CW SG

FM-AA-CIA-15 Rev.
0 10-July-2020
Study Guide in GE 5: The Contemporary World Module No. 1
STUDY GUIDE FOR MODULE NO. 1
GLOBALIZATION
MODULE OVERVIEW
In the advent of technologies, we see the growth on transports and communications. This means,
people and countries can exchange information and goods in an easy way, this process is called
“Globalization”.
Globalization represents the global integration of international trade, investment, information

technology and cultures. Government policies designed to open economies domestically and internationally to
boost development in poorer countries and raise standards of living for their people are what drive globalization.
MODULE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:

• define globalization
• differentiate the competing conceptions of globalization
• identify the underlying philosophies of the varying definitions of globalization
LEARNING CONTENTS
Claudio and Abinales (2018) posed the question “why do you need to study the world?”
to students in tertiary education. In their attempt to answer the question they posed, the main thesis
centers on the idea that students like you, whether you are aware of it or not, are citizens of the
world. They expounded on these by providing points as to why the study of the world is relevant
(Claudio & Abinales, 2018):
1. Cure parochialism. From close-mindedness to stretched imagination, outlook, and
concern. One’s concern is not only for their immediate context or environment.
2. It can teach you more about yourself. With knowledge about other countries, one can
compare their society’s condition with that of other societies/countries. This comparison may
point out uniqueness and even similarities.
3. You are interacting with the world. As global citizens, being aware of what is happening
with the world is a given. With all the interconnectedness and interdependence, the
events happening outside us might bring a positive or negative impact.
. Central to these is the awareness, recognition, and study of globalization as a phenomenon. And the
very idea of globalization is the focus of this course subject—the study and understanding of what makes up
this process and/or phenomenon. The frame of ontology is making sense of the existence of globalization
through themes and issues related to and confront it, and at the same time, making sense of what is to be a
citizen of the world. From this point, the main question “why do you need to study the world?” is supplemented
by “what does it mean to be a citizen of the world?” (Claudio & Abinales, 2018).
PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 1

FM-AA-CIA-15 Rev. 0 10-July-2020
In our World history, they introduce around centuries the idea of concept of Globalization;
traders explore to buy rare commodities such as salt, spices and gold, which they would then sell in their home
countries. The 19th century Industrial Revolution brought advances in communication and transportation that
have removed borders and increased cross-border trade.
World Health Organization define Globalization, “ the increased interconnectedness and

interdependence of peoples and countries, is generally understood to include two inter-related elements: the
opening of international borders to increasingly fast flows of goods, services, finance, people and ideas; and the
changes in institutions and policies at national and international levels that facilitate or promote such flows.
Globalization has the potential for both positive and negative effects on development and health.”
Thomas Friedman defined globalization as, “as the inexorable integration of markets, transportation
systems, and communication systems to a degree never witnessed before – in a way that is enabling
corporations, countries, and individuals to reach around the world farther, faster, deeper, and cheaper than ever
before, and in a way that is enabling the world to reach into corporations, countries, and individuals farther,
faster, deeper, and cheaper than ever before” . Also,
Manfred Steger provided scholarly description in his Globalization: A Very Short Introduction, “the term
globalization should be used to refer to a set of social processes that are thought to transform our present social
condition into one of globality”.
In simple economic concept, the flow of products and services with few barriers in the integration of
market, investment and trade between nation. At some point, culture is also assimilated and trade as they
exchange of ideas and traditions by trading. The spread of Korean pop culture across will advance the
exchange of ideas, art, language and music like other millennials experiencing nowadays are some of the best
example. Globalization across the boarders makes people and goods to move easily in the different nations.
Globalization is an event occurred in unprecedented pace and gives definition to the world’s market.
It is still a public debate whether it is beneficial or detrimental most especially to the average citizens. It
may direct or indirectly affect everyone, but not everyone gets the same benefits. The more stretches and
intensified, the more backlashes produce to those people who cannot keep on the same. Standards of living
have risen overall as more third-world countries experience industrialization. Other proponents believe that
globalization is the way to catch up for developing countries, because it allows them to cooperate with other
nation like never before. The presence of multinational company will of great contribution especially to local
economies as they invest in local products, resources, services, medical and educational facilities.
Globalization brought many benefits to other people but to others, it is not to everyone. It shows that, in
fact, in all but a couple of countries polled, people believe life was better in the old days. If the other country
produces cheaper product, other producers will be closed down and leads to lost of thousand jobs to others.
Every step forward especially in technology it also brings a new danger. Example, Technology improves the
lives of many people, but it also increases the number of crimes every year.
In light of the multidimensional character of globalization, anthropologist Arjun Appadurai (1996)

identifies multiple and intersecting dimensions of global cultural flows he calls ‘landscapes’ or ‘scapes’ (Steger,
2014: 13). These five conceptual dimensions of globalization are:
1. Ethnoscape. Flows of people. The movement of people for reasons such as work, recreation, and/or
due to displacement. The shift in populations made of tourists, immigrants, refugees, and exiles. This is, in part,
due to the ease and cheaper travel costs to travel and borders of countries opening up to accommodate and
offer opportunities to people.
2. Technoscape. Flows of technology. Development and boom of technology that facilitates cross-border
connections and transactions. E.g. the internet, information technology, and engineering.

3. Finanscape. Flows of money. The flow of global capital. International banking and cash systems allow
this to happen. E.g. credit card systems.
4. Mediascape. Flows of information. The production and dissemination of information through electronic
means. The access of people to modern popular culture. E.g. access to international entertainment like
Hollywood films, K-drama, and anime; media such as newspapers, magazines, the social network.
5. Ideoscape. Flows of ideas. Ideologies of state, and social movements. E.g. posting of your views on a
certain event or human reality on Facebook; religious missionaries spreading their doctrines to other regions or
countries; environmentalism.
ETHNOSCAPE TECHNOSCAPE FINANSCAPE

flows of people flows of technology flows of money
MEDIASCAPE IDEOSCAPE
flows of information flows of ideas
Appadurai’s five ‘landscapes’ present the idea that there are multiple globalizations,
Appadurai’s five ‘landscapes’ present the idea that there are multiple globalizations, and this can help
make sense the dynamics in globalization as a big process with all its multidimensional sub-processes (Claudio
& Abinales, 2018: 10). As Appadurai (1996) put it, “[e]ach of these ‘scapes’ contains the building blocks of the
new ‘imagined worlds’ that are assembled by the historically situated imaginations of persons and groups
spread around the globe” (as cited in Steger, 2014: 13).
These descriptions should provide students an overview of what to expect in undertaking a study of the
world and globalization. The concepts presented here will be tackled in more detail in the succeeding lectures.
*please refer in the Worktext in the Contemporary World

LEARNING ACTIVITY 1
Name: _______________________________________ Score: _________________

Course: ______________________________________ Date: __________________
GLOBALIZATION: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Scenario Positive Negative Depends
*please refer in the Worktext in the Conemporary World
SUMMARY
Globalization has contributed to global warming, climate change and the overuse of natural resources.
An increase in the demand for goods has boosted manufacturing and industrialization Globalization has also
increased homogenization in countries. Some politicians argue that globalization is detrimental to the middle
class, and is causing increasing economic and political polarization to developed countries. For example,
outsourcing facilities in lower cost that leads workers to compete internationally for jobs. Also, international
chain from developed country dominate the cultural exchange because their goods and culture influenced other
countries more than those of any other nation. Good or bad, though, there isn't much argument as to whether or
not it is happening. Let's look at the positives and negatives of globalization, and you can decide for yourself
whether or not it is the best thing for our world.
REFERENCES

Mendoza, Et.al, 2019. WORKTEXT IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD. Nieme Publishing House. Co.Ltd.
Globalization Retrieved from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/globalization.asp#ixzz5XbTfsOjE, April

2019.
Globalization Retreived from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/globalization.asp#ixzz5XbU8MpfK, April

2019
Peak Globalization Definition Retrieved from Investopedia https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/peak-

globalization.asp#ixzz5XbVB5HCo , May 2019

THE STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION

MODULE OVERVIEW
Countries trade with each other due to the lack of resources and cannot satisfy their own needs and
wants. As the countries developed their resources and they trade it for the resources they need. Many years
ago, when the other countries travelled a distance to trade, as it is very evident that international trade plays
significant role in the development of industrialized world. Imports of goods and services happen maybe for
better or cheaper quality, appealing goods or no alternatives exist. In this lesson, we will begin with economic
globalization and global actors that facilitate the economic globalization..

• define economic globalization
• identify the actors that facilitate Economic globalization.
• define the modern world system.
• articulate a stance on global economic integration.
LEARNING CONTENTS (title of the subsection)
The Global Economy
United Nations defines Economic globalization as “increasing interdependence of world economies as

a result of the growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and services, flow of international capital and
wide and rapid spread of technologies. It reflects the continuing expansion and mutual integration of market
frontiers, and is an irreversible trend for the economic development in the whole world at the turn of the
millennium. The rapid growing significance of information in all types of productive activities and marketization
are the two major driving forces for economic globalization”
According to Dennis O. Flynn and Arturo Giráldez ,”Global trade emerged when 1) all heavily populated
continents began to exchange products continuously – both with each other directly and indirectly via other
continents – and 2) did so in values sufficient to generate lasting impacts on all trading partners”
(“Globalization Began in 1571.p2 ) In economic globalization, companies seek the greatest possibility of
efficient and maximized profits that will involve many regions and localities to “global production”. Many believe
that the new technology will allow the intense movement of information, goods, services and people can create
an environment of “new economy”- increasing the networks in global production, free trade and capital. The
interconnections of various components of production, where the stages in production takes place in different
location depends on the favorable conditions such as cheap labor, raw material, skilled labor and market
consumer.
*please refer to the Worktext in the Contemporary World

LEARNING ACTIVITY 1
Name: _______________________________________ Score: _________________

Course: ______________________________________ Date: __________________
Global economy in which we live
After the discussion the students will bring the following:

• Bring a favorite item of clothing to school.
• Make a chart to show where their favorite clothing articles are produced.
• Take a home survey to identify the country of origin of other common goods.
• Use collected data to make a chart, graph, or map to illustrate the global economy in which we live.
Home survey
Directions: Take a home survey with your favourite item of clothing and goods. Use a chart, graph or map to
identify the country of origin of other common goods.
Item Price Country Manufacturer
GLOBAL ACTORS
Multinational Corporation
The multinational corporation is a business organization whose activities are located in more than
two countries and is the organizational form that defines foreign direct investment. This form consists of a
country location where the firm is incorporated and of the establishment of branches or subsidiaries in foreign
countries (A.A Lazarus, 2001 p. 10197)
The International Monetary Fund

The International Monetary Fund (IMF), founded at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944, is the
official organization for securing international monetary cooperation. It has done useful work in various fields,
such as research and the publication of statistics and the tendering of monetary advice to less-developed

countries. It has also conducted valuable consultations with the more developed countries.
North Atlantic Treaty

