appropriate
gradient will be considered in line with the selected standard depending on the condition of the
alignment. The grade line, which is a reference line by which the elevation of the pavement and
other features of the road are established, is controlled mainly by topography, type of road,
horizontal alignment, safety, sight distance, construction costs, drainage, and pleasing
appearance. And these factors will be taken into account during the design. In addition, all
portions of the grade line will be considered to meet sight distance requirements for the design
speed of the roads. As flatter vertical curves may develop poor drainage at a level section,
adequate attention will be paid to overcome the problem by adjusting the gutter grade or
shortening the vertical curve. Likewise, on long, open curves a uniform grade line will be used
as a rolling profile makes for a poor appearance. Similarly, maximum grade is not a complete
design control. The length of an uphill grade is important as well, since it affects capacity, level
of service and delay when slow moving trucks, and buses are present. Such considerations are
also taken into account during the design.
Coordination of Horizontal & Vertical alignment: - Efforts will be made to maintain a proper
balance between curvature and grades and where possible, vertical curves will be superimposed
on horizontal curves, if the terrain permits. This reduces the number of sight restrictions on the
roads, makes changes in profile less apparent, particularly in rolling terrain, and results in a
pleasing appearance. Where the change in horizontal alignment at a grade summit is moderate,
the vertical curve will be made to overlap the horizontal curve so as to attain a pleasing
appearance.
When horizontal and vertical curves are superimposed, the combination of super elevation and
profile grades may cause distortion in the outer pavement edges, which could confuse drivers at
night. In such situations edge of pavement profiles will be plotted and smooth curves introduced
to eliminate irregularities or distortion. Apart from these, horizontal and vertical curvature at
intersections will be made as flat as physical conditions permit.
Alignment Consistency: - To the extent possible, sudden reductions in alignment standards will
be avoided. Introduction of curves with lower design speeds will also be avoided at the end of
long tangents, steep downgrades or at other locations where high approach speeds may be
anticipated.
Nevertheless, sight distance or other safety considerations will not be sacrificed to meet curve
length and central angle requirements. Compound Curves will also be avoided, except where
use of a simple curve would result in excessive cost.
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Cross Slope: - Adequate cross slope will be provided as per the design standard for proper
drainage of water from the pavement and to offset problems associated with pavement rutting.
To the extent possible higher cross-slope rates will be used in order to reduce ponding and flow
on the pavement. However, the overall cross section should provide smoothly rounded
appearance and not sharp breaks.
Intersection at grade: - The basic consideration that will be taken into account while doing the
intersection design is to provide adequate capacity to handle peak period traffic demands.
Likewise, undesirable geometric features that will be taken care of are inadequate approach
slight distance, inadequate corner sight distance, steep grades, inappropriate traffic control, and
presence of curves within intersections.
To the extent possible and if the alignment permits, a right-angle intersection will be designed
since it provides the shortest crossing distance for intersecting traffic streams. It also provides
the most favorable condition for drivers to judge the relative position and speed of intersecting
vehicles. Intersection angles skewed not more than 30 degrees from a right angle do not
unreasonably increase crossing distance or decrease visibility, and will also be considered. In
places where intersection angles are skewed more than 30 degrees from a right angle, the
subordinate leg of the intersection will be realigned to reduce skew if warranted by traffic and
economic considerations. Cross roads skewed to the left have more restricted visibility for
drivers of trucks than cross roads skewed right and this will be considered in the design of
skewed intersections.
Side Slopes: - In the design of side slopes, consideration will be given to the specific
recommendations of the projects materials report, functional effectiveness, ease and cost of
long-term maintenance, pleasing appearance, traffic safety, and drainage collection systems, and
overall economy. Slopes flatter than the steepest allowable will be used, if economically
feasible, since flatter slopes are safer and more resistant to erosion.
Contour grading and slope rounding: - pleasing aesthetic roadside effects can be developed
with easy flowing contours. Thus, contour grading is an important factor in roadside
preparation, and erosion control. Contour grading plans will, therefore, be prepared to facilitate
anticipated roadside treatment. These plans will show flattening of slopes where right of way
permits. In this connection, the tops and ends of all cut slopes, where it exists, will be rounded
where the material is other solid rock, and a layer of earth overlying a rock cut will also be
rounded.
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Road marking and furniture: - To make the vehicle operation comfortable and safe as well as to
make the driver free from psychological fear, safety measures like traffic signs and Guide posts
will be recommended as per the design requirement.
Junction Design: - REC will check that junctions are visible and safe Junctions, which do not
meet the requirement will be designed taking into account the following basic requirements: -
 Safety
 Operational comfort
 Capacity, and
 Economy
Earthwork calculations: - The earthwork quantity will be calculated using Civil Designer Road
Design Software. The work will include calculation of:  Clearing &grubbing
 Common & Rock excavation, and  Side drain ditch.
Details of drawings such as plans and profile, and cross-sections used for earthwork calculations
shall be plotted using civil designer software and plotters.
9.1.2 Pavement Design

