Urban Transportation and Planning 17CV751

Module -1 URBAN TRANSPORT PLANNING

1. Introduction
Scope of Urban Transport Planning: Transport planning is a science that seeks to study the problems that arise in
proving transportation facilities in an urban, regional or national setting and to prepare a systematic basis for planning.

 Since the developed countries where this science has evolved are mainly urban-oriented the emphasis is more
on urban transport planning.
 The principles of urban transport planning can be applied to regional or national transport planning as well
with due changes.
 Town and country planning is a science that deals with the study of the urban or country “system” covering
the interacting activities using adopted spaces linked by communications through channels.
 Transport planning is an important part of overall town and country planning, since it deals with the transport
network which is an important channel of a communications.
 Through motor vehicles have revolutionised our life and brought comfort, pleasure and convenience, they
have created problems of congestion, lack of safety and degeneration of the environment.

2. Urbanization is a process whereby populations move from rural to urban area, enabling cities and towns
to grow. It can also be termed as the progressive increase of the number of people living in towns and cities.
It is highly influenced by the notion that cities and towns have achieved better economic, political, and social
mileages compared to the rural areas.

i. Causes of Urbanization
1. Industrialization
Industrialization is a trend representing a shift from the old agricultural economics to novel non-agricultural
economy, which creates a modernized society. Through industrial revolution, more people have been
attracted to move from rural to urban areas on the account of improved employment opportunities.
Industrialization has increased employment opportunities by giving people the chance to work in modern
sectors in job categories that aids to stir economic developments.

2. Commercialization
Commerce and trade play a major role in urbanization. The distribution of goods and services and
commercial transactions in the modern era has developed modern marketing institutions and exchange
methods that have tremendously given rise to the growth of towns and cities. Commercialization and trade
comes with the general perception that the towns and cities offer better commercial opportunities and returns
compared to the rural areas.

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3. Social benefits and services

There are numerous social benefits attributed to life in the cities and towns. Examples include better
educational facilities, better living standards, and better sanitation and housing, better health care, better
recreation facilities, and better social life in general. On this account, more and more people are prompted to
migrate into cities and towns to obtain the wide variety of social benefits and services which are unavailable
in the rural areas.

4. Employment opportunities

In cities and towns, there are ample job opportunities that continually draw people from the rural areas to
seek better livelihood. Therefore, the majority of people frequently migrate into urban areas to access well
paying jobs as urban areas have countless employment opportunities in all developmental sectors such as
public health, education, transport, sports and recreation, industries, and business enterprises. Services and
industries generate and increase higher value-added jobs, and this leads to more employment opportunities.

5. Modernization and changes in the mode of living

Modernization plays a very important role in the process of urbanization. As urban areas become more
technology savvy together with highly sophisticated communication, infrastructure, medical facilities,
dressing code, enlightenment, liberalization, and other social amenities availability, people believe they can
lead a happy life in cities. In urban areas, people also embrace changes in the modes of living namely
residential habits, attitudes, dressing, food, and beliefs. As a result, people migrate to cities and the cities
grow by absorbing the growing number of people day after day.

6. Rural urban transformation

As localities become more fruitful and prosperous due to the discovery of minerals, resource exploitation, or
agricultural activities, cities start emerging as the rural areas transform to urbanism. The increase in
productivity leads to economic growth and higher value-added employment opportunities.
This brings about the need to develop better infrastructure, better education institutions, better health
facilities, better transportation networks, establishment of banking institutions, better governance, and better
housing. As this takes place, rural communities start to adopt the urban culture and ultimately become urban
centers that continue to grow as more people move to such locations in search of a better life.

ii. Effects of Urbanization

1. Positive effects of urbanization
Urbanization yields several positive effects if it happens within the appropriate limits. Some of the positive
implications of urbanization therefore include creation of employment opportunities, technological and

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infrastructural advancements, improved transportation and communication, quality educational and medical
facilities, and improved standards of living.

2. Housing problems
Urbanization attracts people to cities and towns which lead to high population increase. With the increase in
the number of people living in urban centres, there is continued scarcity of houses. This is due to insufficient
expansion space for housing and public utilities, poverty, unemployment, and costly building materials
which can only be afforded by few individuals.

3. Overcrowding

Overcrowding is a situation whereby a huge number of people live in a small space. This form of congestion
in urban areas is consistent because of overpopulation and it is an aspect that increases day by day as more
people and immigrants move into cities and towns in search of better life. Most people from rural or
undeveloped areas always have the urge of migrating into the city that normally leads to congestion of
people within a small area.

