M Chapter I HISTORY OF QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS The scientific examination of questioned

documents however, didnot develop into a distinct profession until about 1870, even though prior
tothat time certain legal photographers had made an attempt to discover forgedwritings by the use of
photography. The Frenchman Alphonse Bertillon, the inventor of anthropometry, was also master of
photography who fancied himself as great document, expert as well. With false modesty, he disclaimed
expertise in handwriting comparisons, but nevertheless frequently proceeds to opinions on the
genuineness of documents. These opinions, coming as they did from the renowned head of theFrench
Identification Service, carried great weight. It was Bertillon, thephotographer and anthropometrist, who
gave part of the damming evidence in the famous Affaire Dreyfus ( which resulted inEmileZola's famous
manifesto J'accuse). By testifyinginthat Alfred Dreyfus had written the document whichserved as the
basis of his conviction for treason and his subsequent banishment. Later of course, Dreyfusinnocence
was established, as well as Bertillon's error in testifying that Dreyfus wrote incriminating document,
Bertillon's mistaken opinion was the result of lack of expertise inthecomparison of handwriting,
demonstrates probably more dramatically thanany other example that a photographer is not a person
qualified togiveopinions on the identity of handwritings not even a photographer who is also M
experienced in making minute and accurate measurement of insignificantlyappearing trace evidence, as
Bertillon was. Each age has its crime, withthecorresponding protective measure all alike the product of
the age's conditions. In each age crime takes advantage of conditions, and then society
wakesandgradually overtakes crime by discovering new expedients. In modern history since
Charlemagne and the beginning of the civilizationin Europe, some twelve hundred years ago there have
been epochs inthehistory of documents In the first, skinparchment is the vehicle, and writingisan
esoteric art for the monkish few. Forgery flourished in the middle ages, chiefly as successful methodof
acquiring land title. The forged Decretals of tsodorous came down to us asatypical in positions of that
age. In the next epoch, paper is made, then printingis invented, and education in writing becomes
gradually universal. Amidst these new conditions, the falsifier again outstrip society for a while.
AChatterton and a Junius can baffle the community. In 1800s, the most daring impositions remain
possible. But society at last seems to have overtaken the falsifier once more. Science and Art, themass,
are more isolated individuals. We have apparently entered further upon, asomewhat variant
documentary epoch, that of the typewriting machine It was sometime in 1870 that attempts were made
to discover forged writings by the use of photography. Following the civil war in the US, the first major
questioned document case was that of Sylvia Ann Howland which was tried in New Bedford,
Mansachusetts court. By 1916 Albert S. Osborn made thefirst significant textbook on Questioned
Document andDean Wigmore of Northwestern University LawSchool said, "Mr. Osborn had established
anewprofession Impressively, the early handwriting expertswere teachers of writing, lithographers,
engraversand M clerk of court who were exposed to the work where much writing was exposedand
done Eventually, enlightenment gradually superseded the relics of ignoranceProvisions of law as Section
1731 Title 28, U.S. code originally enactedonFebruary 26, 1913 are now common to many states and
countries, andinsure the admissibility of exemplar matter to wit. The admitted or provedhandwriting of
any person shall be admissible, for purpose of comparisontodetermine genuineness of other
handwriting attributed to such person, The service for the examination of questioned documents began
in theUS. Department of Treasury in a formal way in 1913 when Bert C. Farrar wasmade the first
examiner of Questioned Documents in the Federal ServiceIn 1950, the first comprehensive scientific
police laboratory was established as the "Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory, a division of the North
Western University Law School. In this project, document examiners are those dedicated to the
enlightenment of law enforcement owed so much to the late Dean Wigmore and the thelateCol Calvin
Goddard. Later, the U.S. Bureauof Standards participated in the scientific examinationof questioned
documents for the FBI, USDepartment of Justice Later of course, the FBI set up its own scientific
laboratory which eventuallybecame the best in the world. In 1959, thePost Office Department of the US
established alsoalaboratory program through its Inspection Service. During the World War II, the military
services emphasized the training of document examiners tocopeup effectively with the many evidential
documents borne of military operations, intelligence, and personnel. In 1942, the American Society of
Document Examiners was foundedand it had explored assiduously the improvement of techniques for
examiningand demonstrating document evidence. This society had been a pillar of M strength in private
practice of document examination In many state, Bureauof Investigation and Identifications, State Police
Departments, County Sheriff'sOffices, and City Police Departments have established the positionof
document examiner realizing that more investigations will turn on Scrapof Paper than any other
category of physical evidence. Training programsin- service and in cooperation with academic
institutions are being madetodevelop document consciousness and utilization that would prove
beneficial to the profession. Definition of terms Alteration - It is any form of changes be it an addition or
a deletiontotheoriginal contents of a document. Arc - The bend, crook, or curve on the inner side of the
upper loop of letterssuch as c, h, m, n. Baseline - The ruled or imaginary line upon which the writing
rests. Beard - The slight up and down introductory stroke or sort of doublehitch, seen at the beginning
of many capital letters. Blunt - The beginning and ending strokes of letters, both small and capital,
inwhich the pen touch the paper without hesitation, beard, hitch, or knob. Buckle Knot - The horizontal
and looped strokes that are often usedtocomplete such letters of A, F, f, H and D. Central Pocket Loop or
Body - The part of letter ordinarily formed by asmall circle that usually lies on the line of writing, as the
bodies of a, b, d, g, o, p. Characteristic - Any property or mark that distinguishes and in document
examination commonly refers to identifying details. There are two groupsof characteristics, class and
individual. Class Characteristic - Not all characteristics encountered in document examination are
peculiar to a single person or thing and one that is commonto a group may be described as a class
characteristics. Collation - The critical comparison or side by side examination. Comparison - The act of
setting two or more items side by side to weightheir identifying qualities. It implied not only a visual but
also a mental act inwhichthe elements of one item are related to the counterparts of the other. M
Conclusion - A scientific conclusion results from relating observed factsbylogical, commonsense
reasoning in accordance with established rules of laws. Copybook Form - The design of letters that is
fundamental to a writingsystem This term is derived from the old methods of teaching handwritingfrom
a copybook containing engraved script printed on each page for thestudent to imitate. Crime - An act in
violation of penal law. Cursive Writing - Writing in which the letters are for the most part joinedtogether.
Disputed Document - A term suggesting that there is an argument or controversy over the document.
Document - In its fullest meaning, any material that contains marks, symbols, or signs either visible,
partially visible, or invisible that may ultimately conveyameaning or message to someone. Pencil or ink
writing, typewriting, or printingon paper are the more usual forms of documents Document Examiner -
One who studies scientifically the details andelements of documents in order to identify their source or
to discover other facts concerning them. Document examiners are often referred toashandwriting
identification experts, but today the work has outgrown this latter title and involves other problems
than merely the examination of handwritingDuctus Brocken letters. The disconnected and non-
continuous strokebetween two Ductus Link - The continuous line that joins two letters. Examination -
The act of making a close and critical study of any material, and with questioned documents is the
process necessary to discover thefactsabout them. Various types of examinations are undertaken,
includingmicroscopic, visual, photographic, chemical, ultraviolet, and infra-redexamination. Exemplar -
Refers to specimen standards or disputed document whichhasbeen used for comparison Expert Witness
- A legal term used to describeawitness who by reason of his special technical training or
experienceispermitted to express an opinion regarding the issue, or a certain aspect of theissue, which is
involved in a court action. His purpose is to interpret technical information in his particular specialty in
order to assist the court inadministering justice. Eye Loop (Eyelet) - The small loop formed by
strokesthat extend in divergent direction as in b, c, f, k, p, q, r, s, v, w, and z. M forensic Science - The
field of science that is used in the judicial process. Anumber of scientific disciplines commonly make up
the more active segmentsof forensic science. Some are described from the physical, medical, anddental
sciences, and the best qualified workers specialize in the court-orientedaspects of each discipline.
Questioned document examination is a notablepart of forensic science in that it developed directly
fromthe need of court experts to answer problems regarding documents instead of growingout of
established field of science. Forgery - An act of counterfeiting documents, signatures, with the intent
todeceive or defraud. Foot - The base or bottom of a letter that lies on the line of writing. Graphology -
The art of attempting to interpret the character or personalityof an individual from his handwriting.
Guided Signature (Guided Writing) - Specimen of writing executedwhilethe writer's hand is at steadied.
Hand lettering - Any disconnected style of writing also known as handprinting. Handwriting - Is the result
of very complicated series of act beingawhole combination of a certain form of mental and muscular
habits acquiredby long painstaking effort. Hitch - The introductory backward stroke added to the
beginning of manycapital letters; it is also occasionally found in some small letters. Hook (Through) - The
bend, crook, or curve on the inner side of the bottomloop, or curve of small letters. Holographic
Document - Any document completely written and signedbyone person, also known as a holograph. In a
number of jurisdictionsaholographic will can be probated without anyone having witnesseditsexecution
Hump - The rounded outer side of the top of the bend, crook, or curveinsmall peculiar letters such as h,
k, m, n. Individual Characteristics - A characteristics that is highly personal or andisunlikely to occur in
other instances. Infrared Examination - The examination of documents employing invisibleradiation
beyond the red portion of the visible spectrum. Infrared radiationcanbe recorded on specially sensitized
photographic emulsions or it canbeconverted by means of an electronic viewing device into visible light
for anonthe-scene study of the evidence. M Infrared luminescence - A phenomenon encountered with
some dyes usedin inks and colored pencil that, when illuminated with norrow band of light inthe blue-
green portion of the spectrum, give off a luminescence that canbedetected in the far-red or near-
infrared range. The technique is useful indistinguishing between certain inks and colored pencils, and in
detectingor deciphering erasures. Initial spur - The long initial stroke of a letter. Insertion - The addition
of writing and other material within a document suchas between lines or paragraphs, or the addition of
whole pages to a document. Interlineation writing- The act of inserting writing or typewriting
betweentwolines of writing. Knob (Initial Spur) - Found eithe at the beginning or end of letters,
bothsmall and capital which the pen touched or left the paper so slowly that a tiny pool of ink spread
slightly. Main stroke (Stem or Shank of Staff) - The long upright downwardstrokethat is the trunk or
stalk, seen especially in B,F,K,P. Microscopic examination - Any study or examination made
withthemicroscope in order to discover minute physical details. Natural variation - Normal or usual
deviations found between repeatedspecimens of any individuals handwriting or in the product of any
typewriter or other record making machines Natural writing - Any specimen or writing executed
normally without ant attempt to control or alter its identifying habits. Oblique light examination-
Anexamination with the illuminations so controlled that it grazes or strikesthesurface of the document
from one side at a very low angle; also referredtoaside light examination. Obliteration - The blotting out
or smearing over of writing to make the original invisible or undecipherable. Patching (Retouching) Is a
stroke going back to repair a defective portionof the writing stroke. Careful patching is a common fault
in forgeries Pen emphasis The act of intermittently forcing the pen against thepaper surface with
increase pressure or the periodic increase in pressureof thewriting. Pen-lift - An interruption in a stroke
caused by removing the writinginstrument from the paper. Disconnection between letters andletter
combination may be due to lack of movement control. Using a ballpoint penmay cause pen lift due to
failure of the ball to rotate. M Pen position (pen hold) - It is the location of the pen in relation to
thepaper surface, which can be determined by the presence of the emphasis or penshading. Pen
pressure - The average force with which the pen comes in contact withthe paper or the usual force
involves in the writing. This is one of themost personal but somewhat hidden characteristics in writing.
Pen scope - Represents the reach of the hand with the wrist at rest. It istheaverage scope or limits of the
pen during the process of writing with thewrist of the hand at still. Photomicrograph A photograph
made through a compound microscopeandmay be a greatly enlarged image of a small area. Photo
macrograph - An enlarged photograph may be prepared withonlyalens of very short focal length. Quality
- A distinct or peculiar character. In this text, "quality" is usedindescribing handwriting to refer to any
identifying factor that is relatedtothewriting movement itself. Questioned Document - Any document
about whichsome issue has been raised or that is under scrutiny. Restoration - Any process in which
erased writing is developed or brought out again on the document itself. Retracing - The stroke that
goes back over another writing stroke; it is slightlyto occur in other writing. Rhythm - The balance quality
of movement or the harmonious recurrenceof strokes or impulse. As an element of writing, rhythm
accounts to be oneof thevery essential for there is nothing in handwriting so difficult to
imitateastheexact quality of a muscular rhythm. Secret Inks - A material used for writing that is not
visible until treatedbysome developing process, also referred to as sympathetic ink. Shading - Refers to
the more obvious increase in the width of theletter strokes or the widening of the ink strokes due to the
added ink on the flexiblepen point or the use of the stub pen. Significant Writing Habits - Refers to
characteristics of writing whichissufficiently unique and well fixed to serve a strong basis for the
identityor non-identity of the writing. Skill - Refers to the relative degree of the writer's proficiency
degreeof thewriter's proficiency. It cannot be accurately measured although it canbegrouped as to poor,
average and good. Writing skill is dependent tomanyfactors, manual dexterity being the most important.
Its basis is either legibilityor symmetry. M Slant - Refers to the degree of writing inclination relative to
the baselineor theslope of the writing. Smeared - over writing - An obliteration accomplish by covering
the original writing with opaque substance. Space Filler (Terminal Spur) - An upward horizontal or
downwardfinal strokes usually seen in small letters such as A,S,U,Y. Speed of writing - It cannot be
measured precisely fromthe finishedhandwriting but it can be interpreted in broad term as to slowand
drawn, deliberate, average and rapid. Splicing - A term used by document examiners to denote theslight
overlapping of two strokes after an interruption in the writing. It may beapart of imitated, fraudulent
signatures that are prepared one or two letters at atime. Spurious Signature - It is a fraudulent signature
in which was no apparent attempt at simulation or imitation. It is a common form of forgery
encounteredin investigations of fraudulent checks depends on the surroundingcircumstances rather
than upon the quality of the signature for his success. Standard - A condensed and compact set of
authentic specimens which, if adequate and proper, should contain a true cross section of the ch, if
fromaknown source. They are used by the document examiner as the basis for hisidentification on non-
identification of the questioned document, as for examplethe known handwriting which serves to
establish who wrote the disputedletter. Stereoscopic Microscope - It is considered as most powerful
anduseful equipment in the laboratory. It is an instrument that can bring together twoobjects into the
same field of view so that they may easily be comparedunder the same degree of magnification. This is
extensively used in questioneddocument, fingerprint and ballistics. System (of writing) - The
combination of the basic design of letters andthewriting movement as taught in school. Writing trough
use diverges fromthesystem, but generally retains some influence of the basic training Traced Forgery-
Any fraudulent signature executed by actually followingtheoutline of a genuine signature with a writing
instrument. Such a signaturemaybe produced with the mid of carbon paper by first tracing a carbon
outlineandthen covering this with a suitable ink stroke, or the forgery may be tracedfroman outline
made visible though the model signature and the fraudulent document. Transmitted light examination -
An examination in which the document isviewed with the source of illumination behind it and the light
passing throughthe paper Tremor - A writing weakness portrayed by irregular, shaky strokes. Ultra Violet
photograph - Any photograph that records the document under ultraviolet illumination. With some of
these the ultraviolet radiation strikesthefilm, but with others a filter is employed so that the only visual
fluorescencecaused by the ultraviolet is recorded. Whirl - The upward stroke, usually on letters that
have a high loop as h. dandI. Writing - It is the result of a very complicated series of acts being as
awholeor combination of certain forms of visible mental and muscular habits acquiredby long continued
painstaking effort. Writing combination - Both the circumstances under which the writingwasprepared
and the factors influencing the writer's ability to write at the timeof execution. Circumstances pertaining
to preparation involve the writer'sposition (sitting, standing, abed, etc.), the paper support backing
andthewriting instrument's health, nervous state, or degree of intoxication. Writing impression - The
small writing indentation completely or virtuallydevoid of any pigment. It may be made on the sheet of
tablet paper that was immediately below the one on which writing was done or remain after pencil or
typewriting has beenthoroughly erased. Writing offset - The result of a paper coming in contact with
fresh ink writing. It may be the mirror image of entire words or sentences, as are sometimesfound on a
blotter, or merely fragments of words of letters. Wrong - handed writing - Any writing executed with the
opposite handfromthat normally used. Some workers refer to this writing as with the awkwardhand". It
is one means of disguise. Xerox - A positive photocopy made directly on plain paper. M References:
Questioned Document Examination: Dr.LileeGaleon
M