NATO is based on the North Atlantic Treaty, which provides the organization a framework. The treaty
provides that an armed attack against one or more of NATO`s member nations shall be considered an attack
against them all.* NATO is headquartered in Brussels, Belgium. The organization was formed in 1949. Many
nations joined NATO — even Iceland, the only member without a military force. The organization was originally
formed out of the fear that the Soviet Union would ally militarily with Eastern European nations, i.e. the Warsaw
Pact, and thus become a threat to Western Europe and the United States
World Trade Organization (WTO), International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Bank
The World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Bank are
the three institutions that underwrite the basic rules and regulations of economic, monetary, and trade relations
between countries. Many developing nations have loosened trade rules under pressure from the IMF and the
World Bank.
The domestic financial markets in these countries have not been developed and do not have
appropriate laws in place to enable domestic financial institutions to stand up to foreign competition. The
administrative setup, judicial systems, and law-enforcing agencies generally cannot guarantee the social
discipline and political stability that are necessary in order to support a growth-friendly atmosphere.
*please refer in the Worktext in the Contemporary World WorldIVITY 1

LEARNING ACTIVITY 2
SUMMARY
The framers of the new Bretton Woods monetary regime hoped to promote world trade, investment,
and economic growth by maintaining convertible currencies at stable exchange rates. Countries with temporary,
moderate balance-of-payments deficits were expected to finance their deficits by borrowing foreign currencies
from the IMF rather than by imposing exchange controls, devaluations, or deflationary economic policies that
could spread their economic problems to other countries. After ratification by 29 countries, the Articles of
Agreement entered into force on December 27, 1945. The fund’s board of governors convened the following
year in Savannah, Georgia, U.S., to adopt bylaws and to elect the IMF’s first executive directors. The governors
decided to locate the organization’s permanent headquarters in Washington, D.C., where its 12 original
executive directors first met in May 1946. The IMF’s financial operations began the following year, In other
words, the fast globalization of the world’s economies in recent years is largely based on the rapid development
of science and technologies, has resulted from the environment in which market economic system has been
fast spreading throughout the world, and has developed on the basis of increasing cross-border division of labor
that has been penetrating down to the level of production chains within enterprises of different countries.

REFERENCES
Global Economy Retrieved from

http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/cdp/cdp_background_papers/bp2000_1.pdf) ,April 2019
Retrieved from British actor Sir Laurence Olivier reads the Preamble to the Charter of the UN
I(http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/cdp/cdp_background_papers/bp2000_1.pdf) May ,2019
Retrieved from https://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Mar-No/Multinational-Corporations.html,

April 2019
Retrieved from https://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Mar-No/Multinational-

Corporations.html#ixzz5Y658UqkE, May 2019
https://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Mar-No/Multinational-Corporations.html#ixzz5Y65Netfn
Retrieved from (http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/cdp/cdp_background_papers/bp2000_1.pdf)

Accessed May 2019.

MARKET INTEGRATION
. Market integration is the fusing of many markets into one. Global market integration means that
price differences between countries are eliminated as all markets become one. One way to the progress of
globalization is to look at trends how prices converge or become similar across countries. The time when the
costs of trading across the country fall and that is the time the other firm will take advantage of price differences,
other countries may enter the market of the other country. Trading cost fall when new product invented or
developed becomes cheaper and also, some cost are man-made like when they impose a barriers for trade
In one market a commodity has a single price such as the price of rice would be the same in east
Pangasinan and west Pangasinan if these areas were part of the same market. If the price of rice in west
Pangasinan was higher, sellers of rice would move from the east to the west and prices would equalize. The
price of rice in one place to other might be different, though, and high transport costs and other kinds of
expenses might mean that it would be uneconomical for other sellers to move their stocks to other place if
prices were higher there. And for other markets, the price changes for a long periods of time.
Some economists argue that this process is underway and inevitable, end that global markets drive the
harmonization of institutions across countries. Consider a multinational firm choosing a country in which to
locate its factory. In order to attract the firm’s investment, a government might cut business tax rates and loosen
regulatory requirements. Other competing countries follow suit. The resulting lower tax revenues make
countries less able to finance welfare states and educational programs. All policy decisions become oriented
toward maximizing integration with global markets. No goods or services would be provided that are
incompatible with this.

LEARNING ACTIVITY 1
Name: _______________________________________ Score: _________________

Course: ______________________________________ Date: __________________
Market Game
The students must bring the following:
Cartolina / Manila paper

Marker
Play money
Direction: The student will be given an exact amount of play money and they will come up with a
project/output.
Example:
Amount of Play Money (Php 2,496.00)
Project: Young at Heart (This project is a simple party for the Senior Citizen in Brgy. Cadre)
INTERSTATE SYSTEM
. Interstate System
Most studies of war that take the interstate system as the unit of analysis begin with assumptions from
the ‘realist’ paradigm. States are seen as unitary actors, and their actions are explained in terms of structural
characteristics of the system. The most important feature of the interstate system is that it is anarchic. Unlike
politics within states, relations between states take place in a Hobbesian ‘state of nature.’ Since an anarchic
system is one in which all states constantly face actual or potential threats, their main goal is security. Security
can only be achieved in such a system by maintaining power. In realist theories, the distribution of power in the
interstate system is the main determinant of the frequency of war.
Although all realist theories agree on the importance of power distribution in determining war, they
disagree about which types of power distributions make war more likely. Balance-of-power theories
(Morgenthau 1967) suggest that an equal distribution of power in the system facilitates peace and that unequal
power distributions lead to war. They argue that parity deters all states from aggression and that an unequal
power distribution will generally result in the strong using force against the weak. When one state begins to gain
a preponderance of power in the system, a coalition of weaker states will form to maintain their security by
blocking the further expansion of the powerful state. The coalitions that formed against Louis XIV, Napoleon

and Hitler seem to fit this pattern. An interstate system has been emerging in East Asia since the early 1990s.
In this system all nations are now equals. Among the member states, the economic stratification is collapsing
rapidly
.
LEARNING ACTIVITY 2
Name: _______________________________________ Score: _________________

Course: ______________________________________ Date: __________________
Project Chain: Link to Interconnected individual
Materials:
Sheets of 8 ½ x 11 green construction paper, cut into strips of 1 ½” or 2” wide and 11” long
Markers
Stapler or Glue
A. Give each student a strip of paper and a marker.

B. Write a message on the strip about a quality that makes them unique and proud of who they are as an
individual.
C. Staple (or glue) the individual strips together to make one large chain of connection. If multiple
classrooms are participating, have them link their classroom chains together to create a school-wide
chain.
D. If only one group is participating, find a prominent place to hang the chain that will remind them that
even as individuals we can all come together for something we care about.
SUMMARY
This economic interest also became part of a political strategy that transformed people into individual
political economic subjects. In order to establish, maintain and expand their domination the new states will
make systematic use of scientific knowledge with the aim of assessing and influencing the behavior of their
subjects. And they will do this assuming that people’s behavior is mainly motivated by interest. Government
now consciously wants to deal with the interests of individuals in order to serve its own interest. Political
economics will not only consist of observing people’s self-interested behavior, it will also promote it. The main
issue in the politics of states will be to figure out ways to anticipate what might happen in order to influence
economic expansion. The new politics will not only go together with a reflection about the interest of the state
but also implies that those in power have to think differently about their individual roles in relation to and about

the way their personal motivation fits with the
According to Smith, it was no longer a question of teaching mankind what must be done with reference
to the next world, but rather to understand what the human being actually is and what can be done in this world
with humans as they actually are. The social contract and the workings of society should be studied on the
basis of natural human (Bouchet: Adam Smith: Then & Now)
Part of the problem is that systemic theories have not incorporated causal factors at lower levels of
analysis, such as internal economic and political characteristics of states. Since the effects of system-level
factors on war are not direct but are always mediated by the internal political economy of states and the
decisions made by individual leaders, complete theories of the causes of war must include these factors as well
REFERENCES
Interstate System Retrieved from https://www.mbaskool.com/business-concepts/operations-logistics-supply-
chain-terms/15475-interstate-system.html, April 2019.
E. Kiser, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001
Edgar Kiser, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition), 2015
S. Sassen, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001
Saskia Sassen, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition), 2015

Contemporary Global Governance

MODULE OVERVIEW
“Global governance is the sum of laws, norms, policies, and institutions that define, constitute, and
mediate relations between citizens, societies, markets, and states in the international system-the wielders and
objects of the exercise of international public power” according to Thakur & Weiss (2015). This lesson will tackle
about the concept of global governance and the presence of criticism and gaps that makes it more complex.
Thakur and Weiss argue that knowledge gaps, normative gaps, policy gaps, institutional gaps and compliance
gaps add to the complexity of the issue.

• define global governance,
• discuss the role of global governance in international relations; and,
• discuss limitations to effective global governance.
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
.
How the world governed even in the absence of a world government in order to product norms, codes
of conduct, and regulatory, surveillance, and compliance instruments? How are values allocated quasi-
authoritatively for the world, and as accepted as such, without a government to rule the world?
The answer lies in global governance. It is the sum of laws, norms, policies, and institutions that define,
constitute, and mediate relations between citizens, societies, markets, and states in the international system-the
wielders and objects of the exercise of international public power.
-Thakur & Weiss (2015)
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
Global governance is understood as “the way which global affairs are managed. As there is no
global government, global governance typically involves a range of actors including states, as well as regional
and international organizations. However, a single organization may nominally be given the lead role on an
issue, for example, the World Trade Organization in world trade affairs. Thus, global governance is thought to
be an international process of consensus- forming which generates guidelines and agreements that affect
national governments and international corporations. Example of such consensus would include WHO policies
on health issue.”
Global governance is a product of neo-liberal paradigm shifts in international political and economic
relations. The privileging of capital and market mechanisms over state authority created governance gaps that
have encouraged actors from private and civil society sectors to assume authoritative roles previously
considered the purview of the State. This reinforces the divergence of views about how to define the concept of
global governance, issues that are of utmost importance and priority. Some scholars argue that global

