Base Shear - An Overview - ScienceDirect Topics

3/30/22, 2:56 PM Base Shear - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Base Shear
The equivalent base shear method can be used for equipment that is
mainly subjected to shear deformation or that can be equivalent to a
single-mass system.
From: Ultra-High Voltage Ac/dc Grids, 2015
Related terms:
Viscous Damper, Degree of Freedom, Outrigger
Structural characteristics of Nepalese pagoda temples

Manjip Shakya, Jeevan Gwachha, in Masonry Construction in Active Seismic
Regions, 2021
9.3 Calculations, results, and discussion

9.3.1 Lumped mass calculation
The lumped mass is calculated at floor level considering half mass from the lower
and upper story, as tabulated in Table 9.2.
Table 9.2. Total lumped mass.
Story Wall (kN) Floor (kN) Roof (kN) Total (kN)
6 298.38852 11.1537 312.645 622.1872
5 850.05144 25.71912 200.9751 1076.746
4 962.350096 25.71912 264.6591 1252.728
3 1448.665696 162.2692 299.8261 1910.761
2 1877.64864 42.24 310.8261 2230.715
1 2626.69284 42.24 2668.933
Total 9762.07
9.3.2 Base shear calculation

The seismic coefficient method from IS, 1893 (Part 1): 2002, as mentioned in an
earlier section, is used to calculate the total base shear, as follows:
Base shear = AH × W
Z = 0.36
I = 1.5
R = 1.5
Sa/g = 2.5
Tx = 0.412; h = 16.527; d = 13

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/base-shear 1/20
Ty = 0.536; h = 16.527; d = 7.68
Base shear coefficient = 0.45
Base shear = 4392.931 kN
9.3.3 Calculation of lateral forces
The distribution of forces along with the height of the building and lateral forces
calculated are as shown in Table 9.3.
Table 9.3. Distribution of base shear.
Story Wi (kN) hi(m) hi2 Wihi2 Qi(kN)
6 622.1872 15.74 247.7476 154,145.4 1022.175
5 1076.746 12.84 164.8656 177,518.3 1177.167
4 1252.728 10.54 111.0916 139,167.6 922.8537
3 1910.761 7.74 59.9076 114,469.1 759.0721
2 2230.715 5.16 26.6256 59,394.12 393.8567
1 2668.933 2.58 6.6564 17,765.48 117.8072
9.3.4 Fundamental frequency and mode shape

The first three mode shapes and frequencies shown in Figs. 9.5–9.7 were obtained
from modal analysis of the FE model in SAP 2000. The first and second mode
correspond to bending into a mutually perpendicular direction. However, the third
mode shows twisting behavior. The fundamental time period obtained from free
vibration analysis is comparable with the time period obtained from the seismic
coefficient method mentioned in the previous section.
Fig. 9.5. First mode (2.107 Hz).
Fig. 9.6. Second mode (3.082 Hz).
Fig. 9.7. Third mode (4.078 Hz).
9.3.5 Stress profiles in shell elements

The various stress contours shown in Figs. 9.8–9.13 compare with permissible
values mentioned in the previous section. Bending stresses were found to be
critical in both in-plane and out-of-plane walls. Bending stress is developed due to
the wall's out-of-plane deflection. Hence, bending stress is critical at the location of
maximum horizontal deflection. Shear stress at the base is not critical in this
temple because of its considerable thickness, where the shear area is high. The
results for shear show that only the top floor and fourth floor levels are critical in
shear, while other levels are not likely to fail in shear because of very large wall
thickness. The piers between the openings are more flexible than the portion of the
wall below and above the openings, so practically all deformations take place in the
pier that leads its failure. The masonry piers near the door and window openings
fail in shear due to stress concentration.
Fig. 9.8. Bending stress (Horizontal S11) contours under seismic action in X
direction (left) and Y direction (right).
Fig. 9.9. Bending stress (Transverse Horizontal S11) contours under seismic action
in X direction (left) and Y direction (right).
Fig. 9.10. Shear stress contours under seismic action in X direction (left) and Y
direction (right).
Fig. 9.11. Bending stress (Horizontal S11) contours under response spectrum
analysis in X direction (left) and Y direction (right).
Fig. 9.12. Bending stress (Transverse Horizontal S11) contours under response
spectrum analysis in X direction (left) and Y direction (right).
Fig. 9.13. Shear stress contours under seismic action in X direction (left) and Y
direction (right).
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URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128210871000107
Seismic Design for Buildings