Chapter II

DOCUMENT EXAMINATIONS

Document examinations play an important role in the criminal justiceprocess is issue of genuineness of
documents presents itself nearly all forgeryprosecutions, kidnappings involving ransom notes,
confidence games andembezzlements, and gambling offenses with policy slip. Apart fromthesehowever
questioned document evidence may occur in nearly every other typeof crime as well including
homicides, the robberies, ason, burglaries, etc

Document examiners find an even greater field in civil cases manydocument examiners are not
connected with law enforcement agenciesandthe practice is almost exclusively in civil cases The issue of
genuinenessof

documents presents itself there too in many will contest suits on notesandcontract, and the like. The
function of the document examiner is not limited to determiningwhether some specimen of handwriting
or typewriting has been madebyasuspected individual. He is also concerned with the facts of forgery
detectionAmong them are the authentication and dating of documents, thedecipherment of erased,
obliterated, charred, and water damaged documents, and the restoration of faded or chemically erased
writings Related problemshedeals which involved the sequencing of a great number of writingsor

documents a study of addition, interlineations and interpolations rubber stampsand seal impressions,
fluid ink and ball-point pen ink analysis, pencil markingsindented writings, suspected substitution of
pages, the study of paper

watermarks and of printing, copying and duplicating processes andthedetection of alterations

The ever expanding use of micro-computers and word processors, whichcan be coupled to an in infinite
variety of printers, whether do matrix, socalledletter quality printers of the daisy wheel or laser variety
and evennewer

advances in word processing presents new and challenging problemstoquestioned document

The Questioned Documents

The term “questioned document," refers to any type of paper, cardboard, or other inject, on which
there may appear any signature, handwriting, handprinting bpewritig, printing, or other graphic
markings, the authenticity of whichin dispute or doubt. Although the questioned document examiner is
involvedmostly in the study of paper documents, no of word document may at timesbemisleading when
a message in conveyed on material other than paper. Documents in its fullest meaning refers to any
material which containmarks, symbols or sign either visible or invisible which may presentlyor

ultimately convey a meaning or message to someone. It also means that

anything can possibly be considered as a document as long as it containsanymarkings that are capable of
imparting information. Classes of Questioned Documents

1. Document with questioned signatures. 2. Documents containing alleged

fraudulent alternatives. 3. Holograph documents. 4 Documents questioned as to their age or

date. 5. Documents questioned as to their

materials used in their production. 6. Documents involving type writings and

are investigated or examined for purpose

of determining their source, date whether

or not it contains

fraudulent alterations or substitute page. 7. Genuine documents erroneously or fraudulent attacked. 8.

Document which may identify a person through handwriting. 9 Document containing printing or type
prints.