governance as it is practiced is not working (Coen and Pegram, 2015), while others believe that global
governance is constantly adapting by readjusting strategies and approaches to solutions and developing new
tools and measures to deal with the issues that impact communities throughout the world (Held & Hale, 2011)
According to Lawrence Finskeistein, “We say ‘governance’ because we don’t really know what to call
what is going on.
As Thomas Weiss has observed, ‘Many academics and international practitioners employ ‘governance’
to connote a complex set of structures and processes, both public and private, while more popular writers tend
to use it synonymously with ‘government’.
(Additional Texts)
The leading institution in charge of global governance today is the United Nations. It was founded in 1945, in the wake
of the Second World War, as a way to prevent future conflicts on that scale. The United Nations does not directly bring
together the people of the world, but sovereign nation states, and currently counts 193 members who make
recommendations through the UN General Assembly. The UN’s main mandate is to preserve global security, which it
does particularly through the Security Council. In addition the UN can settle international legal issues through
the International Court of Justice, and implements its key decisions through the Secretariat, led by the Secretary
General.
The United Nations has added a range of areas to its core mandate since 1945. It works through a range of agencies
and associated institutions particularly to ensure greater shared prosperity, as a desirable goal in itself, and as an indirect
way to increase global stability. As a key initiative in that regard, in 2015, the UN articulated the Sustainable Development
Goals, creating common goals for the collective future of the planet.
Beyond the UN, other institutions with a global mandate play an important role in global governance. Of primary
importance are the so-called Bretton Woods institutions: the World Bank and the IMF, whose function is to regulate the
global economy and credit markets. Those institutions are not without their critics for this very reason, being often blamed
for maintaining economic inequality.
CRITCISMS
However, there are have been criticism by some against that idea of global governance. For example,
the WHO (2015) points out some arguments that critics make, namely that ‘Critics argue that global governance
mechanisms support the neo-liberal ideology of globalization and reduce the role of the state (and thus
sovereignty) to that of an adjusting body for the implementation of international policies. Some argue that, as a
result, the interest of the poorest people and nations will be ignored unless they have a direct impact in the
global economy.’
GAPS
There are a number of gaps within global governance systems. For example, the World Health
Organization (2015) argues that three primary gaps exist. Namely:
The jurisdictional gaps, between the increasing need for global governance in many areas – such as
health- and the lack of an authority with the power, or jurisdiction, to take action.
The incentive gap, between the need for international cooperation and the motivation to undertake it.
The incentive gap is said to be closing as globalization provides increasing impetus for countries to cooperate.
However, there are concerns that, as Africa lags further behind economically, its influence on global
governance processes will diminish.
The participation gap, which refers to the fact that international cooperation remains primarily the affairs

of governments, leaving civil society groups on the fringes of policy-making. On the other hand, globalization of
communication is facilitating the development of global civil society movements.
(Additional Texts) Global governance is best understood by peering through the five “lenses” of
gaps in knowledge, norms, policies, institutions, and compliance. Such a framework allows us to
conceptualize the essential tasks for the pursuit of more order, stability, predictability, and
prosperity with a fairer distribution of benefits for the planet.
Thakur & Weiss (2015) argue that there are five particular “gaps” in global governance. They are as
follows:
Knowledge Gaps
Normative Gaps
Policy Gaps
Institutional Gaps
Compliance Gaps
Knowledge Gaps are important because if we do not know the severity of a problem, or if we don’t have the
resources to investigate a particular issue, this could become difficult for effective global governance. Thus, if
we don’t have information or research, not only do we not know how problematic an issue is, but it can then
also affect how we go about trying to resolve or remedy that situation. Therefore, in the cycle of global
governance, “the first step in eventually addressing a problems that goes beyond the capacity of a states to
solve is actually to recognize its existence, to understand that there is a problem. Next, it is necessary to collect
solid data that challenge the consensus about the nature of the problem, to diagnose its causes-in short, to
explain the problem”.
Normative Gaps
After we understand that an issue exists, it is important to establish (and develop) norms to address
that problem. This often forms within societies, but international organizations such as United Nations also have
a role to form law on the issues (Thakur & Weiss, 2015). Norms are important; they “matter because people-
citizens as well as politicians and offcials- care about what others think of them” (Thakur & Weiss, 2015). Thus,
individuals, organizations, and international organizations can work to set norms on various issues, whether
they are economic trade, environmental issues, or human rights, as well as many other issues. Thus, once we
know about a situation, many can work to shape norms about how we in global community can respond to what
is taking place.
Policy Gaps are related to the specifically policies that one can implement in order to address the stated
problem. When we speak of policy, we are talking about “the articulated and linked set of governing principles
and goals, and the agreed programs of action to implement those principles and achieve those goals”
(Thakur&Weiss, 2015). There are many actors in this process. Individuals and NGOs can call for policies, and
the state itself can introduce and establish policies towards problems. However, sometimes actors may have
varies interest with regards to a conflict, thus making policy more difficult to establish multilaterally. On the other
hand, it also an issue when states are making policy without including members of the civil society
(Thakur&Weiss, 2015).

Institutional Gaps are the challenges of implementing any policies that are put forth by the international
community. If we are speaking about environmental rights abuses, institutional gaps would include any failures
of effective mechanisms to ensure that environmental law is in place. For war crimes, the idea is that
the International Criminal Court will be there to hold state leaders accountable for their actions. If we are
speaking about human rights, one could look to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
for refugee issues, the Office of the Commission for Human Rights, or the Human Rights Council, for example.
Compliance Gaps are one of the final challenges with regards to global governance. This includes
effective implementation, as well as enforcement. Amongst the challenges is the fact that “[r]recalcitrant or
fragile actors may be unwilling or unable to implement agreed elements of international policy, for example a
ban on commercial whaling, the acquisition of proliferation-sensitive nuclear technology and material, or the
cross-border movement of terrorist material and personnel” (Thakur & Weiss, 2015: 36). Or, it might be difficult
to enforce penalties on violators. The United Nations, while it does not have a standing military (Thakur &
Weiss), through the Security Council, can pass resolutions and carry out military and economic actions against
non-compliers. Nonetheless, there are still many difficulties to ensure that actors are following prescribed
policies and norms.

LEARNING ACTIVITY 1
Name: _______________________________________ Score: _________________

Course: ______________________________________ Date: __________________
ESSAY WRITING
Guidelines: Answer the following questions briefly with given precise examples.
1. Why is global governance multi-faceted?

2. How do international organizations take on “lives of their own”?
3. What are the challenges faced by the United Nations in maintaining global security?
SUMMARY
Global governance is understood as “the way which global affairs are managed. As there is no global
government, global governance typically involves a range of actors including states, as well as regional and
international organizations. However, a single organization may nominally be given the lead role on an issue,
for example, the World Trade Organization in world trade affairs. Thus, global governance is thought to be an
international process of consensus- forming which generates guidelines and agreements that affect national
governments and international corporations. Example of such consensus would include WHO policies on health
issue.” As Lawrence Finskeistein, “We say ‘governance’ because we don’t really know what to call what is going
on.
World Health Organization mentioned three primary gaps in global governance. Namely: jurisdiction
gaps, incentive gaps, and participation gaps that challenges or make the process of global governance
unworkable.
Thakur & Weiss (2015) argue that there are five particular “gaps” in global governance. They are as
follows:
Knowledge Gaps
Normative Gaps
Policy Gaps
Institutional Gaps
Compliance Gaps

REFERENCES
Emerging Asian Regionalism: A Partnership for Shared Prosperity. (2008). Asian Development Bank.
Mandaluyong City
He, B. & Inoguchi, T. (2011). Introduction to ideas of Asian Regionalism. Japanese Journal of
Political Science. Retrieved from https://www.research gate.net.
Manfred Steger, et.al. The SAGE Handbook of Globalization. Two volumes. Thousand Oaks: SAGE
Publications.
Wolvers, Andrea et.al. n.d. Concepts of the Global South. Global South Studies Center, University of Cologne,
Germany – http://gssc.uni-koeln.de/node/452

A World of Regions
MODULE OVERVIEW
Globalization makes people connected and this interconnectedness is part of our daily life. This leads to
the so called global divide, the Global North and Global South. The terms “Global North” and “Global South”
divide the world in half both geographically. According to Karpilo (2018), the Global North contains all countries
north of the Equator in the Northern Hemisphere and the Global South holds all of the countries south of the
Equator in the Southern Hemisphere. Kwarteng and Botch way (2018) stated that “The North and South divide
in the practice and application of international laws have been previously perceived to be evident in international
environmental law where the Global developed North countries on the one hand advocate for a collective action
to protect the environment while the Global developing Southern countries, on the other hand, argue for social
and economic justice in practice.

• define the term “Global South”.
• differentiate the Global South from the Third World.
• analyze how a new conception of global relations emerged from the experiences of Latin
American Countries.
• differentiate between regionalization and globalization.
• identify the factors leading to a greater integration of the Asian region.
• analyze how different Asian states confront the challenges of globalization and regionalization.
GLOBAL DIVIDES
.
The world is divided in terms of development and wealth. Back in 1980s, the world was geographically
split into relatively richer and poorer nations. In order to show this phenomena, the Brandt Line was developed.
According to this model, the Northern Hemisphere is where richer countries situated, with the exception of
Australia and New Zealand, whereas, in the Southern Hemisphere is the place of poorer countries. This shows
the concept of a gap between the Global North and the Global South. This differentiation is based on the fact
that most of developed countries are in the north whereas, the most of developing or underdeveloped countries
are in the south. Nonetheless, not all countries in the Global North can be called “developed,” while some of the
countries in the Global South can be called developed because there are some countries in the Global North
that are developing countries such as Nepal, Kazakhstan, and other African countries.

The gap between the ‘North’ and ‘South’
Despite very significant development gains globally which have raised many
millions of people out of absolute poverty, there is substantial evidence that
inequality between the world’s richest and poorest countries is widening. In 1820
Western Europe's per capita income was three times bigger than Africa’s but by
2000 it was thirteen times as big. In addition, in 2013, Oxfam reported that the
richest 85 people in the world owned the same amount of wealth as the poorest
half of the world’s population.
Today the world is much more complex than the Brandt Line depicts as many
poorer countries have experienced significant economic and social development.
However, inequality within countries has also been growing and some
commentators now talk of a ‘Global North’ and a ‘Global South’ referring
respectively to richer or poorer communities which are found both within and
between countries. For example, whilst India is still home to the largest
concentration of poor people in a single nation it also has a very sizable middle
class and a very rich elite.
There are many causes for these inequalities including the availability
of natural resources; different levels of health and education; the nature of a
What is Global South?
country’s economy and its industrial sectors; international trading policies
and access to markets; how countries are governed and international
relationships between countries; conflict within and between countries; and
a country’s vulnerability to natural hazards and climate change. (Royal
Geographical Society)
Global South countries have been unable to evolve an indigenous technology appropriate to their own
resources and have been dependent on powerful Global North multinational corporations (MNCs) to transfer
technical know-how. This means that research and development expenditures are directed toward solutions of
the Global North’s problems, with technological advances seldom meeting the needs of the Global South.

LEARNING ACTIVITY 1
Name: _______________________________________ Score: _________________

Course: ______________________________________ Date: __________________
Political Cartooning
Direction: Form group with three members. Draw a political cartoon of what Global North and Global Divide
would look like.
– Make it unique and eye catching
– Creativity and humor help
– Using familiar figures also helps dramatically
Present in class and explain.

Then, the class will vote for the best cartoon
* please refer in the Worktext in the Contemporary World
. ASIAN REGIONALISM
“Regionalism is an approach to study the behaviour that emphasizes the geographical region as the unit of
analysis, stressing the relationship between man and his immediate physical environment. Economic social and
cultural organisations are analyzed in terms of their interrelationships and functions within the geographic
region”
-W.P. Scott.

