Name: D.T1.1.1 Report UK Date: 28 June 2020 Author: David Greenfield (SOENECS)

Name: D.T1.1.
1 Report UK
Date: 28th June 2020
Author: David Greenfield (SOENECS)
D.T1.1.1: The UK waste management system
Municipal solid waste (MSW) and Commercial and Industrial (C&I)
The UK government definition of waste was set out in the Environmental Protection Act (EPA)
1990:
(a) any substance which constitutes a scrap material or an effluent or other unwanted
surplus substance arising from the application of any process; and
(b) any substance or article which requires to be disposed of as being broken, worn
out, contaminated or otherwise spoiled.
The UK generated 221.00 million tonnes of total waste in 2016, with England responsible for
85% of the UK total.
Recycling and other recovery accounting for 104.0 million tonnes (48.5%) in 2016.
Landfill is the second most used waste treatment in the UK, with 24.4% (52.3 million tonnes)
of waste disposed of at landfill in 2016.
Waste is split into four main categories;

 Construction, demolition and excavation
(C, D &E),
 Commercial and industrial (C&I),
 Households and
 other.
Fig 3: Waste Generation by source 2016 (DEFRA)
The Household wastes and C&I wastes are normally combined and classified as municipal solid
waste (MSW): Municipal waste is defined as waste collected and treated by or for
municipalities. It covers waste from households, including bulky waste, similar waste from
commerce and trade, office buildings, institutions and small businesses, as well as yard and
garden waste, street sweepings, the contents of litter containers, and market cleansing waste
if managed as household waste. The definition excludes waste from municipal sewage
networks and treatment, as well as waste from construction and demolition activities. (OECD)
1
Name: D.T1.1.1 Report UK
Legal and administrative responsibilities for MSW and C&I wastes
The UK has four National Governments, each of which have responsibility for setting waste
law. The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) is the government
department responsible for environmental protection, food production and standards,
agriculture, fisheries and rural communities in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland.
DEFRA is responsible for setting waste and

recycling policy most of which is from the
EU waste directives, but all governments
have the ability to put into law different
policies and ambitions and so for this
report, we will focus on the English
governance system as the plastics we are
sourcing are from England.
The system is not clear to many outsiders

as there are different responsibilities,
definitions and stakeholders, we will focus
on the household waste stream as this the
one that will feed the Manchester facility.
English Local Government structure
Councils such as districts, counties and unitaries are known as principal local authorities in
order to differentiate them in their legal status from parish and town councils, which are not
uniform in their existence. There are in total 339 principal councils in England and all legal
entities with a range of different responsibilities.
Below the district level, a district may be divided into several civil parishes. Typical activities
undertaken by a parish council include allotments, parks, public clocks, and entering Britain in
Bloom. The structure has changed over the last thirty years and is still evolving.
2
There are 126 'single tier' authorities, described below in detail (in most cases these are
described as unitary authorities)
 56 unitary authorities
 36 metropolitan boroughs
 32 London boroughs
 The Common Council of the City of
London
 The Council of the Isles of Scilly
There are 31 'upper tier' authorities, which are
normally called county councils as they are
covering a historic county boundary
 25 non-metropolitan counties
 6 metropolitan counties
There are 188 'lower tier' authorities,
described as districts or boroughs.
For comparison, the other UK countries only
have unitary authorities:
 Wales – 22 Unitary authorities
 Scotland – 32 Unitary authorities
 Northern Ireland – 11 Unitary
authorities
The responsibilities for the non-English authorities are the same, however, the targets and
policy framework will be defined by the individual country.
English local authority waste responsibilities
Local authorities are responsible for household and business waste collection services, waste
disposal, enforcing waste legislation, dealing with rubbish discarding illegally, known as fly-
tipping, and encouraging good waste management (e.g. recycling) in their areas.
English local government is split into

