EARTH SCIENCE

QUARTER 2
WEEK 2.3
Formation of Stratified Rocks

Prepared By
Rachel Gail Buan Yosuico
Eastern Porac National High School

GUIDE CARD

Learning Competency
will be

of rock

Pre-test
Instructions: Answer the following questions in
your notebook.

1. Based on the rock formations that make up the

Earth’s crust, how old is the Earth?
________________________
2. What do you call the rock layers?
________________________
3. What is the term for the process of layering of
rocks? ____________________
4. What type of rocks are formed in rock layering? ________________________
5. Give at least three examples of sedimentary rocks.
________________________________________________________________________

Review

From the previous lesson, we

talked about the 3 types of
rocks and how they were
formed. Can you enumerate
these 3 again?
ACTIVITY NO. 1: PICTURE ANALYSIS

Instructions: Look at the picture below. What do the rocks shown in the picture have in
common with the lake during summertime? Write your thoughts in your notebook.
Source: https://study.com/academy/lesson/stratification-definition-theory-examples.html

Discussion of the Activity No.1

At first glance, it may appear that these two items have little in common. However, both
the rocks from our picture and the lake during summertime are stratified. In other words,
they both contain layers. Stratified rock is made of visible layers of sediment, while the
lake contains a warm upper layer and a cold bottom layer. This layering is caused by
different factors that we'll explore throughout this lesson.

ACTIVITY NO. 2: GUESS THE PROCESS

Instructions: Fill the Rock Cycle with the corresponding
processes needed for the rocks to be formed. Write the answers in
your notebook.
1. ________________________________
2. ________________________________
3. ________________________________
4. ________________________________
5. ________________________________
6. ________________________________
7. ________________________________
8. ________________________________
9. ________________________________
Discussion of the Activity No.2
It is important that we fully understand the
rock cycle before proceeding with our lesson. The
main question here is, how do the stratified rocks,
which are sedimentary rocks, form?
The Rock Cycle is a group of changes.
Igneous rock can change into sedimentary rock or
into metamorphic rock. Sedimentary rock can
change into metamorphic rock or into igneous
rock. Metamorphic rock can change into igneous
or sedimentary rock.
Igneous rock forms when magma cools
and makes crystals. Magma is a hot liquid made of
melted minerals. The minerals can form crystals
when they cool. Igneous rock can form
underground, where the magma cools slowly. Or,
igneous rock can form above ground, where the
magma cools quickly. When it pours out on
Earth's surface, magma is called lava. Yes, the same liquid rock matter that you see
coming out of volcanoes.
On Earth's surface, wind and water can break rock into pieces. They can also
carry rock pieces to another place. Usually, the rock pieces, called sediments, drop from
the wind or water to make a layer. The layer can be buried under other layers of
sediments. After a long time the sediments can be cemented together to make
sedimentary rock. In this way, igneous rock can become sedimentary rock.
All rock can be heated. But where does the heat come from? Inside Earth there is
heat from pressure (push your hands together very hard and feel the heat). There is heat
from friction (rub your hands together and feel the heat). There is also heat from
radioactive decay (the process that gives us nuclear power plants that make electricity).
So, what does the heat do to the rock? It bakes the rock. Baked rock does not
melt, but it does change. It forms crystals. If it has crystals already, it forms larger
crystals. Because this rock changes, it is called metamorphic. Remember that a caterpillar
changes to become a butterfly. That change is called metamorphosis. Metamorphosis can
occur in rock when they are heated to 300 to 700 degrees Celsius. When Earth's tectonic
plates move around, they produce heat. When they collide, they build mountains and
metamorphose (met-ah-MORE-foes) the rock. The rock cycle continues. Mountains
made of metamorphic rocks can be broken up and washed away by streams. New
sediments from these mountains can make new sedimentary rock.
These rocks are formed by successive deposition of sediments. These sediments
may be the debris eroded from any previously existing rock which may be igneous rock,
metamorphic or old sedimentary rock. Sedimentary rocks have layered or stratified
structure. The thickness of strata varies from a few millimeters to several meters. So these
rocks are also called stratified rocks.
The individual rock particles are first broken from rocks and then transported by
running water, ocean currents, glaciers or even by wind from one place to another. The
process by which rock forming material is laid down is called sedimentation or
deposition.
It may settle in calmer waters of lakes or oceans or at places where the
transporting agent has no longer enough energy to carry them farther. These are identified
as riverine, lacustrine (formed by lake), glacial or aeolian (formed by wind) sedimentary
rocks with reference to their deposition near rivers, lakes, glacier or deserts respectively.
The sediments are often loose, unconsolidated, soft rock material, in the
beginning like sand and clay, but in course of time they get hardened to a compact
material by excessive pressure and cementation to form sedimentary rocks.
The deposition of sediments in the beginning is generally horizontal but it may
get tilted afterwards due to movements in the earth’s crust. Sandstone, shale, limestone
and dolomite are examples of sedimentary rocks.
Sediments get sorted by the transporting agents. Sediments of different sizes may
get bound by cementing material under suitable conditions. Conglomerate is an example
of such a sedimentary rock. This type of formation of consolidated material is termed as
mechanically formed sedimentary rock.
 ENRICHMENT CARD