Regionalization and Globalization
Regionalism and globalization are two different concepts which are interrelated. Regionalism is the
process through which geographical regions become significant political and/or economic units serving as the
basis for cooperation and possibly identity whereas, Globalization is the interconnectedness and
interdependence of states, forming a process of international integration arising from the interchange of world
views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture.
Benefit of Regionalism
According to ADB report (2008), the following are benefits of Asia from regionalism, namely:
1. link the competitive strengths of its diverse economies in order to boost their productivity and sustain the
region’s exceptional growth;
2. connect the region’s capital markets to enhance financial stability, reduce the cost of capital, and improve
opportunities for sharing risks;
3. cooperate in setting exchange rate and macroeconomic policies in order to minimize the effects of global
and regional shocks and to facilitate the resolution of global imbalances;
4. pool the region’s foreign exchange reserves to make more resources available for investment and
development;
5. exercise leadership in global decision making to sustain the open global trade and financial systems that
have supported a half century of unparalleled economic development;
6. build connected infrastructure and collaborate on inclusive development to reduce inequalities within and
across economies and thus to strengthen support for pro-growth policies; and
7. create regional mechanisms to manage cross-border health, safety, and environmental issues better.

LEARNING ACTIVITY 2
Name: _______________________________________ Score: _________________

Course: ______________________________________ Date: __________________
Regional Organization Matrix
Directions: Fill in the table below to show how regional organization was formed
Name of Asian
Organization/
Association
Important
People
(Founder)
Membership
Functions
*please refer to the Worktext in the Contemporary World

SUMMARY
The term `regionalism’ conveys the sense of intentional, top-down region-building—involving inter-
governmental collaboration. `Regionalization’, on the other hand, refers to the growing density of interaction and
co-operation between neighboring countries.
But for He and Inoguchi (2011), Regionalism is an inspirational and revolutionary involving the
reorganization of political, economic, cultural, and social lives along the lines of an imagined region rather than
according to the standard political unit of the nation-state.
Moreover, Marshall E. Dimock considers regionalism “as a clustering of environmental, economic,

social and governmental factors to such an extent that a distinct consciousness of separate identity within the
whole, a need for autonomous planning, a manifestation of cultural peculiarities and a desire for administrative
freedom, are theoretically recognized and actually put into effect. Regionalism is something which remains to be
realized and further developed, as well as a phenomenon which has already appeared and taken form. In one
sense, and perhaps the best one, regionalism is a way of life, it is a self-conscious process.”
On the other hand, Claudio (2014) stated that the global south is both a reality and a provisional in
progress. This because according to Sparke (2007) in Claudio (2014) said that Global South is everywhere, but
is also somewhere, located at the intersection of entangled political geographies of dispossession and
repossession, therefore Global South and Global North may exist in the same location such as in Manila or
anywhere else. Moreover, Grovogui (2011) in Claudio (2014) explained that: The Global South is not a
directional designation or a point due south from a fixed north. It is a symbolic designation meant to capture the
semblance of cohesion that emerged when former colonial entities engaged in political projects of
decolonization and moved toward the realization of a postcolonial international order.
On the other hand, Claudio (2014) stated that the global south is both a reality and a provisional in
progress. This because according to Sparke (2007) in Claudio (2014) said that Global South is everywhere, but
is also somewhere, located at the intersection of entangled political geographies of dispossession and
repossession, therefore Global South and Global North may exist in the same location such as in Manila or
anywhere else. Moreover, Grovogui (2011) in Claudio (2014) explained that: The Global South is not a
directional designation or a point due south from a fixed north. It is a symbolic designation meant to capture the
semblance of cohesion that emerged when former colonial entities engaged in political projects of
decolonization and moved toward the realization of a postcolonial international order.

REFERENCES
Emerging Asian Regionalism: A Partnership for Shared Prosperity. (2008). Asian Development Bank.
Mandaluyong City
He, B. & Inoguchi, T. (2011). Introduction to ideas of Asian Regionalism. Japanese Journal of
Political Science. Retrieved from https://www.research gate.net.
Manfred Steger, et.al. The SAGE Handbook of Globalization. Two volumes. Thousand Oaks: SAGE
Publications.
Wolvers, Andrea et.al. n.d. Concepts of the Global South. Global South Studies Center, University of Cologne,
Germany – http://gssc.uni-koeln.de/node/452

Study Guide in (Course Code and Course Title) Module No.__
STUDY GUIDE FOR MODULE NO. ___
A World of Ideas
MODULE OVERVIEW
Globalization is “a process through which events, decisions, and activities in one part of the world can come
to have significant consequences for individuals and communities in quite distant parts of the globe.”
Globalization creates and avenue where the fraternization of cultures become possible despite the evident
constraints due to geographical segregation. Martin Khor, the former President of the Third World Networks in
Malaysia, considers globalization as a form of colonization. The fast paced import and export of products and
services and of course the prevalence of social media are some of the many obvious manifestations of this
diffusion of cultures. Everywhere you turn, people are always plugged in to the World Wide Web. A wide array of
information is made available at the palm of our hands. With a simple tap of the finger, the world opens up offering
infinite possibilities. Globalization allows this penetration of one culture into another culture and unknowingly,
cultural exchange becomes a by-product of these progressions
In this chapter, we will look into two possibilities that religion and globalization presents to the
contemporary period. One of these possibilities emphasizes the role of religion in globalization and the other
being the effects of globalization to religion. In order to achieve this goal, especially the latter, it is paramount that
we examine the Secularization Theory and the views of several academicians in relation to religion and the advent
of globalization.

• analyze how various media drive various forms of global integration.
• explain the dynamics between local and global cultural production.
• explain how globalization affects religious practices and beliefs.
• analyze the relationship between religion and global conflict, and conversely, global peace.
Intercontinental Drift: Culture, Media and Globalization

The Role of Social Media
Writers and academics alike consider the past, our history, as a proof that social interaction is vital to the
survival of mankind. Looking back we started from simple tribes to cities to what we now recognize as nation-
states. In each of these developmental phase, people establish social infrastructures manifested through
community, government, and mass media to mention a few. These institutions enable us to accomplish tasks we
couldn’t do for ourselves, under normal circumstances, such as protection from foreign invaders and promote

peace amidst all the chaos happening all around.
At the onset of globalization, globalists prophesized a world with permeable borders, connections
unhindered by physical difficulties. Coupled with technological innovations like satellites, the internet, computers,
and mobile cellular phones the intercontinental exchange of ideas, philosophies and advocacies has been
intensified a hundred folds. The predicted explosion of rapid interconnectedness of peoples around the world is
now a booming reality. On the next section we will examine the impact of media in the cultural and ideological
arena of a globalized world as trends and influences cross the boundaries.
But up to this point, the question that continues to baffle scholars is the extent of the role of media in the
propagation of transnational cultures. Provided that cultures have already come in contact through histories of
trading, warfare, and bondage aren’t cultures hybrid prior to the explosion of technology? Did media just amplify
the already existing process of cultural diffusion?
.
LEARNING ACTIVITY 1
Name: _______________________________________ Score: _________________

Course: ______________________________________ Date: __________________
Trending YouTube Sensation
Direction:
In class, form groups with 3-5 members each. Every group will be assigned to search for an act or artist that
became or is currently internationally trending and prominent. Students must download and present the video of
the act in class prior to their oral presentation. In their group report, they must answer the following guide
questions.
The Globalization of Religion
Globalization denotes the chronological development by which all the world’s people gradually came to live in a
social unit. Throughout its early beginning as a phenomenon in the 1890’s, inadequate attention was given to
religion as an important driving force focusing entirely on the economic and technological facets. However, there
is more to religion than the restricted highlighting of Islamic political extremism which is basically the nearest,
impartial and scant courtesy provided in its study.

Secularization: The Apocalypse of Religion
In the eighteenth century, many thinkers became unsatisfied with religious and theological explanation
of human actions that early social scientists were invigorated to theorize rational justifications for socially occurring
phenomena. The minds and awareness of the people are growing too big to simply accept the theological stage
of social advancement and it tenets. This kind of philosophy advocating the use or reason rather than relying on
the supernatural and religious order began, together with similar developments in other fields, gave birth to the
Age of Enlightenment.
In the succeeding years of the nineteenth century, sociologists and philosophers alike donned that the
emerging phenomenon known to many as globalization marks the beginning of religions’ forthcoming end
declaring that “it [religion] was a declining force in the world.” Moreover, they affirmed that with all the modernizing
dynamism occurring all over the place, religion as it is would become an unimportant element in people’s very
lives and will inevitably vanish from modern society. Prominent psychologists such as Sigmund Freud trained his
student to view religion as the “greatest of all neurotic illusions” and that its end would be upon the therapist’s
couch. According to Peter L. Burger, the core idea of secularization lies with the complete understanding that
“Modernizations necessarily leads to a decline of religion, both is society and the mind of individuals.” – the
dawdling death of religion.
According to Rodney Stark in his Sociology of Religion, there are five features of the imminent death of
religion following the rise of globalization, these are as follows:
a. Modernizations is a causal engine dragging the gods into retirement;
b. Secularization theory not only predicted the end of religion in terms of religious institution as expressed in
the separation of church and state and the decline of authority of religious leaders, but also in the sphere
of individual piety and religiousness;
c. It is explicit that science has influenced mostly the death of religions in modern secular society;
d. Secularization is an unstoppable and irreversible social force;
e. Secularization as a process is not only limited to Christianity or Christendom, but also to other world
religions and the global world.
Current State of Religion in the Globalized Sphere
As previous chapters of this text stressed, the effects of globalization is farfetched, stretching beyond
boundaries, influencing the various aspects of humanity including religion and people’s belief. Scholars of the
past emphasized and supported the tenets of secularization, however they came across academicians who would
argue otherwise and that religion would still endure despite the odds that is globalization. An unlikely enthusiast
of the latter argument was Peter L. Berger who supported the claims of secularization as explained in the earlier.
He withdrew his support to secularization in 1968 stating that “by the 21 st century, religious believers are likely
to be found only in a small sect, huddled together to resist a worldwide secular culture.”
It is good to note that processes of change involving religion and globalization has a mutual effect on one
another. This section of this chapter will focus on three religious responses to globalization.