4. Unemployment
The problem of joblessness is highest in urban areas and it is even higher among the educated people. It is
estimated that more than half of unemployed youths around the globe live in metropolitan cities. And, as
much as income in urban areas is high, the costs of living make the incomes to seem horribly low. The
increasing relocation of people from rural or developing areas to urban areas is the leading cause of urban
unemployment.
5. Development of slums
The cost of living in urban areas is very high. When this is combined with random and unexpected growth as
well as unemployment, there is the spread of unlawful resident settlements represented by slums and
squatters. The growth of slums and squatters in urban areas is even further exacerbated by fast-paced
industrialization, lack of developed land for housing, large influx of rural immigrants to the cities in search
of better life, and the elevated prices of land beyond the reach of the urban poor.

6. Water and sanitation problems

Because of overpopulation and rapid population increase in most urban canters, it is common to find there
are inadequate sewage facilities. Municipalities and local governments are faced with serious resource crisis
in the management of sewage facilities. As a result, sanitation becomes poor and sewages flow chaotically,
and they are drained into neighbouring streams, rivers, lakes, or seas. Eventually, communicable diseases
such as typhoid, dysentery, plague, and diarrheal spread very fast leading to suffering and even deaths.
Overcrowding also highly contributes to water scarcity as supply falls short of demand.

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Classification of Urban Roads

The roads are named according to the type of constructions, jurisdiction and important function etc. Names
like earth, metalled roads, asphalt roads, and concrete roads indicate the type of constructions.
The urban roads are classified as per their importance such as:
I. Arterial roads
II. Secondary or sub-arterial roads
III. Local roads
IV. Other roads
1. Arterial Roads:
 These are that roads which connect the town to state highway or a national highway. They pass
through the city limits and carry a large amount of traffic and therefore should be planned as straight
as possible, avoiding sharp curves.
 Change in direction should be a accompanied by smooth curves. These should not enter into the heart
of the city at any cost, should have very few road junctions, which should be controlled by
roundabouts or fly-overs.
 They should have no obstructions such as frontage of buildings, loading or unloading areas, parking
places, and pedestrians on the carriage way.
 The width of these roads should not be less than 25 m. to 30 m.
2. Secondary or Sub-arterial Roads: Also known as major roads they run within the limits of the town
connecting its important centres.
 They are designed for slow moving traffic and cover a short distance. The sub- arterial roads act as a
link between the arterial roads and local roads.
 The sub-arterial roads should be improved and provided with safety measures at intersections.
3. Local Roads:
 These roads, also known as minor roads, are meant to provide approach to the buildings, officers,
shops, schools, colleges etc.
 There should be no through traffic here and so the local roads are not linked with the arterial roads.
These roads need not be straight but can follow the contours of the land.
 These roads are used for residential units, shopping and business centres. The width of these roads
should not be less than 7m to 10 m.
4. Other Roads:
a). By-pass Roads When the main or through roads pass through the congested areas of the towns,
there will be considerable reduction in the speed of the vehicles and the smooth flow of the traffic is
largely affected resulting loss of time and fuel. In order to maintain the smooth and speedy flow of
traffic, bypass roads are constructed.

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(b) Outer and inner Ring Road: These roads are in the form of circles or rings and hence the name is outer
ring road. Inner ring road through traffic diversion.

(c) Express-ways:
 The express-way is meant to function as arterial road for the movement of fast moving traffic in the
big metropolitan cities like, Bombay, Calcutta, Delhi etc.
 Two to three such express-ways are necessarily to be provided around big cities of modern days to
face the tremendous growth of the traffic.
 Express-ways are designed with easy gradients and smooth curves so as to carry the traffic speedily
and safely. These are originated from the German Autobahnen and Italian Autostrade.

(d) Free-ways:
 These are the special routes meant to carry fast moving traffic and therefore designed with high
standard of alignment, clear visibility, wide carriage way, easy gradient and smooth curves etc.
 There is no access from adjacent properties as a result full width of free-way is made available for
the fast moving vehicles without any obstruction.
 The free-ways function as arterial roads passing around the city with controlled access. They also act
as main entrances and exits as such they form a part of major road system.