REC will propose alternatives of adequate pavement structures and a comparison between the
different alternatives will be presented and recommendation will be made on the one to be
adopted for the work. The pavement design will be based on engineering analysis of:
 Sub grade condition
 Construction materials
 Laboratory test results of soils and materials, and
 Anticipated traffic composition and loading taking an acceptable design period.
Since a wide variation of soil types found within projects limits are quite common, it is not
practical to establish hard and fast rules for selecting a design CBR. Judgment based on
experience will still be exercised to assure a reasonably balanced design, which will avoid
excessive costs resulting from over conservatism. Where changing geological formations and
soil types are encountered along the length of projects, it may be cost effective to design more
than one structural section to accommodate major differences in CBR values that extend over a
considerable length. Care will be exercised, however to avoid multiple variations in the
structural section design that may actually result in increased construction costs that exceed
potential materials cost savings. In sections of the roads where the sub-grade soil is potentially
expansive, special design and construction considerations will be given. Design alternatives,
which will be used to compensate for expansive soils, include: -
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 Replacing the expansive material with a non-expansive material to a depth below which
the seasonal moisture content will remain nearly constant, or
 Providing an overlying structural section of sufficient thickness to counteract the
expansion pressure by dead load pressure (surcharging), or
 Using two stage construction by placing a thin structural section to permit the
underlying material to expand and stabilize before placing levelling and surface courses, or
 Relocating the projects alignment to a more favorable soil condition.
During the condition survey the existing pavement conditions as well as the sub-grade soil
extensions will be thoroughly investigated. Format of table below will be used to present the
sub grade soil formation as it is visually inspected for part of the road which is accessible and as
inquired from elders for inaccessible part.
Station (km)
Soil Extension
From To
The current projects route composition of different pavement types, namely, gravel road, earth
road etc will be recorded using the following format.
No Pavement Type Length (km)
Since the primary goal of the design of structural roadbed section is to provide a structurally
stable and durable pavement and base system, which, with a minimum of maintenance, will
carry the projected traffic loading for the selected design period, the structural section will be
designed taking account of axle loads, axle configurations, and number of applications. In
general, the most economical design will be selected based on the total life cycle costs, which
include initial cost, maintenance cost, and anticipated rehabilitation costs during the selected life
cycle period. The design choice may, however, be dictated by specific project conditions such
as highly expansive basement soils, availability of materials, traffic considerations, stage
construction, size of projects, or other factors. Since some of these conditions can be
compensated for at increased cost, they become a factor in the life-cycle cost analysis. After
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considering the various governing factors and other specific items involved with the road
projects under study, alternative structural sections will be done. The analysis is basically to
consider the most economical structural section elements among the various alternatives. It is
important to note that economics alone does not always dictate the final choice of structural
sections or their alternative elements. After analyzing all of the information available, the
structural section will be chosen and pavement and shoulder details, compaction requirements
and material specifications worked out to an approved standard.
9.1.3 Minor Drainage Structures