1. RESURGENCE OF RELIGION IN THE GLOBAL SOCIETY

Dissimilar to what was prophesized by secularist, religion continues to as a significant factor
influencing the daily lives of people around the globe. Religion endures and persist – it is not a dying
institution as some would believe. Berger further disputes that in many parts of the world, “people are
furiously religious as they ever were”. He recognizes that although secularization movements are active
in some parts of the world, other areas are not as influenced by the movement. Religious communities
and institutions have developed an adaptive strategy which involves the modification of modern ideas
and values in light of their own ideas. According to research conducted in 44 countries in 2002, religion
in the USA is regarded vital by 59% of the population. Similarly, continent of Africa, 8 out of 10
respondents believe that religion holds a dynamic position in their daily lives.
2. EMERGENCE OF RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALISM

Religious fundamental movements are regarded with three essential factors. First, it is strongly
founded on religious ideology, philosophy, goals, and leadership is grounded on religious beliefs and
practices. Next, fundamentalism serves as stronghold against the invasive cultural dramatic changes
brought about by globalization. And lastly, it (fundamentalism) is a self-protective mechanism which
seeks to preserve or re-establish former social order and return to the traditional sources of religious
authority. This is evident in the persistence, revival, and rapid spreading of Orthodox Judaism in Israel,
Shinto in Japan, and Sikhism in India to mention a few that is occurring at a transnational level. The
Aforementioned religions have varying theological basis, but what is certain that they have in common is
that they are heavily motivated by religious tenets and doctrines.
3. NEW ROLES AND IDENTITIES OF RELIGION

Religion and globalization have always have a stake with regard to notions of struggle and
conflict, one winning triumph over the other is some instances. In the field of international politics, religion
has been regarded as new source of clash between and among people with different and even similar
beliefs. Some political movements rely heavily on their religion, they use their religious ideologies to seek
control and legitimize their political interest, which are non-religious in nature. They weaponized religion,
recruit members, and use them to integrate and spread terror among nations and instill fears into the
hearts of many. People become used to hearing acts of terrorism overseas and come to view it as a
battle between faiths. In contrast, religious institutions have for several occasions establish peace among
countries at war in the modern secularized world. With the exaggeration of religion as a root cause of
violence occurring worldwide, the role of religion as a prime mover of peace is set aside. Interdominational
dialogue is another manifestation religious reconciliation. The Vatican for one has successfully mediated
conflicts in countries of North American between Protestants and Catholic clergies. Religious association
and faiths arouses communities and policy makers to advocate and campaign for peace-related acts and
dogmas. Other religious perspective believe that religion has a supreme role of influencing the creation
of global positive ethics that will combat the negativities arising from globalization like terrorism,
marginalized humanity and environmental degradation.
Religion in this globalized arena therefore cannot be considered as a passive, apathetic by-
stander patiently awaiting it demise. It actively influences how far and how deep globalization infiltrates
cultures and societies in the global sphere. And throughout the process it too gets influenced and

experience change as it adopts the unescapable phenomenon called globalization.
LEARNING ACTIVITY 2
Name: _______________________________________ Score: _________________

Course: ______________________________________ Date: __________________
Directions:
Create a pie chart that will represent the distribution of religions practiced all over the world. You may use different
colors to show the different percentages allotted for each religion. Use the space provided below to indicate the
proportion of each religion included in your chart.
Religions of the World
Protestantism - ____ %
SUMMARY
The understanding of the relation between media and globalization should not be restricted to the
differences of internet speed among countries; which country is the leading giant in technology production; or to
the number of views a worldwide movie premiere has. Being active users of media, it is also our duty to look into

the effects of this consumerist attitude to our cultural identity, ideology, and value systems. Aside from the evident
“uneven” process of media globalization occurring worldwide, which implies that its effects and consequences
are not identically experienced, globalists recognize a certain “power geometry” at work. Accordingly, it talks
about the idea that some groups are more in-command than others in terms of the proliferation of ideas and to
an extent specific interests – a dictator. On the other hand, Religion in this globalized arena therefore cannot be
considered as a passive, apathetic by-stander patiently awaiting it demise. It actively influences how far and how
deep globalization infiltrates cultures and societies in the global sphere. And throughout the process it too gets
influenced and experience change as it adopts the unescapable phenomenon called globalization.
REFERENCES
Brahm, Eric. (2005, November). Religion and Conflict. Beyond Intractability. Retrieved from
https://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/religion_and_conflict%20.
Caminiti, Kathryn. (2014, December 9). Global Flows. Media, Culture and Globalization. Retrieved from
http://mediacultureandglobalization.yolasite.com/ menu.php.
Globalization of Culture Through the Media. (2001). Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved from
https://www.encyclopedia.com/media/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/globalization-
culture-through-media.
Globalization and Religion. (2005). Encyclopedia of Religion. Retrieved from
https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-
maps/globalization-and-religion.
Impacts of Globalization on Religion. (2016, October 31). GKToday Current Affairs General Studies. Retrieved
from https://www.gktoday.in/gk/impacts-of-globalization-on-religion/.
Iqbal, Asep M. (2016, January). Varied Impacts of Globalization on Religion in a Contemporary Society. Religion,
6, 2088-6330. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315109111_Varied_Impacts_of_Globalization_on_Religion_in
_a_Contemporary_Society.
Smock, David. Religion in World Affairs: It’s Role in Conflict and Peace. February 2008.
https://www.usip.org/pubs/specialreports/sr201.pdf
Steger, Manfred B., et.al.2014. The SAGE Handbook of Globalization. Sage Publication. USA.

Study Guide in GE 5 – The Contemporary World Module No. 7

7
Global Migration
MODULE OVERVIEW
This lesson will discuss about the impact of global migration in each country as well as its causes and
effects. The lesson will emphasize that global migration has always been and will be forever part of globalization.
That there is nothing wrong nor evil of it, but it will however give us clearer picture of the phenomena and will give
as a better understanding of its occurrence and effects.

• analyze demonstrate an understanding of the global migration;
• discuss the causes and effects of global migration;
• analyze the political, economic, cultural, and social factors underlying the global movements of
people;
• display first-hand knowledge of the experience of OFWs
LEARNING CONTENTS (Global Migration)
Migration
Migration means crossing the boundary of a political or administrative unit for a certain minimum period
(Boyle et al. 1998, chapter 2). It is classifies as either Internal migration which refers to a move from one area
(province, district, or municipality) to another within one country or International migration which means crossing
the frontiers which separate one of the world’s approximately 200 states from another. Many scholars argue that
internal and international migration are part of the same process, and should be analyzed together (Skeldon 1997,
9-10).
Migration is thus both a result and a cause of development. Development leads to migration, because
economic and educational improvements are people capable of seeking better opportunities elsewhere. It simply
means that people from different walks of life, either for purposes of business opportunities, family affairs or even
unwanted reasons, are experiencing migration as agents of cultural or political change. As history will tell us,
migration has already been a practice ever since the world began.
One of the reasons of migration is disparity in level of income, employment and social well-being between
differing areas. With a family to feed or a responsibility to earn, the individual is keen to exert the effort to look for
better jobs with better pay. Thus in his search for greener pasture, he becomes motivated to relocate himself
whatever it might cause him. In his search, he will find himself certain neighborhood that has been the center of
immigrant settlement, with significant business openings, services, and convenience which are not usually found
in their place of origin. Significantly, these new place houses everything, from the places of worship, ethic
groupings and socio-cultural linkages, thus no new immigrant is left out because he can easily blend in. A new
perspective set in where women are likewise given the same opportunities as that of men thus female migration
is accommodated as they moved in independently or as heads of households.

For better understanding, the migrants come now with different criterion. (Stephen Castles, 2000).
1. Temporary labor migrants - they are popularly known as overseas contract workers who migrate for a
limited period in order to work and send remittances to their families left at home.
2. Highly skilled and business migrants - they are people with special skills and qualification who seek
employment through international labor markets for scarce skills,
3. Irregular migrants (also known as undocumented or illegal migrants) – people who enter a country,
usually in search of employment, without the necessary documents and permits.
4. Refugees – is a person residing outside his or her country of nationality, who is unable or unwilling to
return because of a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership
in a particular social group, or political opinion (1951 United Nations Convention relating to the Status of
Refugees)
5. Asylum-seekers – people who move across borders in search of protection
6. Forced-migration – this includes not only refugees and asylum-seekers but also people forced to move
by environmental catastrophes or developmental projects.
7. Family members (also known as family reunion or family reunification migrants) – migration to join people
who have already entered an immigration country under one of the above categories.
8. Return migrants – people who return to their countries of origin after a period in another country.
Migration may assist or hinders development
Remittances is considered as one of the many massive contributions to the national accounts of many
emigration countries. Through the money that they are sending, the government earns a bulk that helps finance
the development investments of the country. Emigrants are given the opportunity to ravel aboard and to be able
to learn other people’s culture, history, and environments. They become adaptive with the place where they are
in and were able to obtain additional knowledge and insights which cannot be learn thro books but only by
interactions. Countries are mandated to observe international cooperation to help ensure orderly migration and
to heighten the involvement of migration to development.
One of the main disadvantage brought by migration is the “brain drain”. Brain drain is a problem for many
poor countries losing skilled workers to richer countries. The most skilled and most talented workers of a certain
less developed country are bound to look for a better job opportunities or employment in a developed countries
considering work guarantee and better life condition for himself and that of his family. However, the country where
he came from is to settle with those who are left as its workforce but cannot do anything because it has no remedy
to the situations. It is to add further that the regulation of emigration to less-developed countries is often ineffective
thus allows exploitative employment and abuses. Many of the emigrants has stories to tell when it deals with
abuses, cruelty, and violence. Crimes like women and children trafficking, smuggling, drug related cases and
other forms of crimes are being charged to them or they became victims of such. For these reasons, the
government must create and have strong teeth for its implementation of policies and laws that prevents abuses
or exploitation of their citizens while they are abroad. If the government will be able implement the policies and
laws, it will guarantee the safety and well-being of its citizens. In addition to these, the government must provide
assistance in cases of death, illness, accidents and other similar cases of same nature to its citizens. It is in a

way to shoe the gratitude of the government as to help these emigrants are doing for the economic growth of the
country.
Many of the emigrants who finds good paying employment abroad still wishes to come home to be with
their families. The money acquired or have been saved form work abroad is used as an investment for a new
business or enterprise. However, many countries do not have policies to assist returning migrants to start anew
in their own country. Usually, they are left on their own on how to manage their own affairs. Some become
successful but majority suffers from a major setbacks. They will settle finding a job but face difficulty in finding a
job commensurate with the skills they have acquired abroad. Thus will eventually decide to go back abroad and
leave gain their families. To avoid such chain, the government should institutionalize a plan of action that will
benefit the returning emigrants, for them to be given better options in staying in their country than going back
abroad.
.
LEARNING ACTIVITY 1
Name: _______________________________________ Score: _________________

Course: ______________________________________ Date: __________________
OFW INTERVIEW
To watch a documentary about life of an OFW:
The Unsung Heroes: The Struggles and Sacrifices of Overseas Filipino Workers https://steemit.com
A Salute to all the OFWs: Our Modern Day Heroes – Kwentong OFW https://www.kwnetongofw.com
Activity: Each student will be asked to interview a former or current OFW (via online). In class they will share what
they learned from these interviews about transnationalism and the factors that affect global migrations. Their
interview should answer the following questions.
1. State the reason/s why the OFW decided to leave the country.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the problems encountered in the country they went to?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
3. What are benefits they obtained in the country they went to?