Mohiuddin Ali Khan Ph.D., P.E., C. Eng., M.I.C.E. (London), in Earthquake-
Resistant Structures, 2013
10.6 Estimating Lateral Forces

The lateral forces exerted on the structure by ground vibrations may be determined
by the static or equivalent lateral force procedure (ASCE 2003a,b, ASCE 2000/FEMA
2000). Base shear is an estimate of the maximum expected lateral force on the base
of the structure due to seismic activity. It is calculated using the seismic zone, soil
material, and building code lateral force equations (Figure 10.3). Notations in
IBC/UBC are used in mathematical equations.
Figure 10.3. Flow diagram for computing base shear for buildings.
Base shear value (V) is determined by combining the following physical factors:
• Soil conditions at the site
• Proximity to potential sources of seismic activity (such as geological faults)
• Probability of significant seismic ground motion
• Level of ductility and overstrength associated with various structural
configurations and total weight
• Fundamental (natural) period of vibration of the structure when subjected to
dynamic loading
10.6.1 Fundamental Mode
The tendency for a building to sway from side to side in response to ground
motion produces greater accelerations in its upper parts. This back-and-forth
motion is called the fundamental mode and dominates most structural seismic
response. It is influenced by soil type, structural stiffness, and building use.
Period of Vibration
Mode shapes are movement patterns that occur naturally in structures that have
been set in motion by ground shaking. For seismic-resistant structures each
structure has a unique natural or fundamental period of vibration, which is the
time required for one cycle of free vibration.
Parameters: The factors determining the fundamental period include structure
stiffness and height. The equation provided in the Uniform Building Code (UBC)
for determining the natural period of vibration is (refer to UBC for notations used
in formulae).
where hn is typically 12 feet and Ct is 0.030 for reinforced concrete moment–

resisting frames. After inputting the value, the time period=0.193 seconds.
Seismic Response Coefficient Cs

The ground response coefficients CA and CV are a function of various parameters,
for example, zone factor (Z) and the soil profiles SA to SE. The parameters, which
affect the potential amplification of the ground vibration, are caused by different
soil profile types. The initial time interval at which the structure vibrates is called
the primary period. It determines which of the two coefficients CA or CV governs
the seismic design of the structure. The acceleration-based coefficient CA controls
for a shorter period up to approximately one second, and the velocity-based
coefficient CV controls for longer periods.
Soil profile type SA is described as hard rock and mainly occurs in eastern states as
stated earlier. Soil profile type SB is found mainly in the western states described as
rock and ground response coefficients. CA and CV are identical to effective peak
acceleration value (Z). When a soil’s characteristic is unknown, in accordance with
UBC and IRC, soil profile SD may be assumed as default. Table 10.3 shows the wide
range of shear wave velocity.
Table 10.3. Comparative Study of Load Combinations in Different Codes
Interna
AISC Code ASCE Code ACI Code Code (
1.4D 1.4D 1.4(D+F) 1.4(D+
1.2D+1.6L+0.5(Lr or S 1.2D+1.6L+0.5(Lr or 1.4(D+F+T)+1.6(L+H)+0.5(Lr 1.2(D+

or R) S or R) or S or R) or S or
1.2D+1.6(Lr or S or R)+ 1.2D+1.6(Lr or S or 1.2D+1.6(Lr or S or R)+(1.0L 1.2D+1