3. Transportation problems and identification,

1. Land use:
The relationship of transport and land use is a bidirectional one. On one hand, transport affects the nature of
an urban area itself, since participants in an economy would have no reason to locate close to each another if
transport were costless economically and time wise. The way land at certain locations is used, the types and
densities of buildings occupying them and the activities that occur there are among the most important
factors influencing travel decisions.
On the other hand, the provision of transport can be a challenge under certain land uses, depending on the
characteristics of individual areas. Namely, in inner city areas with high building and population densities it
can be proven difficult to provide efficient transport links and infrastructure, whilst at the same time
ensuring a high level of quality of life (e.g. safety, environmental sustainability etc.).
2. Congestion
Congestion has become one of the most important aspects of modern life in big cities. The dimension of the
problem can be realised by simply considering that one third of all vehicular travel takes place under
congested conditions, in which speed averages half the free flow values. Congestion occurs when transport
demand exceeds transport supply in a specific section of the transport system. Under such circumstances,
each vehicle impairs the mobility of others. The problem of congestion was identified already in the 1960s

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and its source is that urban transport growth is skewed heavily in favour of road transport, thus leading to a
substantial growth in congestion. The rise in congestion increases the emissions and the energy consumption
per passenger-km, making road use increasingly unsustainable.

3. Car dependence and modal shift

In the last decades car dependence has been identified as an issue of paramount importance for transport
planners due to its large economic and social impacts. Namely, car dependence is one of the main causes of
congestion and also has further negative impacts with respect to environmental and efficiency issues, as cars
are linked to several types of environmental hazards, including air and noise pollution, and the consumption
of non-renewable resources.
Modal shift: Achieving a modal shift from private transport to public transport, walking and cycling, is the
primary objective of most transport planning city authorities. With the constantly increasing travel demand
and the increasingly insufficient private transport infrastructure, public transport in cities presents many
advantages, not only in terms of sustainability, but also in terms of efficiency. Having greater passenger
capacity and a considerably smaller environmental footprint per capita, public transport has become a viable
and sustainable alternative to the congested highways of densely populated inner city areas.

4. Environment and fuel efficiency

Transport emissions and noise are the primary causes of the decline in urban air quality, and their
contribution is becoming more significant as car use is increasing along with increasing traffic volumes. The
environmental impacts of the consumption of non-renewable energy fuels are giving rise to further concerns
over the sustainability and the efficiency of current transport systems. It is therefore urgent for cities to
address environmental issues in an attempt to provide better quality of life to their residents by implementing
an efficient and sustainable urban transport system.

 Pollution and noise Cities and societies are increasingly concerned with environmental and
sustainability issues. Pollution has become a significant problem for many urban areas, as it
negatively affects the quality of life and the health of the residents. Although the chronic effects of
human exposure to traffic related pollution have not been proven, the acute health effects of short
term exposure have been widely demonstrated. In addition to air pollution, the quality of life in cities
is also negatively affected by noise.
 Fuel efficiency Internal combustion engines that are used in cars have been improving with
technological advances, becoming more efficient in terms of fuel consumption and contributing less
to air pollution. However, fuel efficiency in transport is a multidimensional environmental issue that
is not only related to technological advances, but also to travel choices, driving style and network

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flow. Therefore, to address the issue of fuel efficiency it is required to look at improving both the
efficiency of each transport mode and the efficiency of the transport system as a whole.

5. Other problems
 Political difficulties
 Safety
 Economic prosperity

4. Transportation Planning Process

The transportation planning process has a lot of similarity to the problem solving process. The following
table gives the major differences between the two processes.

These impacts fall within three categories:

1. Direct impacts. The immediate consequence of transport activities on the environment where the cause
and effect relationship is generally clear and well understood. For instance, noise and carbon monoxide
emissions are known to have direct harmful effects.

2. Indirect impacts: The secondary (or tertiary) effects of transport activities on environmental systems.
They are often of higher consequence than direct impacts, but the involved relationships are often
misunderstood and more difficult to establish. For instance, particulates are mostly the outcome of
incomplete combustion in an internal combustion engine are indirectly linked with respiratory and
cardiovascular problems since they contribute among other factors to such conditions.

3. Cumulative impacts. The additive, multiplicative or synergetic consequences of transport activities. They
take into account of the varied effects of direct and indirect impacts on an ecosystem, which are often
unpredicted. Climate change, with complex causes and consequences, is the cumulative impact of several
natural and anthropogenic factors, in which transportation plays a role. 15% of global CO2 emissions are
attributed to the transport sector.