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
4. What are the significant difference as well as the similarities with the country they went to and our
country?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
5. If they are given a choice, would they still leave the country? Why and why not?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
SUMMARY
Many of the emigrants who finds good paying employment abroad still wishes to come home to be with their
families. The money acquired or have been saved form work abroad is used as an investment for a new
business or enterprise. However, many countries do not have policies to assist returning migrants to start anew
in their own country. Usually, they are left on their own on how to manage their own affairs. Some become
successful but majority suffers from a major setbacks. They will settle finding a job but face difficulty in finding a
job commensurate with the skills they have acquired abroad. Thus will eventually decide to go back abroad and
leave gain their families. To avoid such chain, the government should institutionalize a plan of action that will
benefit the returning emigrants, for them to be given better options in staying in their country than going back
abroad.
REFERENCES
https://steemit.com
https://www.kwnetongofw.com


8
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
MODULE OVERVIEW
The lesson will discuss on the different goals to obtain sustained development which is mandate to all
member states to be attained by 2030. Sustainable Development may simply means search for progress in quality
of life, development services, enough provision of supply and goods. However, a sustained development may be
reach only if there is permanence to its status of development but with no unmanageable economic movement,
high inflation, and most importantly the destruction of our environment that causes climate change and similar
catastrophes.

• Differentiate stability from sustainability;
• Articulate models of global sustainable development.
LEARNING CONTENTS (Global Migration)
Stability from Sustainability
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) describes stability as ‘avoiding large swings in economic activity,
high inflation, and excessive volatility in exchange rates and financial markets. This definition refers to indexes,
which describe the economy in short-term categories. That excessive highs and lows should be avoided. Extreme
bubbles of economic activity must be calmed down before they burst.
Sustainable development has been defined in many ways, but most frequently quoted definition is from
Our Common Future, also known as the Brundtland Report: “Sustainable development is development that mets
the need of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”
The Brundtland Report (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987) was prepared for
the United Nations in 1987. In other words, it is about responsible use of resources.
We have now reach the time where we are no longer free to expand and exploit resources. It is no longer
an Earth which can deliver unlimited goods and can adopt unlimited pollution. We could no longer enjoy the
unchanged patterns of consumption. Nowadays, the food production, domestic policy and energy policy alongside
problems on environmental issues is in alarming state.
The solution was found in increased productivity of agriculture to guarantee food production and
consumption. The strong countries take responsibility and established themselves as powerful factors in domestic
and energy policy, and take global actions against climate change. But their effectiveness is not very high, among
them particularly are the developing economies. The rich countries can always shift to its unclean production

abroad to other, usually poorer countries without sacrificing their usual mode of enjoyment and consumption of
goods and services.
Sustainability has now been a major problem not only by the developing countries but even by the
developed countries. The issue now is how to come up with solutions that will guarantee sustainability and
stability.
Sebastian Plociennik state the solutions might be depending on the kind of economic governance
implemented. However, it must take into consideration the following: Firstly, the issue of what is an “efficient
market” needs some new clarification. Secondly, we must accept the fact that there might be different institutional
way to efficient economic systems, but it does not necessarily mean that some of them are a priori more efficient.
Stable, and better for sustainability, than the others. Thirdly, a redesign needs a wider look at what is economic
growth and what kind of growth is compatible with the idea of sustainability. He stated further that “Markets are
the most substantial, constructional element of economies. However, nowadays we are dealing with biases which
make understanding their functioning puzzling. As a consequence, there are difficulties with efficient economic
policy and, obviously with providing stability and sustainability”.
Sustainability is the foundation for today’s leading global framework for international cooperation – the
2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and it’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Each of the 17 SDGs has specific targets to be achieved by 2030. The goals and targets are universal,
meaning they apply to all countries around the world, not just poor countries. Reaching goals requires action on
all fronts – government, businesses, civil society and people everywhere all have a role to play. Sustainable
development is an approach to economic planning that attempts to foster economic growth while preserving the
quality of the environment for future generations. Despite its enormous popularity in the last two decades of the
20th century, the concept of sustainable development proved difficult to apply in many cases, primarily because
the result of long-term sustainability analyses depend on the particular resources focused upon.
The sustainable development goals are the blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for
all. They address the global challenges we face, including those related to poverty, inequality, climate,
environmental degradation, prosperity, and peace and justice. The goals interconnect and in order to leave no
one behind, it is important that we have achieve each goal and target by 2030.
Transforming our world: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Preamble
This Agenda is a plan of action for people, planet and prosperity. It also seeks to strengthen universal
peace in larger freedom. We recognize that eradicating poverty in all its forms and dimensions, including
extreme poverty, is the greatest global challenge and an indispensable requirement for sustainable
development. All countries and all stakeholders, acting in collaborative partnership, will implement this plan. We
are resolved to free the human race from the tyranny of poverty and want and to heal and secure our planet.
We are determined to take the bold and transformative steps which are urgently needed to shift the world onto a
sustainable and resilient path. As we embark on this collective journey, we pledge that no one will be left
behind.
The 17 Sustainable Development Goals and 169 targets which we are announcing today demonstrate

the scale and ambition of this new universal Agenda. They seek to build on the Millennium Development Goals
and complete what these did not achieve. They seek to realize the human rights of all and to achieve gender
equality and the empowerment of all women and girls. They are integrated and indivisible and balance the three
dimensions of sustainable development: the economic, social and environmental.
The Goals and targets will stimulate action over the next fifteen years in areas of critical importance for humanity
and the planet:
People
We are determined to end poverty and hunger, in all their forms and dimensions, and to ensure that all human
beings can fulfil their potential in dignity and equality and in a healthy environment.
Planet
We are determined to protect the planet from degradation, including through sustainable consumption and
production, sustainably managing its natural resources and taking urgent action on climate change, so that it
can support the needs of the present and future generations.
Prosperity
We are determined to ensure that all human beings can enjoy prosperous and fulfilling lives and that economic,
social and technological progress occurs in harmony with nature.
Peace
We are determined to foster peaceful, just and inclusive societies which are free from fear and violence. There
can be no sustainable development without peace and no peace without sustainable development.
Partnership
We are determined to mobilize the means required to implement this Agenda through a revitalised Global
Partnership for Sustainable Development, based on a spirit of strengthened global solidarity, focussed in
particular on the needs of the poorest and most vulnerable and with the participation of all countries, all
stakeholders and all people.
The interlinkages and integrated nature of the Sustainable Development Goals are of crucial importance in
ensuring that the purpose of the new Agenda is realised. If we realize our ambitions across the full extent of the
Agenda, the lives of all will be profoundly improved and our world will be transformed for the better.
Sustainable Development Goals
• Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere

• Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
• Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
• Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
• Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
• Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
• Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
• Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment
and decent work for all
• Goal 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster
innovation
• Goal 10. Reduce inequality within and among countries
• Goal 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
• Goal 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
• Goal 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts*
• Goal 14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable
development
• Goal 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage
forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
• Goal 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice
for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels

• Goal 17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable
development
.
LEARNING ACTIVITY 1
Name: _______________________________________ Score: _________________

Course: ______________________________________ Date: __________________
Take the survey

Students have to take the survey through thus link https://myworld2030.org/ This survey will get their awareness
about Sustainable Development Goals and take their priorities for them and their family among the 17 goals.
Students have to send the screenshot once they are done voting as an evidence of action.
SUMMARY
Why SDGs matter?
‘The beauty of the goals is that everyone can contribute, and every contribution, small or big, will make an
impact on our world. In our industry, we have seen how the goals have shaped the business environment, and
for the better. The Paris Agreement alone has helped open up US$ 23 trillion in business opportunities for
emerging markets for climate-smart investments.’

‘Working primarily in developing and transitional countries, we see the impact, both the negative impact of the
changing environment and the growing inequality, but also the positive impact of the goals and how they are
helping create better opportunities for the local communities. We have to use this momentum and keep pushing
towards achieving the goals, so we can create a better world for us all.’
REFERENCES
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld
https://www.ntu.eu/news/the-importance-of-the-sustainable-development-
goals/#:~:text=The%20Sustainable%20Development%20Goals%20(SDGs,economic%20challenges%20facing
%20our%20world.


9
Lesson 12 - GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY

MODULE OVERVIEW
The lesson will discuss the grave issue that is threatening the human populace – hunger. The issue
covers how the unfortunate Filipino families fight the problem that vastly grew especially during the pandemic.
Concerned organizations such as the Food and Agriculture Organization, State and Food Security, United States
Department of Agriculture shared their researches and inputs regarding this growing world problem and how to
fight to it. The elements of food security is also mentioned in this topic making a point of everybody’s access to
food - food utilization, safety, and sanitation. The challenges to global food security are mentioned – global water
crisis, climate change, land degradation, greedy land deals.

• define global food security and its elements
• analyze how climate change and other factors distresses global food security.
According to the website of the World Population Projections, the planet’s occupants would have reached
7, 714, 576, 923 by the year 2019. With an estimated 1.07% growth population form 2018, another grave issue
is threatening the human populace – hunger. In the Philippines, news about price increases in basic food
commodity is plaguing the nation affecting each and every one of its inhabitants. Images of how common
Filipinos folks ends meet are frequent topics covered by the media and flashed in our daily television screens.
The pagpag phenomenon, wherein a number of extremely poor groups “recycle” food scraps and use it for
personal consumption or for enterprise is part of these marginalized groups’ lives. For many, this kind of lifestyle
seems to be unbearable, but for some it is a reality.
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization, “food security exists when all people, at all times,
have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food
preferences for an active and healthy life.” Basing on FAO’s definition, food is not only about filling the stomach
with food, but an important element of it involves having nutritionally adequate and safe foods. Consequently,
researchers conducted by the State and Food Security in the World reveals that Asia has the largest number of
people growing hungry each day. In keeping with the Malthusian principle, the steady growth of global population
challenges world leaders and scientists alike on how to produce solutions to meeting human food and nutritional
needs while sustaining the finite resources of the world.
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) states that household food security occurs when
all of the members of the unit have access to enough food for an active and healthy lifestyle. This entails that
nutritionally acceptable and safe food are readily made available and acquiring these are made through socially
accepted methods and not attained through food scavenging, stealing, and the likes. To put it simply, a family is
food secure when they are able to pay for obtain nutritious food hence they do not have to live in fear of starvation