(0.5L or 0.8W) R)+(L+0.5W) or 0.8W) or 0.8W
1.2D+1.6W+0.5L+0.5(Lr 1.2D+1.0W+L+0.5(Lr 1.2D+1.6W+1.0L+0.5(Lr or 1.2D+1

or S or R) or S or R) S or R) or R)
1.2D±1.0E+0.5L+0.2S 1.2D+1.0E+L+0.2S 1.2D+1.0E+1.0L+0.2S 1.2D+1
0.9D±(1.6W or 1.0E) 0.9D+1.0W 0.9D+1.6W+1.6H 0.9D+1
0.9D+1.0E 0.9D+1.0E+1.6H 0.9D+1
D=dead load; L=live load; Lr=roof live load; W=wind load; S=snow load;
E=seismic or earthquake load; R=rain load or nominal load due to initial
rainwater or ice exclusive of the ponding contribution; H=loads due to weight
and lateral earth pressure of soils, groundwater pressure or pressure of bulk
materials; T=total effect of temperature, creep, shrinkage, differential
settlement and shrinkage-compensating concrete; f2=0.7 for roof
configurations (such as saw tooth), and 0.2 for other roof configurations; f1=1
for floors in places of public assembly, for live load in excess of 100lbs/ft2 and
for parking garage live load, and 0.5 for other live loads. F = load due to fluids
with well defined pressures and maximum heights.
Note: Applicable Code needs to be consulted for any changes in the load
factors or load combinations.
The seismic response coefficient Cs represents the design elastic acceleration

response of a structure to the input ground motion and is calculated as
where Cv=0.54 from the ground response coefficient table for Zone 3 and stiff soil
(soil type D) and I =1. The form of this expression indicates that the response
coefficient increases as the importance factor increases and as the response
modification factor and natural period reduce. The effect of the importance factor
is to increase the seismic response coefficient by 25%. The maximum value of the
seismic response coefficient, Cs=2.5 Ca I/R. The expression controls for a shorter
period up to 1 second.
Response Modified Factor an Engineering Approach

The probability of occurrence of the most powerful event is small and uncertain.
For this reason both IBC and UBC allow the use of a response modification factor
(R) in scaling down peak design moments. R values are based on a building’s
energy absorption and dissipation capacity. Larger values are assigned to highly
damped structures constructed of ductile materials.
Factors Affecting R Values: The planning and design of a seismic-resistant structure
must consider such issues as configuration, shape, and height; foundation and
framing system; materials; construction methods; and nonstructural components.
In resolving these, the following facts must be remembered:
Building Shape Influences Behavior. Geometric shapes such as squares or
rectangles usually perform better than buildings in the shape of the letters L, T,
U, H, O, or a variation of these.
Building Material Influences Behavior. Ductile materials perform better than
brittle ones. Examples of ductile materials include steel and aluminum.
Examples of brittle materials include brick, stone, and unstrengthened
concrete. Concrete, the most widely used construction material in the world, is
made of sand, gravel, and crushed stone bonded with cement and needs to be
reinforced with steel bars.
Height Affects Behavior. Buildings of different heights shake at different
frequencies. Soil response to shaking is a factor.
Function Affects Design. Seismic-resistant criteria may differ for hospitals, fire
stations, office buildings, and the like.
Proximity Affects Design. Close proximity to adjacent buildings influences.
Read full chapter

Design of Vessel Supports

Dennis R. Moss, Michael Basic, in Pressure Vessel Design Manual (Fourth Edition),
2013
Design of Columns
• Base Shear,V
Use worst case of wind or seismic V = ________
• Overturning Moment, Mo
• Maximum Dead load, FD
• Maximum Earthquake/Wind Load, FE/W
• Maximum Column Load, Q

Select worst case from Table or use;
Figure 4-18. Load diagrams for horizontal load distribution.
Note: If there is no uplift then there is no tension force.

• Leg selection; Use: = __________
AC = ___________
Compression Case
• Compressive stress, fa
• Slenderness ratio, Sr = kh/rc

Fa =
Tension Case
• Tension stress, ft
• Allowable tension stress, Ft,
Read full chapter

Related Equipment
Dennis R. Moss, Michael Basic, in Pressure Vessel Design Manual (Fourth Edition),
2013
Design of Columns
• Base Shear, V
Use worst case of wind or seismic
V = ___________
• Overturning Moment, Mo
• Maximum Dead load, FD
• Maximum Live Load, FL
• Maximum Column Load, Q

Select worst case from Table or use;
Note: If there is no uplift then there is no tension force.