TWO CATEGORIES OF DOCUMENT

1. Standard Document

Specimen document in which the origin is known, can be proven andcanlegally be used as sample to
compare with other things in questioned. Classes of Standard Document

A. Collected standard- are standards which are written fromday to day inthecourse bus

B. Requested standard -- are these standards written upon request. Dictated Standards

In dictated standards certain points should be taken into considerationsuch as:

1 Text must be carefully selected. Do not dictate document exactly as it for

such will give opportunity for the subject to recall how he/she preparedthequestioned he is the spect to
the case. 2. Dictate the text to the writer and never allow the subject to seethequestioned witings. 3
Dictation must repeat for at least 3 times. This is to give chancefor thesubject to cope with the diction
and not for him to hurry in preparingthestandards. 4. Dictation must be interrupted at an interval so
that the suspect will feel

relax and be able to execute his natural writing. 5. Utilized the same writing instrument and paper as
that of thequestioned. 2. Questioned Document
Document in which an issue has been raised or which is under scrutiny. It

has variety of classes from a simple handwritten form to a more complex formof document which might
contain security features such as paper bill andother

official documents. Factors to be considered in obtaining standards

1 The standards to be collected must be genuine. 2. The standards must be adequate. There is no hard
and fast rule as to fixed number of standards necessaryto constitute sufficiently or adequacy of
standards. Although experienceshow

that at least seven (7) standards usually constitute sufficiently of standards, but

still ten (10) is better than seven (7). 3. The standards must be contemporaneous. Standards for
comparison should relatively contemporary in datesContemporary as used in questioned documents
that are executed at least

within five (5) years before or after the questioned document, 4. The standard must be similar to the
matter under investigationWriting instrument and paper used in the preparation of a document
maysomehow influence in certain degree the quality of the writing. Thus, it will bestrongly advised to
utilize similar writing instrument and paper as that of thequestioned document so as to eliminate the
possible difference brought bythem to the over-all appearance of the writing

5. The standards must be written under normal writing conditions. Conditions of the writer such as
physical mental, emotional andpsychological conditions greatly affect the momentum of his hand in
executingthe writing.The Scientific Examination of Questioned Documents

There are three (3) procedures in document handwriting examination1. Analysis

The questioned and the standard document are analyzed to identifyitscharacteristics, it involves the
observation, measurement and/or determinationof properties. The feature it form (general or
individual) and line quality(whether written in aa natural manner or not). Consistency and onenessof

execution of the disputed writing is also verified. Four important things to consider upon analyziing the
questionedandstandandard writing prior to conducting a comparison process:

a. Determine whether date of execution of questioned and known writingare contemporary. b

Determine the age and physical condition of writer at the timeof

execution of questioned and known writing. C.Determine the lowest and highest level of writing
capability of thewriter

thru .The questioned and known writing. D.Also, determine seperately whether writing were written by
one personand have identifiable (individualistic) are thewritings.

5
2. Comparison

The characteristics of the questioned items are compared against theknown standard. The act of setting
two or more items side by side to weigh their Identifyingqualities. It Implied not only to visual but also a
mental act in whichtheelements of one item are related to the counterpart of the other. Five elements
to be considered in the examination of handwritingcomparisons:

a. General (system of writing) characteristics against individual

characteristics

b. Consistency or inconsistency of individual characteristics i.e, habitual, accidental, temporary or rare. c.

Whether the writing is within the exhibited capability of the writer. d. Whether the individual
characteristics are hidden or not

e. The frequency of recurrence of a certain based on observationcharacteristics. 3. Evaluation

Similarities and/or difference in the compared properties are evaluatedtodetermine which one are
valuable for a conclusion It will depend ontheuniqueness and frequency of the occurrence in the tems.
Writing characteristics or elements is assigned a value based onthefollowing:

1. Degree of consistency with which it occurs throughout the specimens

2. Degree of speed or spontaneity with which it was made;

3. Extent to which it deviates from the prescribed or copy book standards

4. Frequency with which is encountered in writings taken at random; and5. Degree of conspicuousness
of the element in question and others of amoreor less complexity. Common Errors in Rendering a
Conclusion

1. Allowing outside pressure, influence. prejudice, sympathy, or antipathytoeffect a conclusion. 2. Basing

opinion on inadequate amount of disputed on inadequate writings. 3. Inability to property recognized
and evaluate writing characteristics andquality.

Legal Classification of Documents

1 Public Document - a document created, executed or issued by apublicofficial in response to the

exigencies of the public services. E.g.  Birth and death registers of municipalities .  Charge sheet. 
confessions recorded by magistrate u/s . ...  Deposition of witnesses recorded by an officer of the
Court.  Entry in the register of power of attorney kept in the registration office.  sanction to prosecute.
2. Official Document - a document which is issued by a public official intheexercise of the functions of his
office. E.g.  reports.  research reports.  statistical publications.  fact sheets.  handbooks and
manuals.  presidential papers.  budgets.  maps and atlases. 3. Private Document -a deed or
instrument executed by a private personwithout the intervention of a notary public or other person
legally authorizedbywhich documents, some disposition or agreement is proved. E.g. salary slips,
unregistered will, registered sale deed, memorandum, documents kept by post, and telegram office. 4.
Commercial Document- any document defined and regulated by thecodeof commerce. E.g.  Sales
contract

 Pro forma invoice

 Commercial invoice

 Packing list

 Letter of credit

 Certificate of insurance

Care, Handling and Preservation of Documents

The improper or careless handling of a dimputed document can leadtoserious curtment of certain
technical examination. Most frequently thiscondition is brought about by ignorance of the
consequences of mishandling. Just the simple act of removing and replacing a letter in its
enveloperepeatedly can cause noticeable deterioration. An understanding of the factorsinvolves and a
few precautions are actually all that is necessary to deliver adocument to the laboratory in the same
conditions when it was delivered. Protective Envelopes

The most useful and effective protective

covering for a disputed documents is a transparent

plastic envelope. This kind of envelope can usually

be purchased commercially or can easily be made

from sheets of clear plastic to a size sufficient to

accommodate any flat and unfolded papers. With

such a cover the document can be completely examined by witnessesandothers who may have occasion
to refer to it, and at the same timeit isprotected to dirt, wear, and stains occasioned by handling. Thus,
after anextended investigation and triat, will be in virtually the same conditionedaswhen discovered. As
an alternative, a large heavy manila or Kraft envelope or folder canbeused. Again, the document should
be laid at unfolded so as to prevent wear

along d folds. If a non-transparent envelope is used, it should be carefullylabeled both for convenience
and to eliminate unnecessary handling. Thiskindof envelope makes a poor permanent substitute for a
treatment one becauseisnot easily examined, but protection by any sort of envelope
preservesthedocument and reduces the damage. The care, handing and preservation of documents can
be discussedadequately by setting forth certain positive rates of action in the formof "DOs” and listing of
several admonitions in the form of "DONTs”. There is no special
treatment necessary for disputed document that should not be accordedanyimportant paper, but it is
surprising how often a field investigator or someelecomplicates the problem because he has not
observed just ordinarycommonsense rules and precautions.

 Video Links:

 Document Examination (1969):

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cejHqgUvHo0 QUESTIONED DOCUMENT

CATEGORIES&CLASSIFICATION:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YaG94CAZItE Care,Handling and Preservation of Documents:

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nTdPDrEVL58References: Questioned Document Examination:

Dr.LileeGaleon

DOs

1. Keep documents unfolded in protective envelopes. 2. Take disputed papers to the document
examiner's laboratory at thefirst

opportunity. 3. If storage is necessary, keep the document in a dry place away fromexcessive heat and
strong light. DONTs

1. Do not handle disputed papers excessively or carry themin a pocket for along time. 2 Do not mark
disputed documents (either by consciously writing on ar

by painting at them with writing instruments or dividers). 3. Do not mutilate or damage by repeated
refolding, creasing, cutting, tearingOr punching for filing purposes