A detailed Engineering structural analysis and design for all minor drainage structure will be
prepared by adopting ERA design standard or any other internationally acceptable alternative
design standards such as AASHTO based on hydrologic and hydraulic studies carried out during
the preliminary design period.
In places where new drainage structures (culverts including pipes) are required, it will be
designed with adequate capacities to accommodate the design flow and considerations of
velocities to avoid scour and deposition. Moreover, careful consideration of aesthetics and
requirements of natural surroundings besides important factors of economy and environment
will also be kept in view.
In this connection, REC, will: -
 Determine the length of the structure and head wall sizes;
 Determine, quantities for paved water, structural excavation, masonry, backfill material
and bedding material;
 Prepare detailed working drawings, o Provide details of invert levels and dimension of
the side drains where drainage away from the road is problematic, and
 Maximize the use of standard components to facilitate ease of construction and cost-
effective superstructure design.
Since the ideal culvert location is on straight alignment and constant slope, variations from a
straight alignment will be decided only to accommodate unusual conditions. Where conditions
require deviations from the tangent alignment, abrupt changes in direction or slope will be
avoided in order to maintain the hydraulic efficiency, and avoid excessive maintenance.
Usually, the grade line will be made to coincide with the existing streambed. Deviations from
this practice will be considered under the following conditions.
 On flat grades where sedimentation occurs, the culvert inlet and outlet will be placed
above the streambed but not on the same slope. The distance above the streambed depends
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on the size, length and amount of sediment anticipated. If possible, a slope will be used that
is sufficient to develop self-cleansing velocities.
 Under high fills, where greater sediment is anticipated under the centre than the sides of
the fill. Where settlement is anticipated, provisions will also be made for camber.
9.1.4 Preparation of Engineering Plans

The following plans of the projects will be prepared using standard ERA formats agreed with
the City Administration.
a) Plans and profiles

Plans and profiles with the appropriate scale showing natural ground levels, horizontal and
vertical curves details, super elevations details, drainage structures details, cross sections,
location of bench marks and survey beacons, contour lines superimposed on plans and other
relevant information.
b) Typical layout plan

Typical layout plan will be prepared which will show contour lines (preferably 1-meter
intervals) with a band width of at least 50m from either side of the lines of embankment cut,
side drainage of the road, location of drainage structures will also be shown. The location of the
borrow pits and quarries are to be indicated as appropriate.
c) Typical and other Necessary Cross Sections

These will be showing details of all details of road cross-sections at maximum of 20m intervals
in cut and fills, pavement thickness, camber and super elevation, pavement widening etc.
d) Plan, Elevation and Cross Sections

These will be showing details of all elements of structures and all types of drainage structures
with inlet and outlet details and any necessary protection works. The scale used for structural
drawings may very as necessary.
e) Soils and material plans

These will be showing the characteristics of soils for various sections of the road and plans
showing locations of borrow and quarry sites.
f) Accesses to the road designed and drawn

In the same way as shown above, whereas passage through the village have to show layout
information and level of entrance etc.
g) Drawings of structures
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These will be showing the list of reinforcement as well as layout and sections for reinforcement
and inlet/outlet level of the structures, guardrail details.
h) Mass-Haul diagram
This and pavement materials information will also be included
i) A separate book of cross-sections

Cross-sections drawn at intervals of maximum 20m in normal flat terrains showing the road
with details will be presented in separate pad.
j) Schedule of culverts construction details
k) Plan for accommodation of Traffic during the construction period All plans will be
submitted in electronic formats (CDs) and in hard copies.
9.1.5 Computation of Construction Quantities

The quantities for the items of construction will be prepared based on the final design drawings.
The earthwork quantities will be determined on the basis of field cross sections along the road
centrelines and in accordance with accepted methods of measurement that will be agreed with
Administration. The detailed Bill of quantities will also be prepared under the following
sections:
 Preliminary and general,