4. Environmental Dimensions
Transportation activities support increasing mobility demands for passengers and freight, notably in urban
areas. But transport activities have resulted in growing levels of motorization and congestion. As a result, the
transportation sector is becoming increasingly linked to environmental problems. The most important
impacts include:
 Climate change: What is known as the greenhouse effect is a fundamental component of the
regulation of global climate and is a naturally occurring process that involves partially retaining heat

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in the earth’s atmosphere. These include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O)
and halocarbons.
 Air quality Highway vehicles, marine engines, locomotives and aircraft are the sources of pollution
in the form of gas and particulate matters emissions that affects air quality causing damage to human
health. The most common include lead (Pb), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), silicon
tetra fluoride (SF6), benzene and volatile components (BTX), heavy metals (zinc, chrome, copper
and cadmium) and particulate matters (ash, dust). Toxic air pollutants are associated with cancer,
cardiovascular, respiratory and neurological diseases. Carbon monoxide (CO) when inhaled reduces
the availability of oxygen in the circulatory system and can be extremely harmful. Nitrogen dioxide
(NO2) emissions from transportation sources reduce lung function, affect the respiratory immune
defense system and increase the risk of respiratory problems.
 Smog: is a mixture of solid and liquid fog and smoke particles formed through the accumulation of
carbon monoxide, ozone, hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxide,
water, particulates, and other chemical pollutants.

 Noise: Noise represents the general effect of irregular and chaotic sounds on people as well as
animal life. Basically, noise is an undesirable sound. The acoustic measure of the intensity of noise
is expressed in decibel, db, with a scale ranging from 1 db to 120 db. Long term exposure to noise
levels above 75 decibels (dB) seriously hampers hearing and affects human physical and
psychological wellbeing.
 Water: quality Transport activities have an impact on hydrological conditions and water quality.
Fuel, chemical and other hazardous particulates discarded from aircraft, cars, trucks and trains or
from port and airport terminal operations can contaminate hydro graphic systems.
Because demand for maritime shipping has increased, marine transport emissions represent the most
Important segment of water quality impact of the transportation sector.
 Soil quality: The environmental impact of transportation on soil quality, particularly soil erosion and
soil contamination. Coastal transport facilities have significant impacts on soil erosion. Shipping
activities are modifying the scale and scope of wave actions leading to damage in confined channels
such as river banks.

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5. THE URBAN TRANSPORTATION MODEL SYSTEM

Data Base
Network data, zones Base-year data Future planning data

Land use forecasting

Trip generation

Modal split

Private transport
Public transport
trip distribution
trip distribution

Trip assignment

Traffic flows by link

6. Mass transit also called mass transportation, or public transportation, the movement of people
within urban areas using group travel technologies such as buses and trains.

I. Classification of Transit Systems:

Urban transportation consists of a family of modes, which range from walking and bicycles to urban
freeways, metro and regional rail systems.
The basic classification of these modes, based on the type of their operation and use, is into three categories:

(a) Private transportation consists of privately owned vehicles operated by owners for their personal use,
usually on public streets. Most common modes are pedestrian, bicycle and private car.

(b) Para transit or for-hire transportation is transportation provided by operators and available to parties
which hire them for individual or multiple trips. Taxi, dial-a-bus and jitney are the most common modes.

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(c) Urban transit, mass transit or public transportation includes systems that are available for use by all
persons who pay the established fare. These modes, which operate on fixed routes and with fixed schedules,
include bus, light rail transit, metro, regional rail and several other systems.

Urban Transit

■ Context
■ Dominantly an urban transportation mode.
■ The great majority of transit trips are taking place in large cities.
■ Conditions fundamental to the efficiency of transit systems:
■ High density and high mobility demands over short distances.
■ Shared public service:
■ Benefits from economies of agglomeration related to high densities.
■ Economies of scale related to high mobility demands.
■ Transit systems
■ Many types of services established to answer mobility needs.
■ Variety of transit systems around the world.
■ Metro system
■ Heavy rail system, often underground in central areas, with fixed routes, services and stations.
■ Uniform frequency of services (peak hours increase).
■ Fares are commonly access driven and constant.
■ Bus system
■ Scheduled fixed routes and stops serviced by motorized multiple passengers vehicles (45 - 80
passengers).
■ Services are often synchronized with other heavy systems (feeders).
■ Express services (notably during peak hours).
■ Transit rail system
■ Fixed rail (tram rail system and commuter rail system)
■ Frequency of services strongly linked with peak hours.
■ Traffic tends to be imbalanced.
■ Separate fares and proportional to distance or service zones.
■ Shuttle system
■ Privately (dominantly) owned using small buses or vans.
■ Routes and frequencies tend to be fixed (can be adapted).
■ Service numerous specific functions:
 Expanding mobility along a corridor during peak hour.