• 157 Upper tier authorities called Waste Disposal Authorities (WDAs)
• 376 Districts, London and Metropolitan Boroughs and Unitaries (lower tier) called
Waste Collection Authorities)
The roles of the authorities differ and in the case of unitary authorities are combined.
3
Waste Disposal Authorities (WDAs)
Waste disposal authorities (WDA) were established following the Environmental Protection
Act 1990. WDAs are in charge of the use of funds from Council Tax to facilitate the disposal of
municipal waste. WDAs must manage waste which is collected by waste collection authorities.
In the case of unitary authorities waste disposal authorities are the same area as the waste
collection authority. WDAs are responsible for developing and implementing plans to deal
with municipal waste and are responsible for large scale infrastructure development such as:
• Landfill
• Energy from Waste (EFW)
• Mechanical & Biological Treatment (MBT)
• Anaerobic Digestion (AD)
• Household Waste Recycling Sites (HWRSs) and
• Composting facilities
WDAs spend approximately £1.8 billion per annum managing wastes; most upper tier
authorities have long term contracts with the private sector.
Waste Collection Authorities (WCAs)
A waste collection authority (WCA) is a local authority charged with the collection of
municipal waste.
There are 376 WCAs in England and Wales who are

responsible for collecting waste from nearly
22 million homes and some businesses.
The WCA passes on the waste to the waste disposal

authority that is tasked with the ultimate treatment
and disposal of that waste. In England WCAs are the
district councils and unitary authorities.
The responsibilities for WCAs are contained within

the Environmental Protection Act 1990. It is the duty
of each WCA:
 to arrange for the collection of household
waste
 if requested any commercial waste
The cost of collecting waste per annum is approximately £1.2 billion.
4
English Unitary authorities
A unitary authority has a single tier and is responsible for

all local government functions within its area or performs
additional functions which elsewhere in the relevant
country are usually performed by national government or
a higher level of sub-national government.
There are 56 unitary councils which have responsibility

for both collection & disposal.
Types of waste and recycling collection
All collection systems require residents to separate their recyclables from their residual waste
and place each in a designated container (box, bin or sack) and to present the container for
collection on the specified collection day. Some kerbside sort and co-mingled schemes
provide residents with more than one container and ask that people put different materials
into each container for collection on the same day or on alternate weeks.
There are three predominate collection methodologies in the UK, each WCA will determine
what system is best for its local area:
Refuse/residual collection
This collection service involves the collection

of wastes from the household that are not
recycled, typically, these wastes are
collected in wheeled bins or plastics sacks
deposited outside the house.
See Pic 1 for a Refuse Collection Vehicle

(RCV).
5
Recycling
There are two main systems for collecting household recycling …

1. Putting it in a variety of containers and sorting it on the kerbside (kerbside sort).
2. Putting it all in one container and sorting it at a recycling facility (co-mingled).
Kerbside recycling sort
This involves the resident putting

individual streams of recycling into
different containers and the sorting
of materials at kerbside into
different compartments of a
specialist collection vehicle (Pic 2).
One authority had nine different

containers for a household, which
has now been deemed to be too
difficult for the householder to
manage.
The Waste & Resources Action Plan

(WRAP) has said that kerbside sort
systems which allow contamination to
be filtered out at the point of
collection gives the most reliable
stream of quality materials
Co-mingled recycling collection
This is where residents are provided with two recycling containers and are asked to place
different materials in each container, typically paper/card/ plastics/ cans and glass in one and
green garden waste in the other. These materials are collected in one vehicle normally on
6
alternative weeks and then taken to a Material Recycling Facility (MRF) for separation into
fractions (see diagram of a typical MRF).
From 1st January 2015, all WCAs
were required to collect paper,
metals, plastics and glass
separately.
Currently approximately 50% of

councils co-mingle (putting all
recyclables in a single bin or bag
which is allowed only where
separate collection is either not
necessary or not practicable.
Funding for Waste Management in England – Council Tax
Household Waste Management is funded by the taxpayer, through a charge applied to each
household called the Council Tax. Each dwelling in England is allocated to one of eight bands
coded by letters A to H (A to I in Wales) on the basis of its assumed capital value (as of 1 April
1991 in England and Scotland, 1 April 2003 in Wales).
Each local authority sets a tax rate expressed as the annual levy on a Band D property
inhabited by two liable adults. This means that in reality, someone who lives in a multimillion-
pound mansion, will pay 3 times more than someone in a bedsit which falls into Band A.
The Rates are:
Value
Band Ratio[a] Ratio as % Average[b]
(relative to 1991 prices)
A up to £40,000 6/9 67% £845
B £40,001 to £52,000 7/9 78% £986
C £52,001 to £68,000 8/9 89% £1,127
D £68,001 to £88,000 9/9 100% £1,268
E £88,001 to £120,000 11/9 122% £1,550
F £120,001 to £160,000 13/9 144% £1,832
G £160,001 to £320,000 15/9 167% £2,113
H £320,001 and above 18/9 200% £2,536
Table 2: English Local Authority average Council Tax rates