 Clearing and earth works,
 Drainage,
 Culvert and protection work,
 Sub base and base,
 Surfacing,  Ancillary works, and  Schedule of day works.
10 REPORTING
10.1 Inception Report
The inception report will include the overall observation of the site, different route alternatives
assessed with their advantage and/or disadvantage, comments and recommendations, the plan of
the consultant established for the projects, staffing, detail program and methodology of work
plan, preliminary recommendation of the design standards.
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The draft inception report will be submitted in 4 draft copies not more than 30 days from the
commencement of the services as per the plan for each site, and the final will be submitted in 3
copies.
REPORT STRUCTURE for INCEPTION REPORT
1. Summary (Conclusions and Recommendations)
2. Report
2.1. introduction
2.1.1. Purpose of reconnaissance survey
2.1.2. Traffic survey methods
2.1.3. Study methods
2.1.4. design criteria
2.2. General alignment details.
2.2.1. Choice of route, including advantages and disadvantages of various routes
2.2.2. Service to communities
2.2.3. interchange locations
2.2.4. Land use
2.2.5. Safety considerations
2.2.6. Drainage
2.2.7. Soils
2.3. Project cost estimate
2.3.1. Roadway
2.3.2. Structures
2.3.3. Right-of-way
It should be accompanied by a plan to a scale 1:50,000 showing the alternative alignments

studied.
This will be submitted before the Design Standards report
10.2 Design Standard Report and Guidelines
The Report will present Design Standards to be adopted for the rural road for each of the main
design elements (geometric, pavement, structure, and hydrology, etc) based on ERA design
standard or other acceptable design standard and specifications. A brief description of
recommended standards and reasons for recommendation and reasons and list of departures
from standards with justifications will be included. The report will be submitted in 3 draft and 3
final copies.
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10.3 Engineering Design Report
Draft and Final of the Engineering Design Reports will be submitted to the Client as per the agreement
schedule. The engineering design report encompass summaries of the investigation and sectoral study,
financial and economic analysis and detail engineering design of the project elements.
10.4 Drawing Album
Draft (three copies) and Final (three copies) of the Drawing Album will be submitted to the Client as per
the agreement schedule. The drawing will be prepared in a standard engineering drawing format. The
consultant will prepare plans, cross-sections, and details for elements of structures that serve as the final
working drawings, together with detail procedures of construction of the works.
10.5 Engineering Cost Estimate
Draft (two copies) Engineering Cost Estimate Document will be submitted to the Client as per the
agreement schedule. A Technical Specification will be prepared in order to provide clarity and
completeness and avoid ambiguity during construction. The standard specifications to be adopted are the
British Standard (BS), the American Standard (ASTM) or the Ethiopian Standard at most possible
conditions. The Document includes the following,
• Technical Specifications
• Bill of Quantities • Drawings Album
10.6 Completion Report
Final consultancy completion report

REC Will prepare and submit final report after completion of the consultancy services, and this
will be a comprehensive report on the Consultancy services, which will describe the aims of the
projects and the achievements thereof. Any problems encountered and recommendations to be
made will be included in this report. It will also include the final statement. The report will be
submitted in 3 draft and 3 final copies. The draft documents will be submitted for approval of
Client prior to producing the final document. The final documents will be submitted in
electronic format on CDs as well as in hard copies.
REPORT STRUCTURE for FINAL CONSULTANCY COMPLETION REPORT

The consultancy completion report (Project completion Report) will be submitted to the Client
within one month after completion of the whole projects.
The Report will include but not limited to:
 Executive summary;
 Mobilization/Demobilization details;
 Description of the projects;
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 Completion picture of the project as conceived and as implemented including summary

of difficulties encountered during consultation and means employed to overcome them;
 Project implementation;
 Type, quality, quantities and sources of materials to be used for the construction;
 Comments on technical specification prepared and conditions of Contract;
 Conclusions and recommendations. Conclusions will include a note on the lessons
learned and remediation for the future actions.
This report will be prepared and submitted after the completion of consultancy service and
submitted in three draft and three final copies, which the draft documents shall be submitted for
approval by the Consultant to the Client prior to producing the final documents. The Final
Documents shall be submitted in electronic format on CDs as well as in hard copies. The
Consultant in relation to the project sites shall submit above listed documents and reports for
which the Consultant will charge each copy of the documents separately.
10.6 Summary of Reporting Requirement
The summary of reporting requirement and due data is indicated below.