4. Do not allow anyone except qualified specialists to make chemical or other

tests, do not treat or dust for talent fingerprints before consulting a document

examiner.
M 1 Chapter III FORGERY An act of counterfeiting documents, signatures, with intent to deceiveor derud
Forgery may be prodund by the forger under many processes. It mayefrom the mere writing of the
name without any attempt to resemble thegenesignature, or the more complicated process of
simulation or tracing to producea close resemblance or facsimile of the genuine signature. Legal
Definition of Forgery (Revised Penal Code Art. 169) By giving to a treasury of bank note or any
instrument pirable to bearer or to order mentioned therein, the appearance of a true and genuine
document by erasing, substituting, counterfeiting or atering by any means thiesignuatures letter, words
or sign contained therein. What are the crimes called forgeries? They are: 1. Counterteing the great seal
of the Government of the Philippine Islands, forging the signature or stamp of the Chief Executive.The
penalty reclusionmporal shall be imposed Revised Penal Code Art 161) 2 Counterfeiting coins- Making
and importing and uttering fase coins shall aurier Prison mayor, Prision comeccional in minimumand
medium period with a coresponding fine (RPC 163) 3 Mutilation of coins- importation and Utterance of
mutilatedcoins. The penalty of prision correccional in its minimumperiod and a corresponding fine RPC
104). 4 Forging treasury or bank notes or other documentspayable to bearer, importing, and uttering
such false or forged notesanddocuments shall be punished as follows: M 2 A. By reclusion temporal in its
minimum period and a correspondingfine, if the document which has been falsified, counterfeited, or
alteredisanobligation or security of the (United States) or of the Philippines Islands. B. By prision mayor
in its maximum period and a corresponding fine, it thefalsified or altered document is a circulating note
issued by the bankingassociation duly authorized by law to issue the same. 5. Counterfeit In importing,
and uttering instruments not payable to the bearer - Any person who shall forge, import, or utter, in
connivance with the forger or importers, any instrument payable to order or other document of credit
not payable to bearer shall suffer the penalties of prision correccional in its medium and minimum
periods with a corresponding fine. (RPC 167). 6. Falsification of Legislative documents - The penalty of
prisioncorreccional in its maximum period and a corresponding fine shall be imposedupon any person
who, without proper authority therefore, alters anybill resolution of ordinances enacted or approved or
pending approval by either House of the Legislature nor any provincial board or municipal council.
(RPC170). 7. Falsification by public officer, employee or notary or ecclesiastical minister. (RPC 171) The
penalty of prision mayor and a correspondingfineshall be imposed upon any public officer, employee, or
notary who, takingadvantage of his official position, shall falsify a document by committinganyof the
following acts: a. Counterfeiting or imitating any handwriting, signature, or rubric; b. Causing it to
appear that persons have participated in any act or proceedingwhen they did not in fact so participate A.
Attributing to persons who have participated in an act or proceedingstatements other than in fact made
by them; d. Making untruthful statements in a narration of facts: e Altering true dates: f. Making any
alteration or intercalation in a genuine document which changesits meaning; M 3 g. Issuing in an
authenticated form of a document purporting to be a copyof an original document when no such copy a
statement to, or different from, that of the genuine original; or h. Intercalating any instrument or note
relative to the issuance thereof inaprotocol, registry, or official book. 8. Falsification by private
individuals and use of falsified documents. (RPC 172) - The penalty of prision correccional in its
mediumand maximumperiods and a corresponding fine shall be imposed upon: A. Any private individual
who shall commit any of the falsificationsenumerated in the next preceding article in any public or
officia document or letter of exchange or any other kind of commercial document; andB.Any person
who, to the damage of a third party, or with the intent tousesuch damage, shall in any private document
commit any of the act of falsification enumerated in the next preceding article C.Any person who shall
knowingly introduce in evidence in any judicial proceeding or to the damage of another or who, with the
intent to causesuchdamage, shall use any of the false documents embraced in the next precedingarticle.
9. Falsification of wireless, cable, telegraph and telephone messages, and use of paid falsified messages-
The penalty of prision correccional initsmedium and maximums shall be imposed upon any officer or
employeeof theGoverment or of any private corporation or concem engaged in the serviceof sending or
receiving wireless, cable, telegraph, or telephone messages whoutlers a fictitious wireless, telegraph, or
telephone message of any systemor falsifies the same. (RPC 173). 10. False medical certificates, faise
carificates of merit of service, etc. (RPC 174) - The penalties of arresto mayor in its maximumperiod to
prisioncorreccional in its minimum period with a corresponding fine, shall be Imposed upon: 1. Any
physician or surgeon who, in connection with the practice of hisprofession, shall issue a false certificate;
and 2. Any public officer who shall issue a false certificate of merit or service, goodconduct, or similar
circumstances. M 4 Kinds of forgery 1. Simulated Forgery This type refers to the act of simulation,
copying or imitationof agenuine signature of writing. The forger avails himself of amodel genuine
signature which he placesbefore him in order to copy the same. Oftentimes, the forger undertakes
somepractice before proceeding to do his work simulation or imitation. In other instances, where the
forger could not avail of a genuine signaturefor a model, he merely relies on his recollection of the
pattern of the signaturewhich he may have by virtue of long association with said signature. 2. Traced
Forgery This type, as it implies, is the result of an attempt to transfer to a fraudulent document an exact
facsimile or outline of a genuine signature or writing by some tracing process. It is, therefore, any
fraudulent signature which was executedby actually following the outline of a genuine, signature with
any writinginstrument. Kinds of Tracing Process 1. Carbon Process or Carbon Outline Process - A carbon
paper isinterleaves between the genuine signature (which is placed on top) andthedocument intended
to be forged (which is at the bottom). The outlineof themodel signature is traced with a dry pen or sharp
pointed instrumenwithconsiderable pressure to make a carbon offset on the fraudule document.
Thecarbon outline is at timed passed on as the genuine signature by theforger Other forger will improve
it by reacting the carbon outline with suitableinkstroke before passing the same as genuine. 2.
Indentation process - An indented or canal like outline of the genuinesignature is produced on the
fraudulent document (which is placedat thebottom) by tracing with considerable pressure the outline of
the genuine M 5 signature with a sharp pointed instrument. The indented outline is then directlyinked in
and some instances, first retracted with pencil very lightly beforeit isfinally "inked-in". 3 Projection or
"Transmitted Light process - The fraudulent document isplaced immediately above the genuine
signature. With strong light directedthrough the two sheets of paper either from below or behind, the
outlinewhichis seen thru the upper sheet is then retraced with any suitable writinginstrument. 3. Simple
Forgery This is the type of forgery commonlyknown as "Spurious" signature. Theforger who is
confronted with the absenceof amodel signature will not attempt to producefacsimile of the genuine
signature but merelysigns the same either in his own devise, waysand means of passing the document
for his own personal gain andprofit before the obvious fraud is detected. This is commonly used if
Mictitiouspersons cases and invariably used by the CHECK-THIEF who purloins, endorses and passed
government, corporation or company checks, or whoproduces printed check forms, complete and
endorses themwith fictitioussignatures in order to make them pass as genuine. The determination of the
fraudulent nature of this type of forgery becomesvery elementary the moment standards of the genuine
signature of theindividual whose signature had been forged are obtained. Comparisonwithtwo or more
genuine ones would be enough in arriving at preliminary findings. The underlying principles upon which
identity of two signature or writingsisinterpreted as an indication of forgery is that no two genuine
signatureor writings of the same person will exactly coincide with each other in design, sized and
proportion, that is, the large number of all the rare (separate) eventswill not accidentally coincide if they
are thus combined, then the result maybedue to the design and not the accident and this is especially
true whenthetraced forgery and the model are made up of a number of separated parts, or when a
model and a tracing, or two or more traced forgeries occupy exactlythe same positions on a printed
form. M 6 It is actually impossible to write two signatures precisely alike sothat if such case exists, it can
be concluded that one of them is the model andtheother is the tracing or that both were traced from
the same model. Close similarity of suspected signature to a possible design, sized, proportions and
position, is a suspicious identity especially if the resemblanceis very close and similar to a rubber stamp
impression. Even a traced forgery will NOT BE MATHEMATICALLYEXACTREPRODUCTION of the model or
genuine from which it was traced. Theremay be some divergence due an attempt to improve the model
more or less, or that the outline of the model is not very clear and therefore difficult totraceclosely, or
that divergence in sized or position in undoubtedly intentional inrareinstance). 4.Alterations Change or
alterations, which usually affect the original meaningof documents are made either at the state of
preparation and are already of thedocument when it signed, sealed and witnessed, or fraudulent after
itsexecution. A change that appears should not be readily fraudulent, the alterationsshould be
considered in a through, careful manner to be able to determinewhat the reasonable inference is from
all the facts. It is therefore, necessarytodistinguish which is fraudulent from that which is genuine
alteration. An obvious necessary change in a document often is evidence not of fraudbut of
genuineness. A delicate and partly concealed change may be very suspicious, andtherefore, fraudulent.
Fraudulent changes are naturally made in a hidden manner and they maynever be discovered if special
attention is not directed to this matter. M 7 Video Links:  Enumerate the crimes called Forgeries:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_f5Y4aPTNrQ  Define the kinds of Forgery:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ls043aFau_0  Familiarize the means of
Alteration:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MUtNQHTVYH0 References: Questioned Document
Examination: Dr.Lilee Galeon MEANS (METHODS) OF ALTERATION 1. Erasures The removal of writing,
typewriting or printing from a document. A. Chemical Erasures The writing is effaced by the use of liquid
ink eradicator or other bleachingsolutions. b. Mechanical Erasures The writing is effaced by rubbing - off
with rubber eraser or scrapping- of with sharp metal. 2. Addition Any matter made a part of the
document after its original preparation. 3. Subtraction Any matter rubbed out strike out and/or
scratched out after its original preparation. 4.Interlineations or intercalation The term insertion and
interlineations include the addition of writingandother material between the line or paging or the
addition of whole pagetoadocument, 5. Obliteration Smeared-over-writing with black or opaque
material.
M 1 Chapter IV THE DETECTION OF FORGERY THROUGH HANDWRITINGEXAMINATIONS Handwriting It is
the result of a very complicated series of acts, being on a whole, a combination of certain forms of
visible mental and muscular habits acquired by long continued painstaking effort. The theory upon
which the document expert proceeds is that every time a person writes, he automatically and
subconsciously stamps his individuality in his writing. Through a careful analysis and interpretation of
the individual andclasscharacteristics, it is usually possible to determine whether the
questioneddocument and the standards were written by the same person. The basic principles involved
in the identification of handwriting werewell stated in the early and great text upon the subject.
Questioned Documents, byits famous author, Albert S. Osborn. As the person progress, the matter of
form recedes and the focusof attention is centered on the execution of various letters that it is
theyareactually written instead of drawn. The person attains maturity in writing by repetition and
becomesanunconscious coordinated movement that produces a record. Development of Handwriting
When a person first begins to learn the art of handwriting, penmanshipcopy-book form or blackboard
illustration of the different letters are placedbefore him. His first step is one of imitation only in