7
Fig 2: How Council Tax is spent - Where £1 goes
From Table 2 and Fig 2 it can be seen that approximately 10% of all council tax is spent on
waste management and a further 1.25% on street cleansing.
UK Waste arisings
The UK generated 221.0 million tonnes of total waste in 2016, an increase of 3.3% from the
214.0 million tonnes generated in 2014.
England generated 187.0 million tonnes of total waste in 2016, an increase of 2.8% from 2014,
and 85% of the UK total.
The largest waste material categories generated in the UK in 2016 were ‘Mineral Wastes’ (81.1
million tonnes), and ‘Soils’ (58.7 million tonnes). Together, these make up almost two thirds
(63%) of total UK waste.
The UK recycling rate for Waste from Households (WfH) (including Incinerator Bottom Ash
(IBA) metal) was 45.0% in 2018, decreasing from 45.5% in 2017.
There is an EU target for the UK to recycle at least 50% of household waste by 2020. The
recycling rate for WfH decreased in all UK countries except Northern Ireland in 2018. The
recycling rate for England was 44.7%, compared with 47.7% in Northern Ireland, 42.8% in
Scotland, and 54.1% in Wales.
8
The reduction for England was driven primarily by a reduction in Biodegradable Municipal
Waste (BMW) which is the fraction of municipal waste that will degrade within a landfill site.
Amongst other materials it will include food waste, green waste, cardboard and paper.
UK Biodegradable Municipal Waste (BMW) sent to landfill has fallen from approximately 7.4
million tonnes in 2017 (21% of the baseline 1995 value) to around 7.2 million tonnes in 2018
(20% of the baseline 1995 value). The UK is therefore still on track to meet the EU target to
restrict BMW landfilled to 35% of the 1995 baseline by 2020.
Figures for 2017 show that 70.0% of UK packaging waste was either recycled or recovered
compared to 71.4% in 2016. This exceeds the EU target to recycle or recover at least 60% of
packaging waste.
UK Commercial and Industrial (C& I) wastes
UK and England estimates for waste generation by the C&I sectors have been calculated as
part of the Waste Statistics Regulation returns for 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016 and 2018. The term
‘commercial and industrial’ spans a range of economic activities (based on the European NACE
statistical classification of economic activities in the European Community) including
manufacturing, industrial processes and service-based enterprises but excluding sewage
sludge.
Table 3: Total waste generated by the commercial and industrial sectors, UK and England,
2010-18
The UK C&I sectors generated 41.1 million tonnes of waste in 2016, of which 33.1 million
tonnes (around four fifths) was produced in England. By comparison, the 2014 UK C&I waste
arisings figures was 40.0 million tonnes, of which 31.7 million tonnes was generated by
9
England. Over two thirds of C&I waste is generated by the commercial sector, in both the UK
and England.
The latest estimates for England only indicate that waste generation was around 37.2 million
tonnes in 2018 and 36.1 million tonnes in 2017. For 2017, the England estimate was a relatively
large increase from 33.1 million tonnes in 2016. Around half of this increase is accounted for
by some treatment categories where the EA have made improvements to capture additional
installations from 2017 that were omitted for previous years; therefore, figures for 2017
onwards are not completely directly comparable with earlier years. Caution should generally
be exercised in interpreting apparent year-on-year changes in the C&I data, owing to inherent
uncertainties in the underlying data and methodology.
Waste from Households (WfH)
WfH is the agreed harmonised UK measure used to report household recycling to comply with
the Waste Framework Directive (2008/98/EC). Under this Directive the UK and other EC
Member States must meet a target to recycle 50% of household waste by 2020.
WfH includes waste from:

 Regular household collection
 Civic amenity sites
 Bulky waste
 Other household waste
WfH excludes waste from:
 Street cleaning/sweeping
 Gully emptying
 Separately collected healthcare waste
 Soil, Rubble, Plasterboard & Asbestos waste
UK figures for 2018 are available as summarised in Table 4. The recycling figures all include
metal recovered and recycled after incineration (incinerator bottom ash metal; IBAm). Prior
to 2018, IBAm was not included and meant that recycling figures were 0.7% lower.
10
Table 4: Waste arisings from Households, UK, 2015-2018
Total UK WfH generation was 26.4 million tonnes in 2018, a decrease of 1.8% from 26.9 million
tonnes in 2017. England is responsible for the vast majority of UK WfH, generating 22.0 million
tonnes (83% of the UK total) in 2018. WfH generation has decreased in all UK countries for the
last two years. The UK WfH recycling rate (including IBA metal) was 45.0% in 2018, decreasing
from 45.5% in 2017.
Fig 4: Recycling rate from Waste from Households, UK and country split, 2010-18
11
The recycling rate for England was 44.7%, compared with 47.7% in Northern Ireland, 42.8% in
Scotland, and 54.1% in Wales.
For the TRANSFORM project, plastic-rich waste flows are interesting for further investigation.
These are potentially Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) and Commercial and Industrial (C&I)
wastes. To define waste flows for the TRANSFORM project more precisely, the following table
gives an overview of the household element of MSW by composition in England over the last
3 centuries, these statistics have been combined from multiple household waste analysis
surveys.
Fig 5: The composition of HW: Greenfield D & Woodard R (after Coggins 2002) – ICE WARM
Dec 2016
Packaging wastes
UK estimates of recovery/recycling rates for packaging materials have been calculated for
reporting against material specific targets set by the EC Directive 94/62/EC on packaging and
packaging waste.
The Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive (as amended) set minimum recovery targets
(60%) and recycling targets (55%) for packaging waste, to be met by 31st December 2008, as
well as material-specific recycling targets.
12
These are 60% for glass, 60% for paper and cardboard, 50% for metals, 22.5% for plastics, and
15% for wood.
Table 5: Packaging waste and recycling/recovery, split by material, UK 2017
In 2017, figures indicate that 70.0% of UK packaging waste was either recycled or recovered.
This was above the EU target of 60% but lower than the 71.4% achieved in 2016.
MSW and C&I waste treatment
Recycling and other recovery was the most common final waste treatment type in the UK,
accounting for 104.0 million tonnes (48.5%) in 2016. Around two thirds of ‘Recycling and other
recovery' is recovery of mineral wastes from the construction, demolition and excavation
sector. The remainder is predominantly recycling (glass, plastic, metal, wood, composting etc)
but also includes some non-recycling activities that are not captured elsewhere, e.g. wood
used for biomass. Landfill is the second most used waste treatment in the UK, with 24.4%
(52.3million tonnes) of waste disposed of at landfill in 2016.
13
Table 6: All waste at final treatment, split by method, UK and England, 2014-16
This analysis serves as a first impression to understand the retrospective country’s waste
management system. In the following deliverables of WP T1 the actual treatment steps and
recycling (recovery and elimination rates) will be analysed in detail.
Defra collates summaries from the environment agencies of all four UK countries on facilities
authorised by mandatory permit or license. Capacity is based on the level authorised by permit
or license with the exception of some small-scale incinerators where the permit did not
feature capacity. In these cases, operational capacity is used. Please see the methodology
section for more detail.
Table 7: Number and capacity of permitted final treatment facilities, UK and England
14
From 2014 to 2016, energy recovery facilities in the UK increased in number from 29 to 37,
with capacity doubling from 4.9 million tonnes to 9.8 million tonnes per year, coinciding with
policies aimed at diverting waste away from landfill. Energy from waste is generally the best
management option for waste that cannot be reused or recycled in terms of environmental
impact and getting value from the waste as a resource.
Waste delivery for the TRANSFORM project

The plastic waste will be collected by Viridor from households and will delivered directly to
Manchester facility.
Import and export of wastes