Draft Final
S/ Types of Reports/
Submission Date Submission Date
N Documents
No. No.
Within 3 weeks from the Within one week of receipt of
1 Inception Report Soft 3
commencement of the service the Client’s comments
Not later than 6 weeks from 3
Design Standards Within one weeks of receipt of
2 Soft the commencement of the
Report the Client’s comments
service
Not later than 9 weeks form 3
Complete Set of Within one weeks of receipt of
Drawings the Client’s comments
service
Engineer’s Cost Not later than 12 weeks from 3
Within one weeks of receipt of
4 Estimate Soft the commencement of the
the Client’s comments
documents service
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Not later than 15 weeks from 3

Completion Within one weeks of receipt of
Report the Client’s comments
service
Validation
Inception and completion Upon request
workshops
11 WORK PLAN
A team of highly qualified experts in each field accompanied by technical and support staff will be
organized in order to complete the study and design of the project in an estimated time of 8 weeks
including the evaluation period by the Client. The Various activities and time requirement for each
activity is shown in Figure (Gantt Chart).
Guradhamole- Jibri and Mubarek- Duration in Weeks

Kukubanya Road Project
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Route selection and survey
Feasibility study
Preliminary Eng. Design
Detail Engineering Design
Report pereparetion
12 TEAM COMPOSITION
12.1 Composition of the Team and Task Assignment
The Consultant’s team composition for the projects has been recruited by taking into account
the profile and background of experts, and in the opinion of REC, to carry out the tasks
presented in the methodology within the time schedule of the projects.
The proposed team comprises professionals who have extensive multi-disciplinary expertise in
teamwork. All the members have interest in the projects although the do not have an experience
in similar projects.
Some of the selected team is made up of experts having extensive experience in their major
fields of expertise; and in doing so the following criteria have been used.
✓ Relevant qualification and experience;
✓ The ability to respond to the tasks assigned;
✓ Multi-disciplinary capabilities to ensure task completion within schedule;
✓ Keen desire to work on the field;
✓ Training and skills transfer capabilities;
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✓ A good knowledge of English language;

✓ A good knowledge of computer skills.
The following organization chart, which shows the key personnel and their hierarchy of
authority, will be deployed for the design of the projects.
12.2 Composition of the Team and Tasks Assigned to each staff member
The composition of the Team of key personnel selected for the execution of the services will
comprise a team of the following expertise and number:
Table: - Staffing Plan
s/no Name of Expert Position

1 Highway Engineer
2 Structural Engineer
3 Material Engineer
4 Hydrologist
5 Surveyor
6 Environmentalist
7 Socio economist
The Consultant team of professionals will need the support of suitability qualified technicians,
draughtsman and secretarial assistance for carrying out the services. The support personnel will
work under the supervision and guidance of the Consultant’s senior staff. The Team members
and Tasks of the key personnel for the projects under this package are briefly described
hereunder in table
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12.3 Tasks Assigned to Each Member of the Team
To ensure an adequate provision of the services, the tasks to be executed over the team
members. Each proposed team member has his own specific field of knowledge. For each task,
the required knowledge is available within the design team.
Tasks assigned to the various staff members of the key personnel will be as follows:
Table 2 :- Composition of the Team (Personnel) and Task(s) Of Each Team

