UNIT 1.

WORLD POPULATION

Geography is the science that studies the relationship between humans

and their environment. It is usually divided into different branches, such as:

1. Physical Geography: It focuses more on the natural environment

(relief, water bodies, climates, landscapes…)
2. Human Geography: It focuses more on human population and
activities. This branch of geography studies processes that shape
the human society. It includes the human, political, cultural and
economic aspects.

1. Demography

1.1 Definition: It is the statistical study of the size, structure and distribution of
population. It can study:

a) Static populations 🡪 population in a given time and place.

b) Dynamic population 🡪 population that changes over time through the
analysis of spatial distribution and the changes suffered in response to
birth, migration, ageing and death.

1.2 Why do we study demographics?

● Since Antiquity, governments tried to figure out the number of inhabitants to

find out the amount of taxes or the number of soldiers they could get.
● Today, it is still mainly used by the state for budgeting expenses as pensions
or to plan service usage such as schools or hospitals.
● Governments nowadays set up institutions that study and control
demographics.

1.3 How do we know what we know about demography?

Traditionally, it was difficult to find reliable sources for the statistical studies of
populations. During the 19th and 20th centuries new forms of obtaining
information were set up:

● Census: Those are special compulsory questionnaires were set up for

households, which had to fulfill information about their families: number of
people, sex, age, occupation, properties, etc. This allowed for very
accurate statistics about the national populations. They were usually
undertaken every 10 years (last one in 2011).
● Civil Registry: Is an official institution that records all births, deaths and
marriages. It is compulsory to register these events.
● Municipal Register: Is a document prepared by municipalities which
includes data on the age, marital status, sex, address, level of education
and economic activity of the inhabitants of a municipality.

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 2. Population studies

2.1 Structure

We can study population through its structure, dividing the population by

different factors, such as biological, economic, educational, etc.

The most common type of study of structure is about biological factors:

● Age: we can divide the population into three groups.

o Child population (0-14 years old).
o Adult population (15-64 years old).
o Elderly population (65+ years old).
● Sex: we can calculate the percentage of men and women in the total
population.

Population pyramids

To study the biological structure of population, population pyramids are used.

They are graphs that show data on the sex and age (usually in 5 years intervals)
of a population at a given moment.

● Sex is represented through two different fields. Conventionally, men are

represented on the left side, while women on the right side.
● Each age group is represented by a different bar, in ascending order (from
younger population at the bottom to older at the top).
● Data of age groups can be presented in raw numbers or in percentage.
In each case, the values for the horizontal axis must be in accordance
with the data presented.

How to make a population pyramid?

First, you need to get data and organize it in a table. We need to indicate
the place and the date to which they belong and separately reflect the
population figures of men and women in different age groups, usually presented
in intervals of 5 years (0-4. 5-9, 10-14 and so on).

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 Once you get your data, you can start preparing your graph. Use squared
graph paper for better precision (see next page).

EXAMPLE A. 2017 EXAMPLE B. 2017

AGE AGE MEN WOMEN

MEN WOMEN
GROUPS GROUPS (%) (%)
0-4 8500 8400 0-4 4,9 4,8
5-9 8200 8150 5-9 4,7 4,7
10-14 8100 8100 10-14 4,6 4,6
15-19 7500 7400 15-19 4,3 4,2
20-24 7300 7200 20-24 4,2 4,1
25-29 7000 6900 25-29 4,0 3,9
30-34 6500 6400 30-34 3,7 3,7
35-39 6000 6000 35-39 3,4 3,4
40-44 5000 5000 40-44 2,9 2,9
45-49 4400 4500 45-49 2,5 2,6
50-54 4000 3900 50-54 2,3 2,2
55-59 3600 3700 55-59 2,1 2,1
60-64 3000 3100 60-64 1,7 1,8
65-69 2500 2700 65-69 1,4 1,5
70-74 2000 2500 70-74 1,1 1,4
75-79 1500 2000 75-79 0,9 1,1
80-84 1000 1500 80-84 0,6 0,9
85+ 500 1000 85+ 0,3 0,6

● Vertical axis: In the ordinates you need to write each age group, starting
with the lowest at the bottom. Since it is a graph with double bars that
share the vertical axis, the ordinates should be at the center so the data
can be placed on both sides of the axis.
● Horizontal axis: Is used to represent the population numbers or population
percentage. Remember to write down if you are representing percentage
or raw numbers. Depending on the data (especially with raw numbers)
choose the scale accordingly (i.e. if the largest number given is 8.000,
don’t use a scale up to 20.000).
● Then you just have to draw and fill up the bars according to the numbers
presented on your data. You have to use different colors for men and
women, and you can use different tones to separate the broad group
ages (child, adults and elderly).