processed of drawing, painstaking, slow copying of letters occupies the focus of his attention. M 2
Physiological Basis of Handwriting The impulse to form a letter begins in the brain writing center in
thecortethis center is in the brain areas that control vision, hearing, talking and walkingand it guides the
muscles of the hands they weave through the comple: movements that make the words. Handwriting
Movement Basically there are three (3) different writing movements being employedin the writing by
the different writer. But because of existence of a morelargeor extended type of writing these are
grouped into four: 1. Finger Movement - is mostly employed vertical writing and mainlyinthe formation
of printed styles in writing Letters are formed by the actionsof the thumb, index and the middle finger
This is the movement employedbychildren, or generally by those with whom writing is an unfamiliar
process, it isotherwise called as the push and pull writing. 2. Hand Movement - It involves the action of
the hand as whole withthefingers played but minor role (mainly in the formation of small letters)
andthewrist is the pivotal of the lateral movement. 3. Forearm (or Muscular) Movement - Writing is
produce bythemovement of the hand and an and also fingers in some cases. The elbowisthe pivotal of
the lateral movement. 4. Whole-arm Movement - It involves the action of the entire armwithout rest
and is employed in very large in writing.Omamental penmanship, blackboard writing, and by few writers
making all the capital letters are someof this writing movement is being employed. The following are the
general classification of writing movements: 1. Clumsy, illiterate and halting 2. Hesitating and painful
through weakness or disease 3. Nervous and irregular 4. Strong, heavy and forceful 5. Smooth flowing
and rapid Class Characteristics These are those characteristics or features that are taught to
thechildwhen he/she is best stating to leam the system of writing. These refer tothe M 3 style of
handwriting that varies from place and time. These are the Angular andthe Rounded System. The
Angular system is the one taught in the early years of the studentsstudy and later as they move to the
higher level of learning, they were trainedalready to adopt the Rounded System. The Two Basic Designs
of Letter Forms Round System Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Angular System Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii
Jj Kk Examples of Class Characteristics 1. Copy Book Form A．a．B．b．C．c．D．d． 2. Usual
Systematic Slant Bread and Butter 3. Conventional Spacing Guns and Roses Individual Characteristics
These are usually in a form of an obvious deviations fromthe normal practice, which causes by either
consciously or unconsciously althoughmuchoften by a conscious desire to man to give his writing a
marked of uniquenessor individuality. An individual characteristic in handwriting may be the survival of
anerror overlooked by the teacher when writing was learned. There are writers whomake certain letters
the wrong way around because they never were corrected. With the most careful teaching it is
impossible, even if it is desirable to makeall children write alike. Another one of the fruitful sources of
various individual qualified in handwriting is the conscious or qualities in handwritingonunconscious
influence if the writing of other that we frequently see. M 4 Individual or personal characteristics are
introduced into the handwriting. consciously or unconsciously by the writer. They are highly personal or
peculiar and are unlikely to occur in other instances. This individual characteristics are acquired either by
1. Outgrowth of definite teaching 2. Result of imitation 3 Accidental condition or circumstances 4.
Expression of certain mental and physical traits of the writer as affectedbyeducation, by environment
and by occupation. Example of Individual Characteristics 1. Hook to the right and hook to the left 2.
Shape,position,size and angle or “I” dots and “t” crossing 3. Idiosyncracies 4. Bulbs and distinctive initial
and final pressure 5. Embellishments,added strokes and free movement 6. Abbreviation of letters 7.
Simple and compound curves and graceful endings 8. Labored movement producing ragged lines 9.
Terminal shadings and forceful endings 10. Presence of and influence of foreign handwriting ,I.e. the
introductionof Greek”e”. Recognition of Writing Characteristics 1. LINE QUALITY Do the lines flow or are
they shaky and irregular? This can indicate the speedof the writing. Prolonged writing can hint at
someone copying the handwritingof another or trying to alter their own in some other way. 2. WORD
AND LETTER SPACING Are the letters and words equally spaced out, or are they bunched together?Or, is
there seemingly no pattern to the spacing? 3. SIZE CONSISTENCY Is the ratio of height to width
consistent in each letter? M 5 4. PEN LIFTS Does the writer lift the pen from the paper or is the writing
continuous? Excessive pen lifts can hint at simulation — someone deliberately alteringtheir natural
handwriting or copying that of another. 5. CONNECTING STROKES Are uppercase and lowercase letters
connected and continuous? 6. LETTERS COMPLETE Are the letters fully formed, or are parts missing? 7.
CURSIVE AND PRINTED LETTERS Are the letters cursive, printed, or a combination of both? 8. PEN
PRESSURE Is the pen pressure equal for upward and downward strokes? When is thepressure applied?
9. SLANT Do the letters slant to the left or the right, or does this vary? 10. BASELINE HABITS Is the writing
on the baseline of the paper, above the line, or belowthe line?11. FLOURISHES AND EMBELLISHMENTS
Are there any fancy curls, loops or anything else unusual in the writing?12. DIACRITIC PLACEMENT
Where are the crosses on t’s and dots on i’s? Are the t’s crossed? Is thecrosson the t at the top, middle
or bottom of the letter? Are the I’s dotted? If so, arethey dotted to the left, the centre, or the right of the
I? It is worth noting that a person may form a letter differently depending onwhere it appears in a word.
Analysts like to find an example of each in thewriting they are viewing. Other things to be considered are
spelling, phrasing and grammar. M 6 While investigating and comparing each of the above categories,
the analysersalso need to consider the following. Factors that can result in changes to a person’s
handwriting:  Age  Mood  How much time they have to write  The writing instrument used 
Drink and drugs  Illness  Trying to write differently. Elements of Forms in Writing: 1. Arc – the
rounded inner part of an upper curve, bend or crook, 2. Beard – is an introductory up and down strokes
found in some capital letters. Also called as double hitch. 3. Blunt – is a part of a stroke characterized by
a abrupt beginning or endat which the pen does not creates a diminishing strokes. 4. Buckle Knot is a
horizontal or loop strokes used to complete letters A, H, Fand D. 5. Central Part – is the body of the
letter. Characterized by a small roundedor circular strokes. 6. Ductus-link, Ductus-broken- refers to the
connection between letters, either joined or disconnected. 7. Eyelet/ eyeloop – refers to small oblong
strokes. 8. Hitch – an introductory backward strokes found in most capital letters andin some small
letters. 9. Hiatus = an obvious gap between letters. 10.Humps – is the outer portion of an upper curve
bend or crook, (see arc) 11.Knob – is a tiny pool of an ink at the beginning or ending strokes. 12.Loop – is
an oblong strokes 13.Stem/shank/staff – is considered as the backbone of the letter characterized by a
long downward strokes 14.Initial/terminal Spur – a long running initial or terminal strokes. 15.Through –
refers to any garland form of a letter strokes 16.Whirl – is the long upward strokes usually found
opposite the stem M 7 Difference between Class Characteristics from Individual CharacteristicsAll
factors that identify handwriting fall into general and somewhat overlapping group-class ad
characteristics. Class characteristics, is thenameplies are those common to a number of writers and may
result fromsuchinfluences as the writing system studied, family associations, trade trainingand
education Individual characteristics are more or less peculiar to a specificwriter. Class characteristics of
course, have little weight in identifying awriter, as it can readily be seen that there are others with these
same writingtraitsThe most common error of the unqualified examiner is to describe an unusual
characteristic as being individual when in fact it merely belongs to a writingsystem outside the sphere of
his experience. Individual characteristic ontheother hand, constitute the backbone of an identification
but two specimensof writing were not prepared by the same writer this can be established
throughsignificant differences either individual or class characteristics. Writing Variation The identication
of an unknown. writing depends on the similanty betweenthe writing habits mandest in the standards
those specimens known tohavebeen winter by a particular person. No two samples of writing
preparedbanyone are identical in every detail, since variation is an integral part of natural writing. The
amount and kind of variation differs among writers and its wayforms an important elements in the
identification. With some it is slight andoccurs only in details, with other it covers a rather wide range.
Variation is due principally to the lack of machine like precisioninthehuman body, but it is also
accentuated by external factors, such as writingposition writing instrument, and care of execution
Writing variation is also influenced by physical and mental conditions, suchas fatigue, intoxication, drug
use, illness, and nervousness. These several factors produce a varying degree of deterioration in the
quality of writingcommensurable in its degree with the intensity of the cause. Variation does not
preclude identification of the writing. In fact, variationaround the basic qualities of the handwriting
forms an additional factor that serves to personalize and identify writing Thus, handwriting can bemost
M 8 accurately identified when the standards and questioned specimens werewritten under comparable
specimens. Examination Handwriting Characteristics 1. Examine the spacing between and Use ruler to
measure typical spacing. 2. Examine the relative height, width and of Use ruler to
measurethiscomparison. 3. Examine and Some letters and combinations will be continuous whileothers
may not be connected. Look at the beginning and ending strokes of andletters and connecting strokes.
4. Are there unusual letters formations such as loops and or a of cursiveandprinting?Is there any of
letters due uneven pressure applied in writing? 5. Examine the slant of the letters. Do they slant left,
right, or not at all?Arethe slant consistent throughout the writing sample? Measure the angles of
theslant using a protractor. 6. Examine the baseline Are those and on the baseline or are they aboveor
below? A ruler will be helpful in determining this. 7. Look for the flourishes and embellishments. Are
they unusual lettersformation? 8. Look at the placement of diacritics. Are the I’S dotted and t’s crossed?
Individuals tends to dot is and cross in unique fashion. Signature It is the name of a person written by
himself in a document as signof acknowledgement. Two kinds of Signature 1. Conventional Signature 2.
Highly Individualized Signature Examination of Signature thru MLSAPS M-Movement L-Line quality S-
Slant A- Alignment P-Proportion and Ratio S-Stroke Structure Movement M 9 An important element of
handwriting which embraces all the factors relatedto the moton of the writing instrument such as skill,
speed, rhythm, the manner in which the writing instrument is moved. Quality of Movement a. Clumsy,
illiterate and halting b. Strong, heavy and forceful c. Smooth flowing and continuous Speed of
Movement a. Slow and drawn b. Average C. Rapid or fast Line Quality A visible in a written stroke of the
basic movement, the manner of holdingthe writing instrument, is derived from a combination of factors
includingspeed, skill, rhythm, freedom of movement, pen position, etc. Classification: 1. Poor line quality
2. Good line quality Slant The angle of inclination of the axis of letter relatives to the baseline Kinds of
Slant: 1. Slant to the right 2. Vertical slant 3. Slant to the left Alignment Relation of parts of the whole
line of writing or line of individual lettersinwords to the baseline. Examination of Alignment: 1.
Alignment of writing as a whole 2. Alignment of letters in the word Proportion or Ratio The relation to
the tall and the small letter. Things to consider in regards to proportion such as: 1. Height M 10 2
Spacing 3. Size of letters Stroke Structure Series of line and curves within a single letters such as: 1. Initial
stroke 2 Connecting stroke 3. Terminal stroke Characteristics of Genuine Signatures 1. Degree of skill -
genuine signature even of showing tremors will showsometree-connecting and terminal strokes. 2.
Firmness of strokes -in genuine signature hesitation and pen-stops areonnatural places 3. Habitual
Speed of Writing - even in slow and unskillful signatures, thereisconsistency in speed. 4.Fundamental
Muscular Movement - in genuine signature the upwardstrokes show more smoothness and freedom
than the downward strokes. 5. Pattem of shading and emphasis 6 Presence of Natural Variations - as no
two signatures of an individual areexactly alike. 7. Coordination, continuity and rhythm, 8. Carelessness