International shipments of waste are subject to controls at national, EU and international
level. The purpose of the controls is to enable States to reject unwanted shipments of waste,
e.g. where they lack the capacity to treat the waste in a safe and environmentally sound
manner.
At the same time, the regime facilitates the legitimate trade in waste for recovery. This regime
is administered and enforced by the environmental regulators, i.e. the English Environment
Agency, Scottish Environmental Protection Agency and Natural Resources Wales. The
following principles apply:
 Shipments of waste for disposal are banned (with a few very limited exceptions).
Waste must therefore be disposed of in the country of origin.
 Hazardous waste intended for recovery may only be exported to Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. This means that exports
to developing countries of hazardous WEEE, such as damaged IT equipment, are
banned.
 Non-hazardous wastes classified as “green list” may be freely imported and exported,
as long as they are accompanied by the appropriate documentation.
 Wastes not on the “green list” are classified as notifiable wastes. These cannot be
imported or exported until consent has been obtained from both the importing and
exporting nations, and from any other states where the waste may be stored while in
transit. These shipments must be accompanied by a movement document, which is
similar in concept to a transfer note.
 Some countries require notification for shipment of green list wastes. It is important
to check the most up-to-date list of countries and their requirements.
Large quantities of waste are exported from the UK for recovery. These include refuse derived
fuel (RDF) exported to other EU Member States, and recyclables such as paper, card and
plastics exported to countries such as China. Much of this waste has originally been collected
15
by local authorities, although it may have been transferred to an intermediary prior to export.
On occasions, mixed municipal waste containing rotting organic material or even hazardous
waste has been illegally exported under the guise of recyclables intended for recovery. The
Environment Agency regularly carries out inspections of containers at ports to check for illegal
shipments of waste.
In the 12 months to October 2018, Environment Agency figures shows that the UK exported
a total of 611,000 tonnes of recovered plastic packaging to other countries. In the previous
12-month period (i.e. to October 2017), the UK exported 683,000 tonnes.
16
Catalogue of definitions
Definition Country
Germany UK
Waste (Abfall) materials or objects which the owner (a) any substance which constitutes a scrap
discards, or intends to or is required to material or an effluent or other unwanted
discard surplus substance arising from the
application of any process; and
(b) any substance or article which requires
to be disposed of as being broken, worn
out, contaminated or otherwise spoiled
MSW consists of wastes from private "Regular" waste from non-industrial

(Siedlungsabfälle) households as well as household-like sources, such as residential homes,
commercial wastes and wastes from restaurants, retail centres, and office
household-like institutions, such as law buildings. Typical MSW includes paper,
offices, administrative buildings, schools discarded food items, and other general
and kindergartens discards. Green waste is considered MSW
and includes garden clippings, leaves,
trees, etc.
Household waste consists mainly of waste flows collected at WfH includes waste from:
(Haushaltstypische private households including packaging  Regular household collection
Siedlungsabfälle, and household-like commercial wastes  Civic amenity sites
vorher when collected in the same collection  ‘Bulky waste’
Haushaltsabfälle) system  ‘Other household waste’
17
WfH excludes waste from:
 Street cleaning/sweeping
 Gully emptying
 Separately collected healthcare waste
 Soil, Rubble, Plasterboard & Asbestos
waste
It is a narrower measure than ‘municipal

waste’ and ‘council collected waste’. It
was first published by Defra in May 2014.
It was introduced for statistical purposes
to provide a harmonised UK indicator with
a comparable calculation in each of the
four UK countries and to provide a
consistent approach to report recycling
rates at UK level on a calendar year basis
under the Waste Framework Directive
(2008/98/EC).
Residual waste consists of waste materials that are not
(Hausmüll oder collected separately in another waste
Restmüll) flow, such as hygiene products, includes
plastic, paper and organic contents due to
false throws, waste originates from
private households and partly C&I
(household-like commercial waste), when
collected in
18
Household-like consists of commingled waste, which in its Commercial and Industrial waste. This is
Commercial waste composition is very similar to residual waste from mainly manufacturing and
(Überlassungspflichtige waste from private households, it is legally service industries.
hausmüllähnliche obligatory to hand this waste over to
Gewerbeabfälle) public waste management authority
Packaging waste separately collected packaging waste at
(Leichtverpackungen & household level including commercial
Kunststoffe) share, consists of plastic, metals and
composite materials and contamination,
including bottles from deposit return
system, excluding paper and cardboard
Yellow bag waste All of the above-mentioned packaging
(Gelber Sack) waste except for bottles in the return
deposit system
Deposit return system collection system for mainly PET bottles
(Pfandsystem) with collection (machines) in
supermarkets and other points of sale,
surcharge on a product when purchased
and a rebate when it is returned
Organic waste (Abfälle consists of food and kitchen wastes, small Avoidable waste: Food and drink that is
aus der Biotonne) quantities of greenery and animal wastes, thrown away untouched or
non-contaminated wood, in reality false opened/started but not finished (e.g.
throws of plastic and paper, collected at whole apples, yoghurts, half loaves of
household level (kerbside collection) bread, unused slices of bacon etc.) or food
and drink we cook or serve too much of
19
Possibly Avoidable waste: Food that some
but not all people would eat (e.g. bread
crusts) or that can be eaten when a food is
prepared in one way but not in another
(e.g. potato skins). Unavoidable waste:
This is elements of food that has not been
edible under normal circumstances, such
as bones, cores, peelings eggshells,
banana skins and teabags
Greenery waste consist of larger quantities of consist of larger quantities of