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■ Linking a specific activity center (shopping mall, university campus, industrial zone,
hotel, etc.).
■ Servicing the elderly or people with disabilities.
■ Para transit system
■ Flexible and privately owned demand-response system:
■ Minibuses, vans or shared taxis.
■ Commonly servicing peripheral and low density zones.
■ Door-to-door service, less loading and unloading time, less stops and more maneuverability
in traffic.
■ Taxi system
■ Privately owned cars or small vans offering an on-call, individual demand-response system.
■ Fares:
■ Commonly a function of a metered distance/time.
■ Can be negotiated.
■ When competition is not permitted, fares are set up by regulations.
■ No fixed routes:
■ Servicing an area where a taxi company has the right (permit) to pickup customers.
■ Rights are issued by a municipality.
■ Several companies may be allowed to compete on the same territory.

II. The Urban Transport Problem

i. Congestion- traffic overloads, poor infrastructure, vehicle diversity

ii. Public Transport Decline-ridership down
iii. Car Parking- should we build more parking space?
iv. Changing Land use Patterns
v. Transport Deprived Groups-poor, sick, elderly, disabled
vi. Environmental Problems –pollution, noise, community disruption
III. Urban Transport Problem Solutions

i. Investment in Additional Road Capacity-bypasses to divert traffic

ii. Traffic Management Rationalization Measures- one way streets, phasing of traffic light controls,
parking restrictions, HOV lanes
iii. Bus Priority and Allied Proposals
iv. Vehicle Restraint Schemes-Congestion Pricing
v. Rail Rapid Transit
vi. Transport Coordination-Rationalization

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7. 'Mass Rapid Transit' (MRT) is a term used to describe modes of urban transport (both road
and rail based) that carry large volumes of passengers quickly.

The Mass Rapid Transit System is popularly called MRTS and is highly in demand for development of
Metropolitan cities all over the world. MRTS on date is a network of 10641 Km, 9349 stations and 573 lines
covering 184 cities worldwide.

What does MRTS means; Mass is defined as a large amount or number, such as a great body of the people
and Rapid means quick transport from one place to another.

MRTS, therefore, transports large number of human beings from one place to another as quickly as possible
stopping at almost every 2-3 minutes. The journey time is to be made small even when the transport system
stops frequently.

I. The mass transit systems in cities/ urban agglomeration can be broadly classified into the following
5 categories:
 Bus ways and Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS): Bus ways are physically demarcated bus lanes
along the main carriageway with a segregated corridor for movement of buses only. At the
intersections, the buses may be given priority over other modes through a signalling system. BRTS,
is an enhanced form of a bus way which incorporates features such as facilities for pedestrians, Non-
Motorised Vehicles (NMV) and many other associated infrastructures including operations and
control mechanism.

 Light Rail Transit (LRT): LRT is generally at-grade rail based mass transit system, which is
generally segregated from the main carriageway.
 Tramways: These are at-grade rail based system that are not segregated and often move in mixed
traffic conditions.
 Metro Rail: Metro rail is a fully segregated rail based mass transit system, which could be at grade,
elevated or underground. Due to its physical segregation and system technology, metro rail can have
a very high capacity of 40,000 – 80,000 passengers per hour per direction (PPHPD). Metro systems
also include monorails, which, however, has lower capacities and higher maintenance cost.
 Regional Rail: Regional rail caters to passenger services within a larger urban agglomerate or
metropolitan area connecting the 3 outskirts to the center of the city.

The services have greater number of halts at smaller distances compared to long distance railways but fewer
halts and higher speeds compared to metro rail. Regional rail are common in large metropolitan cities and
help in decongesting the city center by providing safe, and speedy access to the city center for commuters
residing in less congested sub urban.

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II. The characteristics of MRTS are

i. Meant for transport of large number of passengers at quick intervals.

ii. High carrying capacity of the transport system. Capacity is measured in terms of PHPDT i.e. Peak
Hour Per Direction Traffic.
iii. Quick acceleration and maximum speed attained for rapid transport
iv. Higher standing capacity as compared to sitting capacity. The average standing time during
the journey is less than 20 minutes
v. Comfortable environment either by natural or forced ventilation, control of CO2 along with air
conditioning
vi. Frequent service or less waiting time at Railway Station

III. Advantages of MRTS are

 Environmental Impacts
Mass transit is believed to be more environmental friendly than other public transport facilities. Private
vehicles emit about twice as much carbon monoxide and other volatile organic compounds than public
vehicles. Mass transit reduces the number of cars on the road which in turn reduces the pollution caused by
individual cars.