Indication or "Symptoms" of Forgery 1. Non-continues strokes 2 Hesitations, pen-stops at unusual places
3. Abrupt changes of direction of lines or strokes 4. Concealed or hidden joining 5. Bulbous or blunt
initial and terminal strokes 6. Shading in more than one direction (frequent charge of pen hold) 7. Lack
variation of pen pressure. 8 Capricious change of slant. 9. Defective line quality - stilted, drawn quility,
devoid of free, natural, normal writing movements. 10 Unnecessary care patching or retouching
(fraudulent retouching) 11. Unnatural pen-lifts M 11 Video Links:  Enumerate the general classification
of Handwriting movement: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGv_Z1uFrXs  :Differentiate the
individual and class characteristics: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LoD8ZUZG1Bo  Familiarize the
examination of handwriting characteristics: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZRnt4IjlN38 
References: Questioned Document Examination: Dr.Lilee Galeon 12. Tremor 13. Pressure of carbon,
pencil or hindered outlines along the strokes of “inked" patterns. Guidelines in Signature Examination 1.
Place he questioned and the standard documents in juxta-position(sideyside) in simultaneous viewing of
the various elements and characteristics. 2 The fintment to be considered is the movement employed or
manner of secution (clow, Jeliberate, rapid, etc.) The utmost existing difference betweena genuine
signature and a forgery is in the manner of execution. 3. Another element to consider is the quality of
line presence of tremors, smooth fluent or hesitant. Defect in line quality is only
appreciatedwhensimultaneous viewing is made. 4. Examine the beginning and ending lines, they are
very significant Determinewhether the appearance is vanishing. 5. Check the design and structure of the
letter. Determine the roundnesssmoothness, angularity and direction. Each individual has his own
manner inwriting. 6. Look for the presence of retouching or patching. 7. Examine the connecting stroke,
slant, ratio, lateral spacing 8 Do not rely so much in the similarity or difference of the capital letters, for
these are often changed according to the whim of the writer.
M 1 Chapter V BASIC RULES GOVERNING THE INDIVIDUALITY HANDWRITINGRule 1- Each mature writer
handwriting that personal and individual tohimalone. This is the basis handwriting identification. Early
workers field, pioneeredscientific identification writing, assumed writers write exactly same. Corollary 1.
Every individual's handwriting undergoes gradual changes courseof his life. Modification changes come
individual's handwriting during different instances they very gradual there certain periods which these
modificationsappear more rapidly than others Early maturity is one such period. Corollary 2. The gradual
changes handwriting that occur during person'slifetime while following general patterns individual each
other. Writing is a skill. The pen or any other writing instrument functions asanextension of the hard.
The directive impulse and variations muscular tensionare according to the nature of writers. Each writer
has hand manipulatingthepen and the exerting pressure, the same pen in different hands will
produceentirely different strokes. Rule 2- Deterioration of an individual's writing due to any cause
affects writingpriorities and is not confined to change of one or two elements. Deterioration writing
results from accurate coordination complicated, interrelated factors which go into the writing process.
Thus one wouldnot expect only one two identifying characteristics to be altered. Corollary 1. An
individual's handwriting may deteriorate very rapidlyduesharp physical decline from either severe illness
or old age. Physical conditions brought about by severe illness may also apply oldage. Those older
writers who have suffered general physical deterioration areveryapt write less vigor and skill. M 2
Transitory change may be injected into handwriting by temporary physical and mental conditions such
as fatigue, nervous tension, and intoxicationsevere illness, from which the writer ultimately recovers.
Rule 3- A writer cannot exceed his maximum writing ability skill without effort and training applied over
period of time. Good handwriting developed by combination manual skill and serious, continued
practiced and training. The skill with which executed depends uponthe extent of his formal writing
training. Handwriting may decline sharplybut under no conditions can there be sudden surge above
writer's highest level of achievement. Rule 4-Attempted disguised leads to an inferior never better
qualityof handwriting. Disguised handwriting for the most part completely unpracticed andevenhas
been practiced, never developed into the point that the person's writingability and habits are found
bring about less fluent and less skillful modeof writing. Corollary 1. lack of uniformity execution and
form, especially the extendedspecimen of handwriting typical disguised. Corollary 2. Uniformity of
writing qualities an extended specimenof handwriting an indicator of lack of disguise. A crude, unskilful,
non-uniform writing may suggest disguise, but it Acanbe the work as a semi-literate individual, until
known specimen aremadeavailable. As a general rule, the semi-skilled writer struggles
theentirespecimen. While a writer disguising may occasionally insert free andskillful strokes. Disguised
writings may contain writing pulsations of higher skill. Rule 5-Writing variation is an essential property of
everyone's handwriting. Corollary 1. The degree of variation in writing tends to increase withmorerapid
and less careful execution. Corollary 2. Variation in handwriting is related to the conditions under
whichit was prepared. The writing position and surrounding conditions may have a sharpeffect upon the
amount of variation between two specimens of handwriting. If one M 3 was prepared under normal
writing conditions and the second under lessfavorable circumstances, under variations between them
are to be expectedthan if both were executed under normal circumstances. Corollary 3. The purpose for
which writings were intended may govemthedegree of variation in them. In general, lack of care and
undue haste are a mark of informal andimpromptu writing. On the other hand important papers may be
preparedwithgreater care. A mark of the former class of writing is a lack of precisenessof the later,
higher uniformity. Both of these are assured within the frameworkof the individual writer concerned.
Thus, the intended use of the writing mayof itself introduce divergences. PRINCIPLES OF HANDWRITING
IDENTIFICATIONRule 1 - The individuality of handwriting is the basis of all identifications. Rule 2 -
Handwriting is identified by the combination of all its attributesonqualities, including both those derived
from the writing movement andthoserelated form. Despite writing individuality, there are common
qualities to many writingsThese arise from a number of factors. The most common cause, of course, if
the writing system family tend to write somewhat like, undoubtedly duetoimitation as well as to similar
writing background. Certain types of individualityin writing develop in a number of persons writing - for
example, the common'a' and 'o" which while helping to individualized a writing may not be
absolutelyunique tone writer. Thus, the individuality in hand writing which is peculiar toeach and every
person is actually a unique combinations of forms andwritingqualities rather than one or two highly
distinctive identifying elements. Every element of writing, therefore, serves as part of the
ultimateidentification, and a sound scientific conclusion that two specimens arebyasingle writer which
cannot be based on only one or two specimens andbyasingle writer and cannot be based on only one or
two points of agreement of course, the writing properties which are most personal have the greatest
identifying value, but all others both personal and group characteristics alsocontribute to the ultimate
conclusion. M 4 The elements of movement such as skills, speed, rhythm, writing pressure, emphasis
and shading, location and quality of starts and stops, pen lifts, andthe like are reflected in the finished
specimen. It is the combination of theseand other elements which described the fundamental writing
movement. It maybe possible from a study of the writing to describe howthe writingwas executed, that
is by finger movement or arm movement, but this isnot always true. It is possible, however, to
distinguish between well-developedmovement as opposed to the rugged type of execution or the
writing of amoreprimitive nature which is typical of the near illiterate. Corollary 2. A particular writing
instrument may not fully reflect all of thequalities of writing movement. The various elements which
make up writing movement are not alwaysreflected in the specimens prepared with some classes of
writing instrumentsFor example, variation in pen emphasis as shading with a flexible pen, but most of
this is lost when the writing is performed with a stiff pen. By thesametoken, pencils and ballpens fail to
portray certain basic elements of howthewriting was executed, for example, pen position, which maybe
clearlydisclosed when the writer uses a relatively flexible nip pen. If one specimenof writing fails to show
certain writing qualities because of the instrument usedand another thus disclose these qualities, does
not mean that we are dealingwith a significant writer. The examiner must carefully determine the kindof
writing instrument used in each specimen and with his knowledge evaluateapparent differences of this
nature Rule 3 - Writing standards are necessary to establish the individual's normawriting habits and to
show the degree of variation common to his writing. This rule actually defines adequate and proper
standards. Unless theycompletely fulfill these conditions their usefulness in any examination is limitedIn
fact standards which do not comply with these requirements may incertai instances lead to erroneous
conclusions, especially in the elimination of awritewho actually prepared the specimen in question.
Corollary 1. The best standards include writings which was preparedfor comparable purpose and under
similar writing condition to the matter undinvestigation. M 5 With standards consisting of a relatively
small sample of person's t writings, it is well to select them carefully. Statistical studies have shown that
asmall sample properly selected and controlled may give much more accurate pictureis one of selection
and control. Thus, in selecting writing standardsall influencing factors should be kept as much as those
of the questioned material as possible, This means that writings with similar writing instruments
preparedunder comparable conditions or about the same time should be sought. It doesnot mean
however that writing which was prepared for very different purposesmay not permit an accurate
iddentification.If the two writings contain thesameidentifying elemetns, then certainly identification is
valid. It does not mean, however,that the best procedure is to seek writing prepared for similar
purposes, as experienced,has shown that this writing generally leads tothebest identification and
requires for less interpretation by the expertss. Rule 4- A specimen of writing not written by particular
person if all itsidentifying elements are a part of his handwriting, and furthermore arethevariations
within its specimen falls within his range of writing variation. Rule 5- Converse, a specimen of writing
was not written by a particular personif there exists significant difference between its identifying
elements andthoseof suspected writer. In identifying the writer of the unknown material, the standard
must containall of the identifying elements present in the questioned specimen. Theseelements include
personal writing habits, the manner of execution, andthequality and extent of variation. The known
writing may contain elementsnot found in the unknown.If these elements are or unusual characteristics
of thewriter, or the unknown material is very limited, their occurence doesnot necessarily invalidate the
identifications. With longer questioned specimensprepared by the same writer and under similar
conditions to the standardsnot only should the same combination of identifying characteristics be
expectedalso those personal writing attributes should occur in somewhat frequencyinboth specimens.
Difference between the known and unknown writing became significant due to their clearly
fundamental nature or to the repeated occurrences of thesame small, unconscious elements. It is then
that the converse rulo governs, and the writings are by different writers. Fundamental differences must
be M 6 Video Links:  Familiarize the Rules Governing the Individualityof handwriting:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-t97HJvr9K0&t=136s  Analyze the Principles of Handwriting
examination:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xoP_gbxs-MI  Introduction to forensic handwriting
examination: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cq2UOpAA References: Questioned Document
Examination: Dr.LileeGaleon clearly distinguished from variables which are a part of every
writer'shandwriting. Thus the identification of the writing involves certain pointsof judgment as to
whether an apparent difference is really fundamental or isavariable or was introduced purely by chance.
Fortunately, in the vast majorityof questions, non identity is established by the presence of not one, but
anumber of significant basic differences.