and hunger. The definition strongly urges people to shy away from the consumption of emergency food supplies
such as instant noodles unless totally deemed necessary like during calamities and other natural disasters.
A number of researches spearheaded by international food security organizations shows that statistically
speaking, almost 900 million people all over the globe do not have enough to eat meaning one in every four
people experience hunger and starvation. With the growing number of people experiencing food insecurity, this
matter is no longer deemed as developed-developing world issue- it is everyone’s concern. We are all affected.
Elements of Food Security
In accordance with the recommendation of the World Health Organization, there are three important
elements involved in food security. The first aspect is about the availability of food, this element demands having
adequate supply of quality food on a steady and reliable basis. Moreover, this component concerns itself with
providing measures and procedures to ensure a continuous and undisrupted food supply in spite or risk factors
involving war, drought, economic instability, and disease outbreaks involving both livestock and crop production.
These foods can be made available through domestic production or importation from foreign land which is usually
resorted to by communities incapable of producing their own supply due to several constraints like fertile soil,
climate disruption, and inadequacy of man power to engage in agricultural labor. Further collaborations of food
security agencies also included an additional parameter in this element. They strongly propose that the people
are given a wide selections or options of healthy and safe foods to choose from. And by doing so, both peoples’
dietary needs and food preferences are satisfactorily met.
Studies show that there is a direct relationship between poverty and food insecurity. This bring us to the
second aspect of food security which is access to food. In a highly commercialized world, almost every
commodity comes with a price tag separating the population between the haves and have-nots. To become food
secure means having enough resources to enable families to obtain proper foods leading to a healthy diet. Family
units with enough financial stability and resources stay clear of the threat to poverty guaranteeing their access to
available food in the market. Poor families however often become victims of habitual hunger and are considered
as the most vulnerable group during food scarcity and famine. Factors contributing financial constraints resulting
to inadequate access food may include unemployment, underemployment, or lack of income generating
opportunities. It is such an intermingling of several factors that no single remedy is enough to solve this problem.
When financial resources isn’t enough to access nutritious food required for a healthy lifestyle, the
tendency is for people to cut costs and opt for a less nutritive selection of food such as instants noodles, canned
sardines to get them by for a day. A very familiar scenario that is common to many Filipinos struggling to feed
members of their household with a limited budget. This now leads us to the third aspect of food security which is
food utilization, safety, and sanitation. Food utilization signifies the proper use of food taking into consideration
the body’s needed vitamins and minerals. Nutrition education increases the awareness of the people with regards
to the proper selection of food items to be included in the daily meal plan. Alongside this, access to sanitation and
safe water supply is required in the preparations of hearty and nutritious meal for the family. Contaminated water
and neglect for safe practices in preparation of food leads to gastrointestinal infections, diseases, and in some
cases food poisoning. Consuming less nutritious and unsafe food items become a part of everyday living for
many, they unknowingly put their health at risk of contracting diseases such as high blood pressure, cancer, and
diabetes to mention a few.

Challenges to Global Food Security
These are but few of the numerous contemporary issues plaguing the world today. In this section, we will
look into some of the factors that contribute largely to issues pertaining to world hunger and food insecurity.
A. Global Water Crises
B. Climate Change
C. Land Degradation
D. Greedy Land Deals
.
LEARNING ACTIVITY 1
Name: _______________________________________ Score: _________________

Course: ______________________________________ Date: __________________
NO ACTIVITY
SUMMARY
Nearly a billion people across the world experience the effects of food insecurity (1). According to the United
States Agency for International Development (USAID), food security means having, at all times, both physical
and economic access to sufficient food to meet dietary needs for a productive and healthy life. Put more
simply, families are able to afford and obtain enough nutritious food. A family is food secure when its members
do not live in hunger or fear of hunger. Both in the United States and in developing nations, food insecurity is
often linked to poverty. Shifts in the global economy, including rises in global food and oil prices, can affect
food security throughout the world, with especially severe effects in low-income countries.
REFERENCES
https://www.peacecorps.gov/educators/resources/global-issues-food-security/
https://youtu.be/-rYyhzBgK2U
https://youtu.be/zkyIDfglf2Y


10
Lesson 13 – GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY

MODULE OVERVIEW
History of man is speckled with stories of people migrating from one place to the next either in search for
food, escape raiders, conquest or for pleasure. Possibly in this point in your life, some of you may have plans of
pursuing a career abroad attracted by the sights and sounds of the city life. Perhaps, you may have lured by
friends and families who have successfully rooted themselves in a foreign land. Such is the nature of man- to be
mobile.

• explain demographic transition as it affects global population.
Demography is the study of population based on elements like age, race and sex. With the migration and
unrestrained increase in the population, the natural order of things gets upset and changes have to be made in
order to offset these imbalances. For example, if people flock to the cities, more food, basic commodities and
employment are required to accommodate these migrants. If the growing population is kept underfed,
undernourished afflicted with sickness, the future manpower of the society may not be as effective. Lawmakers
and policy makers alike consider the demography of their nation when drafting bills, acts and ordinances to be
executed for the maximum benefit of the people.
Countries all over the world experience the entry of foreigners at an unprecedented rate. Surveys shoe that 160
million individuals live out of their country of origin. Factors accounting for this transition can range from simple
employment opportunities to flight from human rights abuses and political repression. Motivations for migration
have been categorized into either the Push Factor or Pull Factor.
The UNICEF estimates the all around the world, an estimate of 353,000 babies are born each year. That’s an
approximate of 4.3 babies being born in every second. Ten years from now, you might be contributing to the
world’s increasing population yourself. You may have started your own family of procreation and even built a
private townhouse. Future plans that may further fuel your desire to do well in school and earn a degree of two.
Married couples in several highly developed countries opt to have one or two children as they focus most of their
energy saving money to provide for their kids need. Having less number of children would ensure that most, if not
all, of their needs are satisfactorily met. An ideal number of progenies may have also come into your mind as
prices of basic commodities seem to increase steadily for the past years. Demography, basically looks into the
different elements of population like size, mortality rates, income of diseases, and fertility rates for these have a
direct relationship with the quality of the society’s complex makeup. Are there consequences if global demography
is not checked and controlled? Is having a majority of old population beneficial for the society? Is an increased
influx of migrants a sign of a booming economy?

GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHIC ISSUES

The following are listed as the leading global demographic issues facing the world today. They become
problems because they are the outright consequence of globalization and uncontrolled economic growth and
decline.
a. Uneven Population Growth Worldwide

Because of the lack of population growth control mechanism, education and freedom to decide for
themselves, some developing countries’ population like Niger and Tanzania tend to grow at an alarming
rate. Africa has one of the highest incident of birth rates with an average of 6.49 children per mother. It
has been projected that Africa’s overall population would have exceeded Europe’s in 2050.
Many of the developing countries in Asia rely in agriculture, as the major driving force of the economy
thus having more number of children is necessary to maintain farm operation. On the contrary, residents
of high income and developed countries rend to limit progenies to one or two. Aside from the abundant
supply and selection of birth control method, parents in this part of the world tend to focus their attention
to saving enough money for future needs such as medical expenses, insurances, matriculation and
retirement funds to mention a few. Meaning having more than two children can become too expensive.
To put it simply, there is converse relationship between economic level of a country and its population.
In poor countries, birth rates lean towards being high whilst in rich countries, birth rates tend to decline.
Though some policy makers put forward solutions like one child policy, legalization of abortion and other
sterilization process to restrain population, differences in belief and cultural practices make it impossiblr
to come up with a single answer.
b. Demographic Pressures on the Environment

Demographers and researchers alike agree in saying that the existing and still growing number of people
in the world surpasses the maximum number of inhabitants that the planet can actually sustain. Naturally,
people need resources in order to survive. Resources that only nature and the environment could provide.
Man, millennia’s ago discovered agriculture which enabled him to exploit the land towards his own benefit.
Being able to produce food himself eventually resulted to the increase in population. Nowadays,
technology even furthered such developments in agriculture including livestock raising, creating a variety
of produce, increasing the yield and producing food for consumption. However, nature has its limits and
over exploiting it can have catastrophic consequences. With the substantial use of fertilizers and other
detrimental chemicals with the goal of increasing food production, land and water resources becomes
polluted giving rise to a great number of global concerns. Nature is unable to heal herself because of the
relentless desire of man to satisfy his needs and wants.
c. Slum Urbanization
Whilst globalization stirs the flow of financial capital generating income and wealth, not all individuals are
given a fair share in these riches. Wealth tends to accumulate on the upper strata of the social hierarchy
benefiting a specific social class of the society making upward mobility impossible and widening the gap
of social inequality. So what happens when people move into cities and they don’t find jobs to support
themselves, they become an addition to the people in slum areas. These shantytown are a common sight

in areas like Manila. And places like India.
d. Spread of Diseases
Generation and spread of diseases and other terminal illnesses, like HIV/AIDS, also hasten keeping pace
with globalization. However, international aids and programs have been organized in order to extend help
and contain the further circulate and create an epidemic.
LEARNING ACTIVITY 1
Name: _______________________________________ Score: _________________

Course: ______________________________________ Date: __________________
NO ACTIVITY
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
http://www.ideas-forum.org.uk/about-us/global-citizenship
https://www.mavenlink.com/resources/project-proposal


10
Lesson 13 – GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP

MODULE OVERVIEW
From the beginning of this work text, the most fundamental ideas of globalization has been used as
guides in order to point out what this phenomenon is all about. By this time, you might have already concocted
your own definition of globalization. Understanding that peoples of the world are chained together by infinite
transactions and interconnectivities in a way suggests an implied responsibility to look out for one another. The
much debated climate change and its fallouts are now a staggering reality. Its effects excuses no one – not even
people from the so-called highly industrialized countries. A few too many debates have already been done to
identify the culprits for this massive destruction. We need not add to the long list of endless rebuttals for what we
are in dire need of are actions and solutions that would turn things around.

• Articulate a personal definition of Global Citizenship
• Appreciate the ethnical obligations of global citizenship.
What is Global Citizenship?
• It is a way of living that recognizes our world is an increasingly complex web of connections and
interdependencies. One in which our choices and actions may have repercussions for people
and communities locally, nationally or internationally.
• Is an individual who is aware of an firmly understands the interdependence system of societies
and their relative position in that arena.
A Global Citizen is someone who:
• is aware of the wider world and has a sense of their own role as a world citizen
• respects and values diversity
• has an understanding of how the world works
• is outraged by social injustice
• participates in the community at a range of levels, from the local to the global
• is willing to act to make the world a more equitable and sustainable place
• takes responsibility for their actions.
To be effective Global Citizens, young people need to be flexible, creative and proactive. They need to be able
to solve problems, make decisions, think critically, communicate ideas effectively and work well within teams
and groups. These skills and attributes are increasingly recognized as being essential to succeed in other areas
of 21st century life too, including many workplaces. These skills and qualities cannot be developed without the
use of active learning methods through which pupils learn by doing and by collaborating with others.

Jerome S. Bruner said, “Education must be not only a transmission of culture but also a provider of alternative
views of the world and a strengthener of skills to implore them.”
A global citizen is a person who recognizes being part of an unfolding global community and that individual
conduct and behavior act as the building blocks of a community’s culture. Nowadays, forces of globalization such
as the internet, politics, and religion guide individuals to identify themselves as global citizens living in a world
system. With the technology, transportation, and mass media, our ability to establish linkages and connect with
people in distant places is enforced and magnified. We feel empathy and sorrow for the victims of humanitarian
catastrophes, civil conflicts, and famine in other countries halfway across the world. We are educated on how
elevated the problem is with regards to the oceans of pollutions we have collectively spawned. Deep seated
emotions like anger surface amidst terror attacks as images of defenseless children fill our television screens.
A sense of belongingness that was first attributed to our countrymen begins to extend allowing the entry of non-
nationals into our hearts and minds.
Why is Global Citizenship education needed?