 Social Impacts of Mass Transit

All members of the society irrespective of their financial status, religion or cast are able to travel which
enhances the social integrity of the country. The necessity of a driving license is also eliminated. It is a
blessing for those individuals who are unable to drive.

 Economic Impacts of Mass Transit

Mass transit development can both improve the usefulness and efficiency of the public transit system as well
as result in increased business for commercial developments and thus serves to improve the economy of the
country.

OTHER POSITIVE IMPACTS:

 Reduces congestion
The main idea behind mass transit is to reduce the number of vehicles on the road by providing a larger
facility which carries higher number of passengers thus eliminating congestion.

 Saves Time: Mass transit reduces the travel time to a great extent as it moves at high speeds and stops only
at specific spots.

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 Cost Effective
Mass transit is comparably cheaper than other modes of public transport. Being among the twelve mega
cities of the world one thing is for sure that Karachi badly needs a mass transit system of a vast network else
the pollution and congestion will continue increasing in the city no matter how many signal free corridors
are built. Apart from the political differences talks with Japan are under way for building an underground
mass-transit train service in Karachi along with the betterment of our existing railways, it is hoped that the
project is approved and carried out successfully.

Disadvantages of Mass Transit Train:

 High Fares
 Expensive to import the technology
 Large investment
 Noise Pollution
 Another disadvantage of the Mass Transit Trains that it will create noise pollution.
 Require Huge Capital

Transportation Demand refers to the amount and type of travel people would choose under specific
conditions, taking account factors such as the quality of transport options available and their prices.
Understanding demand is important for Transport Planning in general and is particularly
important Transportation Demand Management, which includes various strategies that influence travel
behavior.

Many factors can affect travel demand, including demographics, the quality of facilities, the quality and
price of alternatives, and land use patterns, as summarized in Table 1. Changes to these factors, due to trends
or by design, can affect travel activity and therefore costs and problems such as congestion, accidents and
pollution emissions.

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Table: Factors That Affect Transport Demand

Demographics Economics prices Transport Service quality Land use

options
Number of people (residents, Number of Fuel prices and Walking Relative speed Density
employees and visitors). jobs taxes and delay

Incomes Incomes Vehicle taxes Cycling Reliability Mix

& fees
Age/lifecycle Business Road tolls Public transit Comfort Walkability
activity
Lifestyles Freight Parking fees Ridesharing Safety and Connectivity
transport security
Preferences Tourist activity Vehicle Automobile Waiting Transit service
insurance conditions proximity

Public Taxi services Parking Roadway design

transport fares conditions
Telework User information
Delivery Social status
services

TRANSIT SYSTEMS:
Transportation, transportation system, transit - a facility consisting of the means and equipment necessary
for the movement of passengers or goods.

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8. Comparison between Metro Rail System and Bus Rapid Transit System:

9. Comparison between Key Features between BRT and Metro rail choosing the appropriate form
depends on the key features of them. The key features of them help to determine whether it is structurally
and economically feasible or not. Some important features are listed in the following

Characteristics Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) Metro Rail

Current Application Mostly in Latin America and some Most developed cities and few
developing cities large developing cities
Segregation Mostly at grade with some exception Mostly elevated or underground
e.g. Boston’s Silver Line
Space Requirement 2-4 lanes from existing roads; Lane Little impact on existing roads if
width 11-13 ft elevated or underground
Gauge (4’-8.5” or 5’-6”)
Implementation Time Short Long
Interaction with Land Good Excellent
Development
Local Air Pollution Considerable Low
Speed(km/hr) 17-20 30-80
Capacity 10000-35000 60000+

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Types of coordination
 Corridor Integration
 Pedestrian Integration
 Bicycle Integration
 Other Public Transport Systems Integration
 Para-Transit Or Intermediate Public Transport Integration
 Park and Ride Integration
 Institutional Integration
1.Corridor Integration:

2. Pedestrian Integration

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3. Bicycle Integration:

4. Other Public Transport Systems Integration:

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5. Para Transit Integration:

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6. Institutional Integration:

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Present Scenario of Metro Rail in India

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