1. Technical/ Professional Staff
Name Firm Area of Position Task
Expertise
He will direct & guide the project team in
Geometric collection and review of documents, establishing
Design, design parameters and undertaking the
Nasir Abdi REC Project Manager
Contract feasibility study, detailed engineering design and
Preparation tender document preparation of the road
project.
Geometric Highway Will be responsible for the execution of the
Design interest Engineer project in accordance with the required
professional standards. Will collect and review
documents, prepare design parameters and
undertake the detailed engineering design and
REC tender document preparation of the road
projects as per the assignment. Will also prepare
and submit the required reports and documents
as per the schedule. Carry out the Geometric
design of the road in accordance with the design
standard
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Hydraulics Will be responsible for undertaking

analysis and Hydrological/Hydraulics study of the project
REC Hydrologist
Design sites, determining the requirements for drainage
structures, and preparing drainage schedule.
Environmental Will be responsible for assessment of the
impact Environmental Impact of the project sites and
REC Environmentalist
assessment propose measures to avoid/minimise the
impact.
Will be responsible for soil and material
Material
Material/ investigation, and pavement design of the road
Engineer/
REC Ground projects. Besides responsible for carrying out
Pavement
investigation foundation investigation of structures and
Engineer
forward recommendation as necessary.
Will be responsible for any CAD work for both
REC CAD Technician
highway and structural engineers.
Ground Survey Direct and collect the survey data and crew in
and data undertaking the route surveying evaluate
REC Chief Surveyor
processing alternative alignment and prepare topographic
using software survey report.
13 SCHEDULE
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Terms of Referen For Guradhamole

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SOMALI REGIONAL STATE OFFICE OF THE

PRESIDENT LOWLAND LIVELIHOOD

Technical Proposal for

Route Selection & Survey, Feasibility Study and

RAAD ENGINEERING CONSULTENCY

Raad Engineering Consultant i

Raad Engineering Consultant ii

2 OBJECTIVE OF THE CONSULTANCY SERVICE

The main objectives of the consultancy services are

3 THE SCOPE OF CONSULTANCY SERVICE

4 DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN

4.1 Design Standards

5.2 Data Collection (Location Survey)

 Temperature, monthly, maximum and minimum readings

6.1 Objective of the Study

6.2 Methodology of the Study

7 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY

The study will include but not limited to: -

7.1 Objective of the Study

7.2 Scope of Work

7.3 Approach and Methodology

 Collecting and analyzing baseline data including relevant Ethiopian Environmental

7.4 Land acquisition

7.5 Expected Output

8 MATERIAL AND GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION

The results of material investigation shall be summarized in a factual materials report to be

8.1 Methods of investigations

8.2 Laboratory Analysis

8.3 Report preparation

 Historical description of the site investigation,

9.1 Detailed Engineering Design/Final Design

9.1.1 Geometric design

9.1.2 Pavement Design

No Pavement Type Length (km)

9.1.3 Minor Drainage Structures

9.1.4 Preparation of Engineering Plans

a) Plans and profiles

b) Typical layout plan

c) Typical and other Necessary Cross Sections

d) Plan, Elevation and Cross Sections

e) Soils and material plans

f) Accesses to the road designed and drawn

i) A separate book of cross-sections

j) Schedule of culverts construction details

9.1.5 Computation of Construction Quantities

 Preliminary and general,

10.1 Inception Report

It should be accompanied by a plan to a scale 1:50,000 showing the alternative alignments

This will be submitted before the Design Standards report

10.2 Design Standard Report and Guidelines

10.3 Engineering Design Report

10.4 Drawing Album

10.5 Engineering Cost Estimate

10.6 Completion Report

Final consultancy completion report

REPORT STRUCTURE for FINAL CONSULTANCY COMPLETION REPORT

 Completion picture of the project as conceived and as implemented including summary

10.6 Summary of Reporting Requirement

The summary of reporting requirement and due data is indicated below.

Not later than 15 weeks from 3

Guradhamole- Jibri and Mubarek- Duration in Weeks

12.1 Composition of the Team and Task Assignment