"Education must be not only a transmission of culture but also a provider of alternative views of the world and a
strengthener of skills to explore them" Jerome S Bruner
With the interconnected and interdependent nature of our world, the global is not ‘out there’; it is part of our
everyday lives, as we are linked to others on every continent:
• socially and culturally through the media and telecommunications, and through travel and migration
• economically through trade
• environmentally through sharing one planet
• politically through international relations and systems of regulation.
The opportunities our fast-changing ‘globalised’ world offers young people are enormous. But so too are the
challenges. Young people are entitled to an education that equips them with the knowledge, skills and values
they need in order to embrace the opportunities and challenges they encounter, and to create the kind of world
that they want to live in. An education that supports their development as Global Citizens.
The active, participatory methods of Education for Global Citizenship and Sustainable Development help young
people to learn how decisions made by people in other parts of the world affect our lives, just as our decisions
affect the lives of others. Education for Global Citizenship and Sustainable Development also promotes pupil
participation in the learning process and in decision-making for the following reasons:
• Everything done in school sends out messages, so we need to exemplify the values we wish to
promote. If we wish to affirm beliefs about the equality of all human beings and the importance of
treating everyone fairly and with respect, we need to ensure that learning processes, and
relationships between pupils and teachers, reflect and reinforce these values.
• Research shows that in more democratic schools pupils feel more in control of their learning, and
the quality of teaching, learning and behaviour is better.
• The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child affirms the right of children to have their opinions
taken into account on matters that affect them.

What does it look like in the classroom?

"Education is not a preparation for life, it is life itself." John Dewey
Education for Global Citizenship deals with issues of global interdependence, diversity of identities and cultures,
sustainable development, peace & conflict and inequities of power, resources & respect.
These issues are addressed in the classroom through a wide and evolving variety of participatory teaching and
learning methodologies, including structured discussion and debate, role-play, ranking exercises, and
communities of enquiry. Such active methods are now established as good practice in education, and are not
unique to global citizenship. Curriculum for Excellence has at its core a commitment to improved student
participation in order to develop the four capacities: successful learners, confident individuals, responsible
citizens and effective contributors.
It is crucial to be aware that, far from promoting one set of answers or values or attitudes, education for global
citizenship encourages children and young people to explore, develop and express their own values and
opinions. (Always requiring too that they listen to and respect other people's points of view.) This is an important
step towards children and young people making informed choices as to how they exercise their own rights and
their responsibilities to others.
It is also vital that teachers at all levels do not approach education for global citizenship with the feeling that
they must have all the answers – impossible anyway in such a fast changing world. The role of the teacher is to
enable pupils to find out about their world for themselves and to support them as they learn to assess evidence,
negotiate and work with others, solve problems and make informed decisions.
.
LEARNING ACTIVITY 1
Name: _______________________________________ Score: _________________

Course: ______________________________________ Date: __________________
Local-Global Issues
Directions:
As part of an interdependent and interconnected global society, one of our duty is to become aware of
the atrocities that is plaguing the world. Global issues are not found beyond our nation’s borders – it is here. For
this chapter, students will be asked to draft a proposal on how to solutions global problem like pollution, poverty,
and food insecurity within their community. Drafted proposals will be presented in class.
PROPOSAL GUIDELINES
Sample Project Proposal Outline
Section 1: Project Information
This section intends to provide a high-level picture of the project as well as convey the most critical project details.
Include the following in this section:

Name of the Organization: (e.g. KMAP, EDUC. CIRCLE, ETC.)
Project Title:
Project Summary: (What is the project all about? Who are the target beneficiaries? Where will it be conducted?

other relevant information.)

Project Timeframe:
Project Contacts (any individuals involved in the project)
Section 2: Project Summary
The goal of this section is to present the reasons for doing this project as well as stating all of the objectives. In
this section in particular, it is very important to write concisely and clearly. Some project professionals even
suggest writing the project summary last.
Before you begin writing, you should be able to answer the following questions.
Why are you doing this project?
What will you be doing?
How will you be doing it?
Who will be doing it?
Where will it be done?
How long will it take?
How much will it cost?
Project Background This section of the proposal requires a few succinct sentences that clarify the problem your
proposal is tackling. Here, it is critical to explain the current state of the problem and why your audience should
care about solving it. Make sure to include references and statistics in this section. Best practice is to keep this
no longer than 1 page.
Project Objectives Use this section of the proposal to explicitly list the goals that the project is trying to achieve.
Section 3: Project Methodology
The project methodology section of a proposal is where you detail the plan for how the objectives mentioned in
the previous section will be achieved. This is the first section of the proposal that details the course of action to
remedy the problem and is meant to prove that adequate research has been done for this decision. To start,
outline the methodology being used, the population being addressed, and establish the process for reaching your
objectives.
This section is typically broken into three parts:

The Project Approach Summary Use a few sentences to describe the overall approach to the project. This
includes how the team will be organized, what tools will be used, and how changes will be addressed during
execution.
Task Breakdown and Time Estimates This is the section of the proposal where a detailed project schedule is
presented. To start, make a list of tasks that are required for the project as well as an estimation of the hours
required to complete each one. From there, you can take a look at your resource pool and allocate your team
accordingly. The purpose of this section is to establish the time and steps it will take to achieve the solution, as
well as the resources involved in each section. Here is where you start to see ideas turn into action. A project
proposal will often include a gantt chart outlining the resources, tasks, and timeline.
Project Deliverables This is where you list out all the deliverables you expect to see after the project is closed.
For example, this could be products, information, or reports that you plan to deliver to a client. Ensure that each
deliverable has an associated estimated delivery date.
Section 4: Project Risk Management (This section will not be included, since idealistic HAHA)
This section is dedicated to managing change during project execution. Clients know that a proposal rarely covers
everything that is required to achieve the given project, so change management techniques are required.

Establish how you will monitor project success throughout its entire life cycle to show clients that when and if
change occurs, the project will not go haywire.
This section is broken into two parts:

Risk Management Plan A detailed plan of action to minimize the chance of risk or change during the project
lifecycle.
Risk Register A line-item list of risks and potential counter efforts that will be used to counteract these risks.
Section 5: Project Costs
This section is dedicated to estimating the overall cost of the proposed project.
This section is broken into three major parts:

Project Budget This should be a detailed, line-item budget broken up by different project categories, such as
travel, salary, or supplies. Ensure all overhead or indirect costs are also included in the budget.
Budget Narrative This is a brief list of commentaries on the budget if any further clarification or justification is
needed.
Section 6: Conclusion
The conclusion section of a project proposal intends to be a brief review of all the points already discussed. This
is your last chance to win over your audience, so ensure that you incorporate the most important evidence to
receive approval. This is also the final moment to prove you have adequately researched all solutions and your
proposed method is the best for business.
*Adopted from https://www.mavenlink.com/resources/project-proposal
Rubric:
Excellent Good Fair Poor
15 points 14-10points 9-5points 4-0 point
The proposal provided The proposal provided The proposal The proposal did
very clear information clear information about provided vague not provide clear
Content about the project. the project. Showed information about information about
Showed very clear clear outline and the project. the project. Did not
outline and lacking no lacking one to two Showed vague show clear outline
section. portion/ section. outline and lacking and lacking five
three to four portions/ sections.
portions/ sections.
Excellent Good Fair Poor
5 points 4 points 3-2 points 1 point
The powerpoint The powerpoint Tried to present in No efforts or
Powerpoint presentation greatly presentation enhanced a good way to creativity is visible
Presentation enhanced understanding understanding the enhance in the video.
the project and showed project and showed understanding the
creativity in creativity in project but
presentation. presentation. somehow lacks the
effort in
presenting in a
creative way.

SUMMARY
Throughout human history, we have always organized ourselves into groups and communities that
share similar values, ideas, culture, and an overall identity. This, in turn, helped and still helps shape
our needs economically, politically, religiously and socially. But in the 21 st century, as the world has
less physical and communication barriers, we’ve seen a rise in higher demand for global
engagement, resulting in global citizens who crave a sense of belonging to a world community rather
than a small, local one.
REFERENCES
http://www.ideas-forum.org.uk/about-us/global-citizenship
https://www.mavenlink.com/resources/project-proposal

CW SG

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CW SG

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

FM-AA-CIA-15 Rev.

Study Guide in GE 5: The Contemporary World Module No. 1

STUDY GUIDE FOR MODULE NO. 1

Globalization represents the global integration of international trade, investment, information

MODULE LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 1

Study Guide in GE 5: The Contemporary World Module No. 1

World Health Organization define Globalization, “ the increased interconnectedness and

In light of the multidimensional character of globalization, anthropologist Arjun Appadurai (1996)

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 2

Study Guide in GE 5: The Contemporary World Module No. 1

ETHNOSCAPE TECHNOSCAPE FINANSCAPE

*please refer in the Worktext in the Contemporary World

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 3

Study Guide in GE 5: The Contemporary World Module No. 1

Name: _______________________________________ Score: _________________

GLOBALIZATION: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Scenario Positive Negative Depends

*please refer in the Worktext in the Conemporary World

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 4

Study Guide in GE 5: The Contemporary World Module No. 1

Globalization Retrieved from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/globalization.asp#ixzz5XbTfsOjE, April

Globalization Retreived from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/globalization.asp#ixzz5XbU8MpfK, April

Peak Globalization Definition Retrieved from Investopedia https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/peak-

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 5

Study Guide in GE 5: The Contemporary World Module No. 2

STUDY GUIDE FOR MODULE NO. 2

THE STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION

MODULE LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:

LEARNING CONTENTS (title of the subsection)

The Global Economy

United Nations defines Economic globalization as “increasing interdependence of world economies as

*please refer to the Worktext in the Contemporary World

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 1

Study Guide in GE 5: The Contemporary World Module No. 2

Name: _______________________________________ Score: _________________

Global economy in which we live

After the discussion the students will bring the following:

Item Price Country Manufacturer

*please refer in the Worktext in the Contemporary World

LEARNING CONTENTS (title of the subsection)

The International Monetary Fund

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 2

Study Guide in GE 5: The Contemporary World Module No. 2

North Atlantic Treaty

*please refer in the Worktext in the Contemporary World WorldIVITY 1

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 3

Study Guide in GE 5: The Contemporary World Module No. 2

Global Economy Retrieved from

Retrieved from https://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Mar-No/Multinational-Corporations.html,

Retrieved from https://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Mar-No/Multinational-

Retrieved from (http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/cdp/cdp_background_papers/bp2000_1.pdf)

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 4

Study Guide in GE 5: The Contemporary World Module No. 3

STUDY GUIDE FOR MODULE NO. 3

*please refer in the Worktext in the Contemporary World

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 1

Study Guide in GE 5: The Contemporary World Module No. 3

Name: _______________________________________ Score: _________________

The students must bring the following:

Cartolina / Manila paper

Name: _______________________ Score: _

Name: _______________________ Score: _

Name: _______________________ Score: _

Name: _______________________ Score: _

Name: _______________________ Score: _

Name: _______________________ Score: _

Name: _______________________ Score: _

Name: _______________________ Score: _