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Activity 1. Represent the population pyramids of the data given on Examples A
and B

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2.2 Natural movements

Populations aren’t static, they keep changing through what is known as

natural movements of the population, meaning the birth and death of people.

Birth rate

We study the number of births through the birth rate, which gives us the
number of births per thousand inhabitants during one year, allowing us to
compare the number of births in countries with very different size. We calculate
it with the following formula.
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝐵𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = · 1000
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

The number we get is the number of births per thousand people (‰)1.
Depending on the number we get, we consider that a country has a high,
medium or low birth rate:

● High: >30‰
● Medium: Between 15‰ and 30‰
● Low: <15‰

Activity 2: If China (Total pop. 1.381.000.000) has 17.850.000 births in one year and
Niger (Total pop. 19.245.000) has 851.590 births in one year.

- Which country grows faster?

- Do they have high, medium or low birth rates?

Answer:_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

1
To write that symbol (per mille) on the computer, you can use its ASCII code: press key
“Alt” and write “0137”

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 General fertility rate

Another rate used to calculate natural movement is the number of births

per every thousand women in fertile age (usually between 15-49 y.o.), known as
the general fertility rate.
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = · 1000
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 15 𝑎𝑛𝑑 49 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑙𝑑

Death rate

The mortality rate of death rate is the number of deaths that take place in
a population for one year divided by the total population.
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = · 1000
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Remember that we get a number expressed in number of deaths for every

thousand people.

Infant mortality rate

Another rate related to deaths, which indicates the degree of

development of a place, is the infant mortality rate. It gives the number of deaths
of children under one year old per every thousand births.
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝐼𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = · 1000
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

Natural increase

Once you have the number of births and the number of deaths in a
country for a year, you can calculate the natural increase of the population of
the country. This gives you a raw number of people.
𝑁𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 − 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

Natural increase rate

To be able to compare the natural increase in countries with very different

population size, we use rates as well. It gives you the percentage (%) of increase,
or the increase of people per every hundred people.
𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑁𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = · 100
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
or
(𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 − 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟)
𝑁𝐼𝑅 = · 100
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

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2.3 Demographic regimes

Throughout time, the rate of natural increase of the population rate has
undergone major historic variations.

Demographic regimes are population studies which reflect the characteristics in

a given population, the different combination of birth and death rates, and the causes
behind these numbers.

● Old demographic regime:

o It was typical in developed countries until the 19th century. During the 20th
centuries almost all countries finished this stage.
o It was characterized by a high birth and high death rates.
o High birth rates happened due to a number of reasons:
▪ the lack of contraceptives and family planning.
▪ cultural reasons such as religion and tradition.
▪ High infant mortality rate meant that families had a lot of children
to make sure enough of them survived.
▪ economic reasons: most people were working in agriculture,
where kids could help with their work since they were very young.
o High death rates happened because:
▪ Low food production, which meant starvation or
weakness leading to diseases.
▪ Lack of medicines and health services.
▪ Lack of sanitation and hygiene meant people was
more prone to diseases.
▪ Catastrophic events: famines by bad harvests,
wars, epidemics…
o Low natural increases, due to both high birth and death rates. Sometimes
even the population decreased due to catastrophic events: wars,
famines or epidemics.
o Population structure: due to these conditions, most of the population is
young, reflecting on the shape of the population pyramid, usually known
as a triangle.

● Demographic transition
o Started during the 19th century in most developed
countries as a result of the Industrial Revolution, less
developed countries are today in this stage.
o High birth rates and low death rate.
o Birth rates stay high because cultural changes take a
couple of generations to apply. Religion, tradition and
lack of contraceptives still in order.
o The death rate lowers because:
▪ The Industrial Revolution led to higher productivity levels in
agriculture, so more food was available.
▪ Another by-product of the Industrial Revolution was the
development of science, specially in medicine and health.
▪ Infant mortality was greatly reduced.
▪ Development of urban sanitation (water supply, sewage systems)
and hygiene programs.
o Due to the imbalance between births and deaths, natural increase is
high.
o Population structure: because of the drop in deaths, adult and elderly
population grow. As a result, the population pyramid typical of this
demographic regime has a bell-shape

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● Modern demographic regime
o Typical from developed countries since the second half of the 20th
century (end of World War 2), most developing countries reaching
this stage nowadays.
o Low birth rates and low death rates.
o Birth rate lowers because:
▪ Changes in culture: less influence of
religion and tradition.
▪ Development of contraceptive
methods and family planning.
▪ Families have their children at a later
age due to lengthening of
education, especially for women.
▪ Incorporation of women into work.
o Death rate keeps low due to improvements in health science,
medicine and lifestyle.
o Natural increase, therefore, is low or very low
o Population structure: because there are fewer births and people
live longer = population gets older, so the base of the population
pyramid shrinks and the top grows, giving it an urn-shaped form

● Regressive demographic regime

o In recent years, some developed countries have entered this
stage.
o Very low birth rates and high death rates (if there is more old
people, there will be a bigger amount of deaths)
o Birth rates drop a little as most part of the population has aged and
are not in age of having children
o Death rates are very high because of the number of ageing
population
o Natural increase is negative, there is a decrease in population
because deaths outnumber births
o Population structure: Most of the population concentrates on the
adult and elderly age groups, so the population pyramid has an
inverted triangle shape.