M 1 Chapter VI EXAMINATION OF TYPEWRITING Another class of questioned documents which requires

a different approach, is that of documents containing typewriting and typescript.Withtheexistence of
various machine, many of the documents being submittedinthequestioned document laboratory
involves typescript. Its scientific examinationmay lead towards the determination of its origin, age and
sometimes eventheidentity of the typist. Different typewriters are now manufactured in many
highlyindustrialized countries with certain varieties in formand mechanical construction and even in
electronic form such as the IBM electric typewriters. Aconventional typewriter may be looked as very
simple machine with simpleoperation, but looking closely on the way its pieces of
mechanismworksthetypist will find it a bit complex still it takes interlocking keys before the machinewill
fully work for its purposes. Before the typist starts his work, therearecertain adjustments or pre
arrangement to be made in order to come upwithdesired results. It only means to say that in a number
of words sentenceor paragraph that a typist has typewritten in sheet of paper involves a number of
motivated working parts. At present problems relating to typewriting and typescript
becomingmorecomplicated due to advancement in technology such as the use of computers, printers,
scanners. In some advanced country, one of the latest crimes, whichinvolves machination is the spread
of cyber crime. Through computersmicrochips, scanners and other modern machine accounts are
beingtransferred from one account number to another Brief Historical dates on the Development of
Typewriter M 2 January 7. 1714 - is the first recorder attempt to invent typewriter foundintheboard of
the British patent office, granted by her majesty Queen Anne, toHenry Mill, an English engineer. 1827 -
The first United States patent for a mechanical writing machinewasissued to William A. Burt of Detroit,
Michigan. 1867 - Christopher Latham Sholes developed the sholes glided andsoletypewriter patented on
Juna 23, 1568, it mechanically impressed theupper cased letter for the alphabet into piece of paper. It
may be viewedat theSmithsonian Institute, Washington, D.C. Match 1. 1873- Sholes antered into
contract with the Remington Arms WordLion New York to produce tHe sholed Gladder and Scult
typewriter. 1874 - Model no 1 of the Remington typewriter become available to the public. 1978 -
Remington model no. 2 which first wrote both upper and lower casedletters were introduced Important
Terms in Connection with Typewriting 1. Typeface - it is the printing surface of the type block 2 Typeface
defect-any peculiarity of the typewriting caused the actual damage to the typeface metal which may be
actual break in the outline of the letters. 2. Characters - in connection with typewriting, is used to
include letters, symbols, numerals o point of functions. 4 Pica Type Face- typeface impression ordinarily
spaced ten (10) characters to the horizontal pitch. 5 Elite Type Face - typeface impression ordinary
spaced between twelve(12) characters to the horizontal pitch. 6.Proportional Spacing Machine- a
typewriter with type letter spacing similar to the type spacing of conventional printed in which all
lettersareallotted horizontal in conformity with their relative widths. M 3 7. Transitory Defects- is an
identifying typewriter characteristics, whichcanbe eliminated by cleaning the machine or replacing the
ribbon. 8 Permanent Defects - any identifying defects of typewriting characteristicson typeface which is
permanents even after cleaning of replacingthetypewriting ribbon. Rule in Typewriting Identification
Two specimens of typewriting are the works of a single typewriter if all type- size, design, and the
spacing are same in the two documents and if thereisaunique combination of defective character and no
significant differenceincommon between the sets of specimen. Principal Techniques Utilized in
Typewriting Identification The principal techniques utilized in comparing a questioned typewritingwith
known typewriting on their proper sequence are the following: 1. Measure the type pitch Letter spacing
in majority of typewriters has been traditionally madeeither in 1/12 inch (Elite type face pitch) and 1/10
inch (Pica type face pitch) incertainutries, type sizes have been designs in various metric systemsuch as
inthecase of elite spacing it is only limited in 1/12 inch it is likewise express in2.12mm, 200, 220, 2.23,
2.25, and 2.30 mm while in pica spacing includes 2.50and 2.60 mm in addition to 2,54 mm which is the
equivalent of 1/10 inchtheidentification of type measurements would greatly help the investigator
insearch of the probable instrument to look for. This technique would lessenthesearch for the probable
instruments despite the existence of modernequipments. Most of the typewriter designed for
commercial use largelyinaform of manual or conventional type, where type characters are
formwithuseof a type bar or type metal bar, which carries the designs of the character. Thisbecomes
prevalence up to the mid of the 20 century. In 1939 a different type of typewriter mechanism was
introduced bytheIBM Company which was called the Proportional spacing machine andwhichare known
in the market as executive typewriter. This type of typewriter usuallydesigned to make typescript with
1/32, 1/36 or 1/45 in spacing This typemachine was largely manufactured in United States by Remington
andOlive(Underwood) Companies Through the combination of letter spacing andlett design, makes and
model of typewriter can be determined. M 4 2. Verify the Size and Design The determination of the size
and designs of typefaces is an accura meansin determining the make and model of a typewriter
especially in deal withdomestic machines. Actually, in determining the make and model of typewriter
what is necessary is to have a complete reference collect containingthevarious changes in typeface
designs by different manufacturer, a randomsearch for a particular specimen in such a file might entail
unnecessa lossof time. Such determination of the make and model will lessen the burde andthetime
element necessary in looking into the probable typewriter for whichaquestioned typewriting was
typewritten. This is true especially when t makeand the model were properly identified. 3. Look for
individual typeface defects Just like any other instruments such as firearms or tools for
constructiontypewriters are also identified not on the general resemblance of their product bu on the
imperfection or defects that it bears. General similarities might onlyserve to determine possibilities but
for more accurate identificationof questioned writing, a number of similarities of individual defects are
necessary. After the determination of the make and model of the typewriter the next thingfor the
document examiner should look for are the individual typeface defects. Through individual defects,
typewriter in questions will finally be determinedasto what particular typewriter it was typewritten
Listed below are the various following individual typeface defects that mayappear in solely or in
combination with other defects. Similarity of typefacepitch limits the search for the examiner in
determining the class of typewriter used in printing the questioned typescript, letter size and designed
lookfor individual typeface defects. 1. Vertical Mal-alignment A character printing above or below its
proper position is verticalalignment. 2. Horizontal Mal-alignment An alignment defect in which the
character prints to the right or left initsproper position. 3. Twisted Letter M 5 Letter and character is
designed to print a certain sized angle tothebaseline due to wear and damage to the type bars and the
type block someletters become twisted so that they lean to the right or left of their correct slant. 4. Off-
its-Feet The condition of a type printing is heavier on one side or corner theremainder of its outline. 5.
Rebound Typeface defect in which a character prints a double impression withthelighter one slightly off-
set to the rig. it or left. 6. Actual Breakage Any peculiarity of typewriter caused by actual damage to the
typefacemetal which maybe breakage in the line of the letters. 7. Clogged The typeface became filled
with dirt and ink. Particularly in encloseletterssuch a small letter o, e, and g. NINE POINTS THAT MAY BE
INVOLVE IN QUESTIONED TYPEWRITING1. That as ascertaining the exact date of such typewriting, 2.
Whether every line of the document was written at one time, 3. Whether the various lines of the
document were written at different timebythe same machine. 4. Whether the document was written at
different times several machines. 5. Whether spurious typewritten pages have been added to the
original document. 6. Whether interlineations have been added to the original document, 7. Whether
additional words of sentences have been written at the end of theParagraph. 8. Whether the entire
document was written by one machine. 9. Whether the document was written by a particular suspected
typewriter. PRINCIPAL TYPEWRITING QUESTIONS THAT MAY BE RESOLVEDINTYPEWRITING
EXAMINATIONS 1. To determine whether an evidence typewriting was accomplishedonasuspected
typewriter. 2. To determine whether an evidential typewriting prepared as a knowntypewriter was
actually typewritten on its purported date. M 6 3. To determine whether all typewriting was prepared by
a suspected typist. 4. To determine the make or brand of typewriter on which a questionedtypewriting
was prepared. Points to be considered in Standards of Typewriting: 1. Include all words and characters
used in the questioned documents: a. Use the same wordings as the questioned document if possible; b.
Employ different degree of pressure and speed; c. Utilized the same or similar quality of paper, and d.
Make no machine adjustment or ribbon change until at least several standards are completed then
prepares more. 2. Each sheet should contain data on make, model, serial number of machineand initials
or signature of investigators. 3. Submit typewriter's ribbon if it has not been change since the
questioneddocument was typed. The Examination of Typewritten Documents 1. To determine if the
document is an original. 2. Establishe that the document is typewritten, and not the product of
someother sort of printed device. 3. Determine the type of mechanism (eg type bar, single element
ball,printedwheel) if possible. 4 Determine horizontal spacing (252mm, 220mm): single, dual or
multipleescapements). 5. Determine size of characters (eg pica, elite, micro elite). 6. Determine the
characteristics of type (eg bold type. justified margins) 7. Determine type of ribbon (eg. fabric, carbon
film permanent). 8. Determine the consistency of typewriting throughout the document andneote any
possible interlineations. 9. Conduct microscopic examination of the typescript for identifying (individual)
characteristics (e.g. charter abnormalities/ defects,misalignment of characters). M 7 Video Links: 
Familiar to the important terms in connectionwithTypewriting: https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=CF9_E3MOFww Standard Documents:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W_zRcwexsdM  Define
the Examination of Typewritten Documents: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T4qm5JIRdPE&t=159s
References: Questioned Document Examination: Dr.Lilee Galeon