(Garten- und biodegradable wastes from gardening biodegradable wastes from gardening
Parkabfälle) activities such as parks and cemeteries, activities such as parks and cemeteries,
collected in bring system to central collected in bring system, kerbside
collection points systems or Household waste recycling
Sites
Public waste public authorities on the city/municipality Unitary Authority
management authority level responsible for collection, treatment
(öffentlich-rechtlicher and valorisation of household wastes and
Entsorgungsträger) household-like commercial wastes
System operator private companies responsible for Commercial contractor
(Systembetreiber) collection, treatment and valorisation of
packaging waste, activities defined in the
German Packaging Law
20
Recovery ‘any operation the principal result of
which is waste serving a useful purpose by
replacing other materials which would
otherwise have been used to fulfil a
particular function.
Recycling a subset of recovery and means ‘any

recovery operation by which waste
materials are reprocessed into products,
materials or substances whether for the
original or other purposes. It includes the
reprocessing of organic material (e.g.
composting, anaerobic digestion etc.) but
excludes the use as fuels and the use for
backfilling operations.’
21

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Name: D.T1.1.

D.T1.1.1: The UK waste management system

Municipal solid waste (MSW) and Commercial and Industrial (C&I)

Waste is split into four main categories;

Fig 3: Waste Generation by source 2016 (DEFRA)

Legal and administrative responsibilities for MSW and C&I wastes

DEFRA is responsible for setting waste and

The system is not clear to many outsiders

English Local Government structure

English local authority waste responsibilities

English local government is split into

Waste Disposal Authorities (WDAs)

Waste Collection Authorities (WCAs)

There are 376 WCAs in England and Wales who are

The WCA passes on the waste to the waste disposal

The responsibilities for WCAs are contained within

English Unitary authorities

A unitary authority has a single tier and is responsible for

There are 56 unitary councils which have responsibility

Types of waste and recycling collection

This collection service involves the collection

See Pic 1 for a Refuse Collection Vehicle

There are two main systems for collecting household recycling …

Kerbside recycling sort

This involves the resident putting

One authority had nine different

The Waste & Resources Action Plan

Co-mingled recycling collection

Currently approximately 50% of

Funding for Waste Management in England – Council Tax

A up to £40,000 6/9 67% £845

B £40,001 to £52,000 7/9 78% £986

C £52,001 to £68,000 8/9 89% £1,127

D £68,001 to £88,000 9/9 100% £1,268

E £88,001 to £120,000 11/9 122% £1,550

F £120,001 to £160,000 13/9 144% £1,832

G £160,001 to £320,000 15/9 167% £2,113

H £320,001 and above 18/9 200% £2,536

Table 2: English Local Authority average Council Tax rates

Fig 2: How Council Tax is spent - Where £1 goes

UK Commercial and Industrial (C& I) wastes

Waste from Households (WfH)

WfH includes waste from:

Table 4: Waste arisings from Households, UK, 2015-2018

Table 5: Packaging waste and recycling/recovery, split by material, UK 2017

MSW and C&I waste treatment

Waste delivery for the TRANSFORM project

Import and export of wastes

MSW consists of wastes from private "Regular" waste from non-industrial

It is a narrower measure than ‘municipal

Greenery waste consist of larger quantities of consist of larger quantities of

Recycling a subset of recovery and means ‘any

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