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 Old Modern
Demographic Regressive
demographic demographic
transition demographic regime
regime regime
When in
developed
countries?
When in
developing
countries?
Birth rate

Why?

Death rate

Why?

Natural increase

Population
structure

Population
pyramid

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2.4 Migration

The other way population changes during a period of time, apart from
births and deaths, its through migrations.

Migration is the movement of people from one part of the planet to

another. The departure of people from one place is called emigration, while the
arrival of people is called immigration.

Net migration:
To calculate the variations in population in a region over a period of time
(normally a year) we use the net migration, a simple deduction of the people
who left minus the people who arrived.

𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 − 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠

Actual increase:
If we want to calculate the real change of a population, we can add the
natural increase to the net migration, obtaining the actual increase
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 + 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

or
= (𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠 − 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠) + (𝑖𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

Actual increase rate

To be able to compare the actual increase of population in countries
with very different population sizes, we use the actual increase rate
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = · 100
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

or
(𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 + 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
= · 100
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
(𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠 − 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 + 𝑖𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
= · 100
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

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Causes of migration
People may be motivated to move from a territory for various reasons. Some
phenomena such as hunger, wars, natural disasters or lack of prospects tend to
drive out the population of a place. On the other hand, there are territories that
are attractive to people because of their wealth, freedom or future prospects.

● Economic causes: Emigrants move in search of richer areas with more and
better jobs. The profile of these emigrants is very diverse; they can be
highly qualified professionals or have jobs that do not require
specialization.
● Social causes: These motivations are linked to economic causes. The host
country or area offers more opportunities for education, health and
leisure. People also emigrate fleeing insecurity or seeking reunification with
their families.
● Political causes: There are people who emigrate to escape wars or
political regimes in which they are persecuted for religious, ideological o
ethnic reasons. If these emigrants receive legal protection (asylum) in their
host country her are known as political refugees.

Types of migration
Migration is classified according to different criteria:

● Duration: Migrations can be permanent and temporary.

o Permanent migrants do not return to their place of origin.
o Temporary migration means a limited stay that can be long-term,
seasonal or even just a matter of days.
● Causes: Migration can be forced or voluntary.
o Forced migrations are the ones due to political persecution.
o Voluntary migration is usually considered when happens for
economic or social reasons.
● Space: There are internal and external migrations.
o Internal migration occurs within the borders of a state, and its more
common expression is the rural exodus, where people leaves rural
areas towards cities in search of jobs or better opportunities. This
movements meant, recently and for the first time in human history,
that more people lives in cities than in the countryside.
o External migration happens when migrations involve a change in
country.

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Consequences of migration
The main consequence of migrations, in terms of demography, is its direct
influence on changing a place’s population size. But there are other
consequences:

● In the countries of origin of emigrants, when people leave in large

numbers, the community loses many of its younger members. On the other
hand, it receives the money that emigrants send back to their families
(remittances), which helps to improve the economy
● In host countries, immigration means an increase in the population of
young active people of reproductive age, leading to an increase in birth
rates and economic growth. On the cultural side, immigration leads to
cultural enrichment due to the ideas and traditions brought by the
immigrants.

Problems of migration
● Illegal immigration: Receiving countries impose barriers and limitations to
the free entry of immigrants, which sometimes causes immigrants to travel
in an unsafe manner and risk their lives. In addition, when immigrants
come to a country and live there illegally, as they are not legally
recognized and protected, they often suffer exploitation by gangs and
business peoples. For example, they earn lower wages than those of legal
workers or are subjected to inhumane working conditions
● Integration: Sometimes, new inhabitants are rejected by the receiving
population, which fears that immigrants may take job opportunities from
them or receive social benefits from the government. Finally, if the culture
of immigrants is very different, they may have greater difficulties in
adjusting, making it difficult for them to integrate into society.

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2.5 Distribution of the population around the World
The Earth today is inhabited by over 7.5 billion human beings. However, they
are not evenly distributed over the Earth’s surface. This happens due to various
factors:

● Physical factors
o Climate:
o Soil
o Topography
o Water
● Human factors
o Political
o Economic
o Technological

With the combination of those factors we can explain the distribution of

population on the planet. Most people concentrate in about 20% of the
available land areas, while there are many vacuums or sparsely populated
areas, covering 43% of the land but hosting only 2% of the population.