• Leg selection;
A preliminary selection can be made and then checked.
Selection: __________
Ac = ______________
rc = _______________
Compression Case
• Axial Stress, fa
• Slenderness ratio, Sr
• Allowable axial stress, Fa
Tension Case
• Tension stress, fT
• Allowable tension stress, FT
Read full chapter

Design of Vessel Supports

DENNIS R. MOSS, in Pressure Vessel Design Manual (Third Edition), 2004
SEISMIC DESIGN FOR VESSELS [2, 3]

Notation
V = base shear, lb
Z = seismic zone factor (see Figure 3-8)
Figure 3-8. Seismic risk map of the United States.

Reproduced from the Uniform Building Code, 1997 Edition. Copyright 1997, with permission
of the publisher, the International Conference of Building Officials.Copyright © 1997
Zone 0:……………0
Zone 1:……………0.075
Zone 2A:……………0.15
Zone2B:……………0.20
Zone 3:…………… 0.3
Zone 4:……………0.4
I = importance factor
standard facilities……………1.0
hazardous/essential facilities……………1.25
R = coefficient
self-supporting stacks……………2.9
vertical vessel on skirt……………2.9
spheres and vessels on braced legs……………2.2
horizontal vessel on pier……………2.9
vertical vessel on unbraced legs……………2.2
Cv = coefficient from Table 3-9b
Table 3-9b. Seismic Coefficient Cv*
Soil Profile Type Seismic Zone Factor, Z
Z= 0.075 Z=0.15 Z=0.2 Z=0.3 Z=0.4
SA 0.06 0.12 0.16 0.24 0.32Nv
SB 0.08 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.40Nv
SC 0.13 0.25 0.32 0.45 0.56Nv
SD 0.18 0.32 0.40 0.54 0.64Nv
SE 0.26 0.50 0.64 0.84 0.96Nv
SF See Footnote 1
1 Site-specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site response

analysis shall be performed to determine seismic coefficients for Soil
Profile Type SF.
Ca = coefficient from Table 3-9a
Table 3-9a. Seismic Coefficient Ca *
Soil Profile Type Seismic Zone Factor, Z
Z= 0.075 Z=0.15 Z=0.2 Z=0.3 Z=0.4
SA 0.06 0.12 0.16 0.24 0.32a
SB 0.08 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.40a
SC 0.09 0.18 0.24 0.33 0.40a
SD 0.12 0.22 0.28 0.36 0.44a
SE 0.19 0.30 0.34 0.36 0.36a
SF See Footnote 1
1 Site-specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site response

analysis shall be performed to determine seismic coefficients for Soil
Profile Type SF
* Reproduced from the 1997 edition of the “Uniform Building Code,”
copyright 1997, with permission from publisher, the International
Conference of Building Officials
S = site coefficient (1.0-2.0 based on soil profile)

Wo = operating weight of vessel, lb
w = uniform weight of vessel or stack, Ib/ft
Ft = lateral force applied at top of structure, lb Ft = 0.07TV or 0.25V whichever is
less, or = 0, if T < 0.7 sec
H = overall height of vessel, ft
D = outside diameter of vessel, ft
T = period of vibration, sec (see Figure 3-7)
Figure 3-7. Formulas for period of vibration, T, and deflection, y.
y = deflection, in.
N = number of column legs
A = cross-sectional area of leg braces, in.2.
g = acceleration due to gravity, 386 in./sec2
Im = moment of inertia of pier, legs, stack, etc., in.4
E = modulus of elasticity, psi
Sa- Sf = soil profile type from Table 3-9c
Table 3-9c. Soil Profile Types*
Soil Soil Profile

Profile Name/Generic Average Soil Properties for Top 100 Feet (30,480
Type Description mm) of Soil Profile
Shear Wave Standard Penetration Undrained

Velocity, Vs Test, N[or NCH for Shear
feet/second cohesionless soil layers] Strength, su
(m/s) (blows/foot) psf (kPa)
SA Hard Rock >5,000

(1,500)
SB Rock 2,500 to − −
5,000 (760
to 1,500)
SC Very Dense 1,200 to >50 > 2,000

Soil and Soft 2,500 (360 (100)
Rock to 760)
SD Stiff Soil 600 to 1,200 15 to 50 1,000 to

