CORONA VIRUS

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Objectives
 Have an idea on the history of coronaviruses.
 Information about the Covid-19 including the coronavirus itself, its
origin, symptoms, preventions, and vaccines.
 Lessons from this pandemic.
 Briefly explain the term “outbreak”, “pandemic”, and “epidemic”.
 Know some fact regarding on World Health Organization.

PRE-HISTORY
Human coronaviruses, first characterized in the 1960s, are
responsible for a substantial proportion of upper respiratory tract
infections in children.
Since 2003, at least 5 new human coronaviruses have been
identified, including the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus,
which caused significant morbidity and mortality.
MERS-CoV is of zoonotic nature, transmitted to humans from
infected camels.
A novel coronavirus (COVID-19) was identified in 2019 in
Wuhan, China. This is a new coronavirus that has not been previously
identified in humans.
The confirmed case arrived in the Philippines from Wuhan,
China via Hong Kong last January 21, 2020. The patient sought consult
 and was admitted in one of the country’s government hospitals last
January 25 after experiencing mild cough.
In cases of MERS, SARS and SARS-CoV-2, reproduction was
successful enough to jump from animal-to-human and then from
human-to-human.
INTRODUCTION
Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that are actually
common throughout the world and can cause respiratory illness in
people and animals. 
Our specific topic found that the disease was caused by a newly
discovered coronavirus and the said disease was subsequently named
COVID- 19.

WHAT IS CURRENTLY KNOWN ABOUT COVID-19

We will take a quick look at what is currently known about
coronavirus. Keep in mind that this is a new disease and what's known is
rapidly evolving and might change in the future so what is a corona virus
corona viruses are a large group of viruses they consist of a core of genetic
material surrounded by a lipid envelope with protein spikes this gives it the
appearance of a crown in Latin is called Corona and that's how these viruses
get their name there are different types of corona viruses that cause illness in
animals and humans in humans corona viruses can cause respiratory
infections ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases these
include the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus first identified in
China in 2003 the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus that was
first identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012 and sarscov2 the name of the virus
that causes covid 19 that was first reported in December 2019 so where did
this new virus come from its known that corona viruses circulate in a range of
animals sometimes these viruses can make the jump from animals to humans
this is called a spillover and could be due to a range of factors such as
mutations in the virus or increased contact between humans and animals 
 In addition, COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by a novel
member of the coronavirus family — SARS-CoV-2 — that’s a close cousin
to the SARS and MERS viruses that have caused outbreaks in the past. “CO”
stands for corona, “VI” for virus, and “D” for disease; “19” refers to 2019,
the year in which it was discovered.

What’s the difference between an outbreak, epidemic, and pandemic?

Outbreak
Is the sudden or violent start of something unwelcome, like disease.
When even one case of a contagious virus is diagnosed in a new location and
determined to be locally transmitted, it’s an outbreak.

Epidemic

When it spreads rapidly to many people, that’s an epidemic. In 2003,

the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic took the lives of
nearly 800 people worldwide.

Pandemic

A pandemic occurs when the virus begins to spread globally.

Okay, let us focus on the term pandemic. What is a pandemic?

According to the World Health Organization, a pandemic can occur when
three conditions have been met:

 First, A disease emerges that is new to the population.

 Second, the virus infects humans, causing serious illness.
 And Third, The virus spreads easily and sustainably among humans.
Most people will not have immunity to the virus.

The World Health Organization is extremely careful about declaring a

pandemic as it can create panic. However, such a declaration can also spur
countries and individuals into action to do more to prevent the spread of the
virus.
SYMPTOMS

COVID-19 affects different people in different ways. Most infected people

will develop mild to moderate illness and recover without hospitalization..

MOST COMMON

• Fever

• Cough

• Tiredness

• Loss of taste or smell

LESS COMMON

• Sore throat

• Headache

• aches and pains

• Diarrhea

• A rash on skin, or discoloration of fingers or toes

• Red or irritated eyes

SERIOUS SYMPTOMS

• Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath

• Loss of speech or mobility, or confusion

• Chest pain
PREVENTION

To prevent infection and to slow transmission of COVID-19, do the

following: 

 Get vaccinated when a vaccine is available to you.

There has been confusion and misunderstandings about vaccines.
Vaccine is a way to build your body’s natural immunity to a
disease before you get sick. This keeps you from getting and
spreading the disease.

 Stay at least 1 meter apart from others, even if they don’t appear to
be sick.
social distancing breaks or slows the chain of transmission from
person to person. At the moment, it is one of the tools available
to fight the spread of the coronavirus.

 Wear a properly fitted mask when physical distancing is not possible

or when in poorly ventilated settings.
Prevention is better than cure ika nga. Because many people with
COVID-19 are unaware they are carrying the virus.

 Choose open, well-ventilated spaces over closed ones. Open a

window if indoors.
When going out, consider that indoor spaces can be riskier than
the outdoors, since it is generally harder to keep people apart and
there is less ventilation indoors.

 Wash your hands regularly with soap and water or clean them with
alcohol-based hand rub.
 Basically, Handwashing is only one part of hand hygiene. And
Thorough handwashing with soap and water can protect you and
others from a range of infectious diseases.

 Cover your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing.

If you do not have a tissue or towel to cover, cough or sneeze into
your elbow. It’s a part of your body less likely to touch other
surfaces and will help stop the spread of nasty germs.

 If you feel unwell, stay home and self-isolate until you recover.

Vaccines

 How do vaccines work?

When a pathogen does infect the body, our body’s defenses,
called the immune system, are triggered and the pathogen is attacked
and destroyed or overcome. Vaccines work as barriers to prevent
pathogens from entering the body in the first place. The body has many
ways of defending itself against pathogens, but vaccine also helps.
Pathogen is a specific causative agent of disease or also known as
disease-causing germs.
 How vaccines help?
Some vaccines require multiple doses, given weeks or months
apart. This is sometimes needed to allow for the production of long-
lived antibodies and development of memory cells. In this way, the
body is trained to fight the specific disease-causing organism, building
up memory of the pathogen so as to rapidly fight it if and when
exposed in the future. Antigen is any substance that is foreign to the
body that evokes an immune response either alone or after forming a
complex immune response.
 Herd Immunity
Vaccinating not only protects yourself, but also protects those in
the community who are unable to be vaccinated. If you are able to, get
vaccinated. No single vaccine provides 100% protection, and herd
immunity does not provide full protection to those who cannot safely
 be vaccinated. But with herd immunity, these people will have
substantial protection, thanks to those around them being vaccinated.

LESSONS OF THIS PANDEMIC

Discrimination and inequalities create intense suffering for affected

communities – and increase the vulnerability of all of society. But COVID-19
is also teaching us a number of lessons. To me, the lesson of COVID-19 is its
demonstration of the profound value of human rights-based approaches.
Inequalities and discrimination don't only harm the individuals who are
directly, and unfairly, impacted. They also create shockwaves that damage
all of society, and with COVID-19, we see this very clearly. In other words,
in order to navigate this pandemic in security, we need more empowerment,
and more participation by civil society.
Whatever affects one directly, affects all. Because no-one is safe if
everyone is not safe. And it should be clear to all of us a greater effort by
everyone. Because yes, the world will recover from COVID-19. The question
is, will we recover better. This will be among the great challenges of our
lifetimes. In that case, we will not be able to prevent or deflect every crisis –
but we will survive those crises in better shape. Because these principles that
build more stable, more peaceful, and more adaptable societies, with
dialogue, cooperation, and respect.