● Most people live in temperate areas of the Northern Hemisphere

● Most people live near the sea, inland areas are usually less populated
● Most people live in cities, with more than 50% of the world’s population

Population density
This indicator is used to analyze the number of people concentrated in an
area. It is expressed in terms of inhabitants per square kilometer (i/km2). It also
allows us to compare between different territories or countries of different sizes.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑚2

Activity: If the world’s population is 7.556.640.000 inhabitants, and its inhabitable

zone covers 134.940.000 km2, then calculate the world’s population density.

There are 4 major population concentration areas in the world:

● East coast of North

America
● Europe
● East Asia
● South Asia
● Other localized areas have
great concentrations, such
as the Nile, the Gulf of
Guinea and the Brazilian
coast.

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 3. The problems of world population

3.1 The disproportion between growth and resources

Nowadays, in many poor countries the population

is growing faster than it can produce or acquire food
and economic resources. For that reason, people go
hungry and development is restricted. This scarcity
and lack of economic prospects mean that these
places are the starting point of migration.

3.2 The ageing population

In rich countries, increased life expectancy and

falling birth rates have resulted in the strong growth of
the elderly population and a shortage of young
people. This increases the need to allocate more
financial resources to assist the elderly population:
payment of pensions, healthcare and specialist care.
In turn, the productive capacity of society suffers,
because when there are fewer births, there are
increasingly fewer workers. This shortage is often
mitigated by receiving immigrants.

In many countries that are in this situation,

governments are putting pro-natalist policies
into practice. They aim to stimulate the birth
rate through measures such as providing
financial aid per child or for large families and
encouraging social policies that favor workers
when they try to reconcile their personal and professional lives.

3.3 Inequalities in development

Apart from inequalities in the demographics of countries, there are significant

differences between the richest or developed countries and the poorest
countries, which are known as underdeveloped or developing countries.

To measure these differences, the UN uses the Human Development Index

(HDI). This indicator assesses economic, social and cultural data that can be
quantified. The data include information on life expectancy, infant mortality, the
income level of the population and the literacy level or years of schooling.

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3.4 Differences between developed and developing countries

● GDP and per capita income: Gross domestic product (GDP) is the value
in money terms of all of a country’s production of goods and services. If
the relationship between GDP and the number of inhabitants is
calculated, the per capita income is
obtained.
In developed countries, these
indicators are very high (for example,
the per capita annual income typically
exceeds 20.000 US dollars). Developing
countries have a very low GDP and
income per capita. Therefore, it is
estimated that more than 1.2 billion
people lives on less than 1.25 US dollars
a day.

● Economy and technology: In developed countries, the most important

economic sector is the tertiary sector. Moreover, these countries have a
great level of technological development, high energy consumption and
significant large-scale trade. Agriculture is the primary activity in
undeveloped countries and industrialization is typically very low. They do
not have advanced technology or a good network of transport and
communications.

● Education and healthcare: The state guarantees social benefits like public
education, health coverage and pensions in developed countries.
However, many inhabitants of developing countries do not have access
to medical care, education or pensions. Sometimes, non-governmental
organizations (NGOs) provide healthcare or conduct literacy or
immunization campaigns, but this assistance does not reach the entire
population.

● Social inequalities: In developed countries, the distribution of wealth is

relatively equitable. Although there are pockets of poverty, especially in
large cities, most of the population enjoys a level of purchasing power that
allows them to consume products and services that are not necessities,
such as leisure spending. On the contrary, there is a very unequal
distribution of wealth in developing countries, with an extremely rich
minority and a large number of poor people. In addition, children work
from an early age, and are even sometimes used as slaves or soldiers.

15
 CONCEPT FORMULA EXPRESSED IN

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 ‰ (births per

BIRTH RATE 𝐵𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = · 1000 thousand inhabitants)
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 ‰ (births per

GENERAL FERTILITY RATE · 1000 thousand women in
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 15 𝑎𝑛𝑑 49 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑙𝑑 fertile age)

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 ‰ (deaths per

DEATH RATE · 1000 thousand inhabitants)
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 ‰ (deaths of infants
INFANT MORTALITY RATE · 1000 per thousand births)
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

NATURAL INCREASE 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 − 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 Number of people

(𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 − 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟) % (of population
NATURAL INCREASE RATE · 100
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 growth)

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 − 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 Number of people

NET MIGRATION

ACTUAL INCREASE 𝑁𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 + 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 Number of people

(𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 + 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) % (of population

ACTUAL INCREASE RATE · 100
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 growth)

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
POPULATION DENSITY 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑚2 Inhab./km2

16