Profile (180 to 360) 2,000 (50 to
100)
SE1 Stiff Soil <600(180) <15 <1,000

Profile (50)
SF Soil Requiring Site-specific Evaluation. See Section

1629.3.1.
1 Soil Profile Type Se also includes any soil profile with more than 10 feet
(3048mm) of soft clay, defined as a soil with plasticity index Pl>20,
Wmc≥40 percent, and su <500psf (24kPa). The Plasticity Index, PI, and
the moisture content, Wmc, shall be determined in accordance with
approved national standards.
Na, Nv = near source factor from Table 3-9d
Table 3-9d. Near-Source Factor Nv1*, Na
Seismic Source Type Closest Distance to Known Seismic Source2,3
⩽2km 5km 10km ⩾15km
Nv Na Nv Na Nv Na Nv Na
A 2.0 1.5 1.6 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0
B 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
C 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
1 The Near-Source Factor may be based on the linear interpolation of

values for distances other than those shown in the table.
2 The location and type of seismic sources to be used for design shall be
established based on approved geotechnical data (e.g., most recent
mapping of active faults by the United States Geological Survey or the
California Division of Mines and Geology.
3 The closest distance to seismic source shall be taken as the minimum
distance between the site and the area described by the vertical
projection of the source on the surface (i.e., surface projection of fault
plane). The surface projection need not include portions of the source at
depths of 10 km or greater. The largest value of the Near-Source Factor
considering all sources shall be used for design.
Seismic source type = from Table 3-9e
Table 3-9e. Seismic Source Type1*
Seismic
Source Seismic Source
Type Seismic Source Description Definition2
Maximum
Moment Slip Rate,
Magnitude, SR
M (mm/year)
A Faults that are capable of producing large M⩾ 7.0 SR⩾5

magnitude events and that have a high
rate of seismic activity
B All faults other than Types A and C M⩾ 7.0 SR<5

M<7.0 SR>2
M⩾ 6.5 SR<2
C Faults that are not capable of producing M<6.5 SR≤ 2

large magnitude earthquakes and that
have a relatively low rate of seismic activity
1 Subduction sources shall be evaluated on a site-specific basis.

2 Both maximum moment magnitude and slip rate conditions must be
satisfied concurrently when determining the seismic source type.
Design Procedure
Step 1: Determine the following.
For all zones:
Weight, Wo,
Importance factor, I
Soil profile type (Table 3-9c)
Seismic zone factor, Z
Numerical coefficient, Rw
For zone 4 only:
Seismic source type
Distance to fault
Near source factor, Nv
Step 2: Determine or calculate seismic coefficients.
Ca (Table 3-9a)
Cv (Table 3-9b)
Step 3: Determine period of vibration.
T=
Step 4: Calculate the base shear, V.
V is the greater of V1 or V2
but need not exceed V3:
For zone 4 there is the additional requirement that the base shear shall be at
least equal to V4
Step 5: Since the seismic design for pressure vessels is based on allowable
stress rather than ultimate strength, the base shear may be reduced by a factor
of 1.4.
Step 6: Determine if some percentage of the base shear needs to be applied at

the top of the vessel, Ft.
If T< 0.7 sec, Ft = 0
For all other cases Ft = 0.07TV
but need not exceed 0.25V =
Step 7: The horizontal seismic force, Fh, will then be equal to V - Ft. This will be
applied to the vessel in accordance with one of the appropriate procedures
contained in this chapter.
Step 8: If the procedure is based on a horizontal seismic factor, Ch, this factor
shall be as follows:
Notes
1. Vessels mounted in structures at some elevation other than grade generally will
experience amplified base motion near and above the natural frequencies of
the support structure.
• Light vessels (less than 1% of structure weight):
a. If vessel frequency > structure frequency, then vessel is subjected to
maximum acceleration of the structure.
b. If vessel frequency < structure frequency, then vessel will not be
affected by structure. It will respond as if it were mounted at grade.
• Medium vessels (less than 20% of structure weight): Approximate methods
may be used to develop the instructure response spectra. The method
used should account for interaction between vessel and structure (energy
feedback). Consideration should be given to account for ductility of the
vessel.
• Heavy vessels (single large vessel or multiple large vessels): The vessel(s) is
the principal vibrating element. It requires a combined seismic model,
which simulates the mass and stiffness properties of vessel and structure.
2. For tall slender vessels, the main concern is bending. For short, squat vessels
the main concern is base shear.
3. The procedures outlined in this chapter are static-force procedures, which
assume that the entire seismic force due to ground motion is applied
instantaneously. This assumption is conservative but greatly simplifies the
calculation procedure. In reality earth quakes are time-dependent events and
the full force is not realized instantaneously. The UBC allows, and in some
cases requires, that a dynamic analysis be performed in lieu of the static force
method. Although much more sophisticated, often the seismic loadings are
reduced significantly.
Read full chapter

