CHAPTER 6 – DIGESTIVE SYSTEM - Process of chewing is called mastication

TONGUE
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM – also called gastrointestinal (GI)
- Moves the food around to prepare it for
system, consists of a digestive tube called GI tract or
deglutition (swallowing)
alimentary canal and several accessory organs (liver,
- Small raised areas called papillae are located on
gallbladder, and pancreas)
the tongue and they contain taste buds (bitter,
sour, salty, sweet)
- Primary function is to break down food, prepare
- FRENULUM connects the tongue to the floor of
it for absorption, and eliminate waste.
the mouth
DEFECATION - Undigested waste materials not
absorbed by the blood are then eliminated from the
HARD and SOFT PALATE
body
- 2 structures: hard palate (anterior portion), soft
palate (posterior portion)
PARTS OF ALIMENTARY CANAL:
- UVULA a downward cone shaped projection
• mouth
located at the back of soft palate
• pharynx (throat)
- LINGUAL & PALATINE TONSILS located in the
• esophagus
oral cavity plays an important role in the
• stomach
immune system
• small intestine
• large intestine
PHARYNX (Throat)
• rectum
- Muscular tube about 5 inches long in adults
• anus.
- Lowest portion divides into 2 tubes: trachea
(leads to the lungs), esophagus (leads to the
MOUTH
stomach)
- also known as the oral cavity or buccal cavity, is
- EPIGLOTTIS small flap of cartilage, folds back to
a receptacle for food
cover the trachea during swallowing , forcing
- process of digestion begins
food to enter the esophagus
- formed by the cheeks (bucca), lips, teeth,
tongue, and hard and soft palates.
ESOPHAGUS
- Food is taken into the mouth and chewed with
- Muscular tube about 9 to 10 inches long in
the assistance of cheek muscles
adults that contains rhythmically (peristalsis) to
- LIPS protect the mouth from receiving food that
propel food towards the stomach
is too hot or too rough on the surface
- Contains group of muscles called lower
esophageal spinchter that closes off the
TEETH
entrance of the stomach to prevent reflux of
- 2 sets: temporary (20) and permanent (32)
food, emesis or regurgitation (vomiting).
 - Located beneath the diaphragm in the RUQ
STOMACH
- Pouch-like organ located at left hypochondriac GALLBLADDER
region of the abdominal cavity - A saclike structure on the inferior surface of the
- Receives food from the esophagus and mixes it liver
with gastric juices to form semifluid mass called - Stores bile from the liver
chime - Releases bile when it is needed for the
emulsification (breakdown) of fat
SMALL INTESTINE - Without bile, fat digestion is not possible
- 20 ft long consists of 3 parts:
o Duodenum PANCREAS
o Jejunum - Elongated, somewhat flattened organ that lies
o Ileum posterior and slightly inferior to the stomach

- First site of absorption and nutrients pass from - Performs both endocrine and exocrine function

the intestinal walls into the bloodstream o Endocrine gland – secretes insulin

through the villi. directly into the bloodstream to

maintain normal blood glucose level

LARGE INTESTINE o Exocrine gland – produces digestive

- Consists of 3 parts: enzymes: TRYPSIN (breaks down

o Cecum – a worm-like pouch – appendix proteins), AMYLASE (breaks down

filled with lymphatic tissue extends carbohydrates), LIPASE (breaks down

from this) fat)

o Colon – (ascending, transverse, DIGESTIVE CYCLE

descending, sigmoid) 1. Mouth

o Rectum 2. Pharynx

- Undigested waste may remain in the large 3. Epiglottis

intestine from 12 to 24 hours 4. Esophagus

- DEFECATION process of turning waste material 5. Stomach

into a semisolid waste (feces) begins in the 6. Duodenum

cecum and released from the body. 7. Jejunum

8. Ileum

ACCESSORY ORGANS OF DIGESTION 9. Cecum

LIVER 10. Ascending colon

- Largest glandular organ in the body 11. Transverse colon

- Weighs approximately 3 to 4 lbs 12. Descending colon

13. Sigmoid colon
 14. Rectum APHAGIA
15. Anus DYSPHAGIA
DIAGNIOSTIC, PROCEDURAL, AND LABORATORY PAROTITIS
TERMS DISEASES OF THE PHARYNX