GUIDED ACTIVITY: ROCK EXAM

Instructions: In your notebook, answer the
following questions based on your examination of the rocks presented.

ROCK A Questions ROCK B

1. What are the
outstanding characteristics of these rocks?
2. Is Rock A similar to Rock B? or are they different?
3. In what way are they similar? In what way are they different?
4. What type of rocks did you examine?
5. What process in the environment can you infer from their characteristics?

Discussion of the Guided Activity

A process taking place on Earth is a geologic event in its history. The
characteristics of rocks show a record of events that happened involving them. But if you
just consider one rock it will give you very limited information. Instead, what happened
in the past can be best explained by examining the cross sections of large masses of rocks
in their particular location. We shall use the term “rock formation”.
Within the rock formations that make up the Earth’s crust lies evidence of over
4.5 billion years of time. The clues found in them help scientists put together a picture of
how Earth has changed.
As early as the mid 1600’s. Nicholas Steno, a Danish scientist, studied the relative
positions of sedimentary rocks. He found that solid particles settle according to their
relative weight or size. The largest and heaviest settles first; the smallest and lightest is
the last one to settle. Slight changes in particle size or composition result in the formation
of layers. Layering is the most obvious feature of sedimentary rocks.
Sedimentary rocks are formed particle by particle and layer by layer. The layers
are piled on top of the other. Rock layers are also called strata and stratigraphy is the
science of rock strata or layers. Layering occurs in sedimentary rocks as they accumulate
through time, so rock layers hold the key in learning about the environment of long ago –
in unlocking the successive events of the Earth’s historical past.
 ASSESSMENT CARD

TRUE or FALSE. Write TRUE if the statement is

correct and FALSE if it is incorrect. Write the
answers in your notebook.

_____________ 1. On Earth's surface, wind and water can break rock into pieces.
_____________ 2. Lithification is the process of layering of rocks.
_____________ 3. The Earth is almost 3.5 billion years old.
_____________ 4. According to Steno, the smallest and lightest layer of rocks settles
first; the largest and heaviest is the last one to settle.
_____________ 5. Sediments of different sizes may get bound by cementing material
under suitable conditions.
_____________ 6. Stratified rock is made of visible layers of sediment.
_____________ 7. An example of sedimentary rock is conglomerate.
_____________ 8. Igneous rock can change into sedimentary rock but not into
metamorphic rock.
_____________ 9. All rock can be heated.
_____________ 10. The deposition of sediments in the beginning rock formation is
generally vertical but it may get changed afterwards due to movements in the earth’s
crust.
_____________ 11. The sediments may be the debris eroded from any previously
existing rock which may be igneous rock, metamorphic or old sedimentary rock.
_____________ 12. The characteristics of rocks cannot show a record of events that
happened involving them.
_____________ 13. The layers are piled on top of the other. Rock layers are called
sediments.
_____________ 14. Sedimentary rocks are formed particle by particle and layer by layer.
_____________ 15. Igneous rock forms when magma cools and makes crystals.

Guess the Process

Pre-Test
1. 4.5 billion years old
1. Melting
2. Strata 2. Weathering and Erosion
3. Stratification, Lithification,
3. Stratification Cementation and Compaction
4. Sedimentary Rocks 4. Weathering and Erosion
5. Cooling
5. Limestone 6. Heat and Pressure
7. Heat and Pressure