M 1 Chapter VII IDENTIFICATION OF COMPUTER PRINT-OUTS Problems involving the work of high-speed
computer printers have enteredinto questioned document cases. However, the extensive and
expandinguseof computers presents potential problems involving the questioned document examiner.
Computer refers to any single or interconnected device or apparatus, which by electronic, electro-
mechanical or magnetic impulse, or by other means with the same function can receive record,
transmit, store, process, correlate, retrieve and/ or produce information, data, text, graphics, figuresor
other modes of expression. Printers A printer is a peripheral which produces a hard copy (permanent
humanreadable text and/ or graphics) of documents stored in electronic form, usuallyon physical print
media such as paper are primarily used as local peripheral, and are attached by a printer cable or, in
most newer printers, a Universal Serial Bus (USB) cable to a computer which serves as a document
source. Most people have used printer at some stage for printing documentsfeware aware of how
works. Printed documents are arguably the best way tosavedata. There are two types of basic printers
Impact and Non-impact. Impact printers, as the very name implies means that the printingmechanism
touches the paper for creating an image. Impact printers wereused in early 70s and 80s. In Dot Matrix
printers a series of small pins is usetostrike on a ribbon coated with ink to transfer the image on the
paper. Other Impact Printers like Character printers are basically computerizedtypewriters. They have a
series of bars or a ball with actual characters onthem. which strike on the ink ribbon to transfer the
characters on the paper. At atime M 2 only one character can be printed Daisy Wheel printers use a
plastic or metal wheel. These types of printers have limited usage though because they areedto printing
only characters or one type of front and not the graphics. There are Line printers where a chain of
characters or pins, print anentireAne, which makes them pretty fast, but the print quality is not sogood.
Thermal printers are nothing but printers used in calculators and fax machines. They are inexpensive to
use. Thermal printers work by pushing heatedpinsagainst special heat sensitive paper. More efficient
and advanced printers have come out now which usenewnon impact Technology. Non - impact printers
are those where the printingmechanism does not come into the contact of paper at all. This makes
themquieter in operation in comparison to the impact printers. In mid 1980s Inkjet printers were
introduced. These have been themost widely used and popular printers so far. Color printing got
revolutionizedafter inkjet printers were invented. An inkjet printer's head had tiny nozzles, whichplace
extremely tiny droplets of ink on the paper to create an image. Thesedots are so small that even the
diameter of human hair is bigger. Thesedotsare placed precisely and can be up to the resolution of 1440
c 720 per inch. Different combinations of ink cartridges can be used for these printers. How an Inkjet
Printer Works The print head in this printer scans the page horizontally back and forthandanother motor
assembly rolis the paper vertically in strips and thus a stripisprinted at a time. Only half a second is taken
to print a strip. Inkjet printerswere very popular because of their ability to color print. Most
inkjetsuseThermal Technology. Plain copier paper can be used in these printers unlikethermal paper
used for fax machines. Heat is used to fire ink onto thepaper through the print head. Some print heads
can have up to 300 nozzles, heat resistant and water based ink is used for these printers. How Laser
Printer works The latest fastest printers are Laser Printers. They use the prcipal of staticelectricity for
printing it as in photocopiers. The principle of static electricityisthat it can be built on an insulatedd
object. Oppositely charged atomsof objects are attractede to each other and cling together. For
exaple,piecesof M 3 nylon material clinging to your body,of the static you get after brushinghair.Alaser
printer usess this same principle to glue ink on the paper. Unlike the printer before,Laser printer use
toner,electricity and heat tocreate an image on the paper.Toner is dry ink.It contains color
andplasticparticles.The toner passes through the fuser computer resulting bindstoany type paper.
Printing with laser printers is fast and no smudge andthequality is excellent because of the high
resolution that it can achievewith300 dots per inch to almost 1200 dpi at the higher end. Basic
components of laser printer are fuser, photoreceptor drumassembly, roller, laser scanning toner
hopper, corona wire and discharge lamp.Thelaser beam creates an image on the drum and wherever
hits, changes the electrical charge like positive or negative. The drum then rolled on the toner. Toner
ispicked up by charged portion of the drum and gets transferred to thepaper after passing through
thefuser. Fuser heats up the paper amalgamate inkandplastic in toner to create an image. Laser printers
are called "page becauseentire page is transferred to the drum before printing. Any type of paper
canbeused in these printers. Laser printers popularized DTP or Desk Top Publishingfor it can print any
number of fonts and any graphics Photocopier, Printer and Fax Examinations The emergence of digital
technology, document examiners are confrontedwith new array machines capable of creating
documents subject to alterationfraudulent use. In the case of fax machines and computer printers
examiner may be called on to identify the make and model of a machine that may havebeen used in
printing a document. The examiner may be called on to comparea questioned document with test
samples printed from a suspect machine. Typically the examiner will generate approximately 10 samples
througheachmachine to obtain a sufficient representation of a photocopier's characters. Aside-by-side
companson is then made between the questioned document andthe printed exemplars to compare
markings produced by the machine. Transitory defects mark originating from the random formation of
debrisonme glass platen, inner cover, or mechanical portions of a copier themselvesproduce images.
These images are often irregularly shaped and sometimes M 4 form distinctive patterns. Thus, they
become points of comparison asthedocument to suspect copiers. In analyzing computer print-outs and
faxes, examiners use thesameapproach for comparing the markings on a questioned document to
exemplarsdocuments gathered by a suspect machine. These markings includeall possible transitory
patterns arising from debris and other extraneous materials: Interestingly, fax machines contain a
header known as the transmittingterminal identifier (TTI) that can be read on top of each fax page. For
thedocument examiner, the TTI serves a very important point of comparison. Theheader and the
documents text should have different type of styles. TTi'scanbe fraudulently prepared and placed in the
appropriate position on a fax copy. However, a microscopic examination of the TTI's print quickly
revealssignificant characteristics that distinguish it from a genuine TTI. In determining the fax machine's
model type, the examiner most oftenbegins by analyzing the TTI- type style. The fonts of that line are
determinedby the sending machine. The number of characters, their style, andtheir position in the
headers are best evaluated through a collection of TTI fontsorganized into a useful database. In case
where the suspect machine is not available, the examiner maybecalled on to analyze the document's
class characteristics in order to identifyamake and model of the machine. It is important to identify the
printingtechnology, the type of paper, the type of toner or ink used the chemical composition of the
toner, and the type of toner-to-paper fusing method usedinproducing the document. Examination of the
toner will usually involve a microscopic analysistocharacterize its surface morphology followed by the
identification of theinorganic. and organic components of the toner. These results separatemodel types
into categories based on their mechanical and printing characteristics. Typically. document examiners
access databases to help identity themodel type of machine used to prepare a questioned document.
The resultingint of possibilities produced by the database hopefully will produce the number of potential
machines to a manageable number. Obviously, once a suspect machine is identified, the examiner must
proceed to performa side-by-sidecomparison of questioned and exemplar print-outs as described
previously. M 5 Computer printer model determination requires an extensive analysisof the specific
printer technology and type of ink used. Visual and microscopictechniques provide useful information in
determining the technology andtoner used.At present, there are several classes of high-speed printers.
They includematrix impact, and manuscript printers. Generally, printers are categorizedasimpact and
non-impact printers by mechanism of their toner application. Thelatter two classes have distinctive sub-
groups, and it is possible to distinguishbetween the three basic groups and certain sub-groups by critical
study of theprint-outs. The matrix type printer is distinctive, forming letters and numerals asapattern of
dots by a series of printing rods. The design of characters andtheir detective elements permits the
identification of a particular matrix printer. The second class, impact printers, includes the single
element typehead, Similar the Selectric Type ball, one wheel type printer, the chain printer andthedrum
printer. IBM and Univac use the type ball units, whereas XeroxandDiablo se a flywheel with typeface
attached to short plastic or metal arms. Again typeface design factors help to distinguish between
different makers, although Mere is a vast selection of type units that can be used on eachmakeof
machine. There are also non-impact that use photo transfer method to combineportion of letters in
order to form a specific letter. A more recent development, an inkjet printer, produces copy by spraying
ink onto the paper - throughsmall holes to form a matrix or dot design. Careful examination can
distinguish between certain of these unitsandclass of prints. Each class has its own particular
characteristics of designandclasses of defects that may develop. In this way an examiner may
determinethe kind of unit that prepared the copy, and he might ultimately identifyaprinter. All printers
have characteristic way of printing documents. Eachclassof printer has its own identification problem,
but with every type, some degreeof individuality develops through use. Characters shape, toner
differentiation, and toner application methods are easily seen at low-power microscopeandwill help the
examiner narrow the possibilities of model type. M 6 Video Links:  Define
Printer:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JEVurb1uVFA&t=224s  Analyze Laser Printer
works:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WB0HnXc W8qQ  How to use a
photocopier:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6OxlI He_1r8 References:Questioned Document
Examination: Dr.Lilee Galeon Another aspect of printer technology that is often forgotten is
resistancetoalteration liquid ink such as from an ink jet head or fabric ribbon becomesabsorbed by the
paper fibers. So documents printed with a liquidinksublimation printer are more difficult to alter than
documents printed withtoner or solid inks, which do not penetrate below the paper surface.