TYPES OF ENDOSCOPES ESOPHAGEAL VARICES

- Esophagoscopy - Twisted veins in the esophagus that are prone
- Gastroscopy to haemorrhage and ulcers
- Colonoscopy
- Sigmoidoscopy ESOPHAGITIS
X-RAYS AND OTHER IMAGING TECHNIQUES - Any inflammation if the esophagus
- MRI
- CT Scan GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX
- Barium swallow - Malfunctioning of the sphincter muscle at the
- Barium enema bottom of the esophagus
- Upper GI Series
- Cholangiography DISEASES OF THE STOMACH

PATHOLOGICAL TERMS ACHLORHYDRIA

- Lack of hydrochloric acid in the stomach
EATING DISORDERS DYPEPSIA
- Anorexia - Difficulty with digesting food
o A morbid refusal to eat because the GASTROENTERITIS
person wants to be dangerously thin - Inflammation of both the stomach and small
- Bulimia intestine
o Eating, then purposely purging or GASTRITIS
vomiting to achieve weight loss - Any stomach inflammation
- Obesity FLATULENCE
o Excessive body weight that often results - Accumulation of gas in the stomach or intestine
from overeating ERUCTATION
- Belching to release gas
CHEILITIS – lips inflammation HEMATEMESIS
SIALOADENITIS – salivary gland inflammation - Vomiting of blood from the stomach
GLOSSITIS – tongue inflammation HIATAL HERNIA
HALITOSIS – bad breath - Protrusion of the stomach through an opening
in the diaphragm
 ULCERATIVE COLITIS
- Chronic type of irritable bowel disease

LIVER DISORDERS OTHER INTESTINAL CONDITIONS

HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA DIVERTICULOSIS
- Excessive bilirubin in the blood causing a yellow - Presence of small pouches in the intestinal wall
discoloration of the skin that trap food or bacteria

CIRRHOSIS DYSENTERY
- Chronic liver disease caused by poor nutrition - General term for inflammation of the intestinal
and excessive alcohol consumption tract with loose stools and other symptoms
such as abdominal pain and weakness
HEPATITS
- Term for several types of contagious diseases of VOLVULUS
the liver - Twisting of the intestine that causes a blockage

DISORDERS OF THE INTESTINES OTHER TERMS:

- Ascites
DUODENAL ULCERS - Peritonitis
- A form of peptic ulcer thought to be bacterial in - Proctitis
origin - Constipation
- Diarrhea
APPENDICITIS - Flatus
- Inflammation of the appendix, which lies on the - Melena
side of the duodenum, and becomes inflamed if - Haemorrhoids
gastric substances leak into it from the - Anal fistula
duodenum - Steatorrhea

ILEUS SURGICAL TERMS

- An intestinal blockage ABDOMINOCENTESIS
- Incision into the intestinal tract to relieve fluid
COLITIS pressure as in ascites
- General term for inflammation in the small
intestine CHOLELITHOTRIPSY
- Crushing of gallstones using sound waves
CHOLELITHOTOMY
- Incision for the removal of stones

SURGICAL REPAIR PROCEDURES

- Cheiloplasty
- Glossorrhapy
- Esophagoplasty
- Proctoplasty

SURGICAL TERMS
Openings may be made in the gastrointestinal tract for
temporary or permanent alternatives to waste
elimination

ILEOSTOMY
- Opening made in the ileum to allow fecal
material to discharge into a bag outside the
body

COLOSTOMY
- Opening in the colon to create a place for waste
to exit in the body other than through the anus