Design procedures for tall buildings with dynamic

modification devices
Alberto Lago, ... Antony Wood, in Damping Technologies for Tall Buildings, 2019
Calculate the seismic base shear ( ) of the building and compare it

with the minimum value ( )
The seismic base shear, , used for the design of the force-resisting systems
should not be less than , as expressed by (ASCE, 2017a):
(5.44)
where
(5.45)
The important factor, , is defined in Table 5.7 and the response modification
coefficient, , can be determined using Table 5.16; , , and are
determined previously in Step 1.2 (Section 5.2.1.1.2); is the fundamental period
of the building; and is the damping reduction factor.
Note that in Eq. (5.44) the limit, , is not applicable in case less than two
dampers per main direction in each story are provided and if horizontal and/or
vertical irregularities are present (ASCE, 2017a).
Read full chapter

Building codes for aseismic design

S. Rajasekaran, in Structural Dynamics of Earthquake Engineering, 2009
19.5.2 Design force reduction

Most codes specify that the design base shear to be smaller than the elastic base
shear (determined from using elastic seismic coefficient Ce). For most of the codes
discussed the reduction factors are R, Q' and q' where R = Q′ = q' = 4 factors
independent of T1 in IBC and NBCC and depends on period in MFDC and EC. The
actual strength of the building exceeds design strength, especially for short period
systems. The over-strength of a building is usually not recognized explicitly in
building codes.
Read full chapter

Earthquake response spectra

S. Rajasekaran, in Structural Dynamics of Earthquake Engineering, 2009
17.8 Pseudo-spectral acceleration

Consider a quantity A for a SDOF system
17.21
17.22
17.23
since Vb0 = W(A/g).
Let A/g be called base shear coefficient or lateral force coefficient. It is used in
building codes to represent the coefficient by which structural weight is multiplied
to obtain the base shear. A is the peak pseudo-acceleration. A pseudo-acceleration
response spectrum is a plot of A as functions of Tn.
The parameters have certain characteristics that are of practical interest. The
pseudo-spectral velocity Spv is close to spectral velocity Sv for short period
structures and is almost equal to the intermediate periods but is different for long
period structures. A comparison of the NS component of the Northridge
earthquakes is made in Fig. 17.14 for spectral velocity and spectral acceleration for
ς = 0.05. For zero damping, pseudo-spectral acceleration is identical to spectral
acceleration Sa. However, for damping other than zero these two are slightly
different. Nevertheless, for damping levels encountered in most engineering
applications the two may be considered to be practically equal.
17.14. (a) Comparison of Sv and Spv (ρ = 0.05) (Northridge NS earthquake); (b)

comparison of Sa and Spa (ρ = 0.05) (Northridge NS earthquake) (damping = 0.05).
Evaluation of spectral displacement Sd by the use of Eq. 17.9a after numerical

integration of Eq. 17.2 is to be carried out to obtain the time history response u(t).
The corresponding pseudo-spectral velocity Spv and pseudo-spectral acceleration
Spa can readily be established from Eq. 17.19 and 17.21.
Read full chapter

Time-Dependent Reliability Assessment of Offshore

Jacket Platforms
Yong Bai, Wei-Liang Jin, in Marine Structural Design (Second Edition), 2016
46.4.2 Load Effect of the Jacket Platform under Typhoon Load

As discussed, the load effect is the base shear force caused by the typhoon load.
The separate load affects (base shear capacity) can be expressed as functions of
wave, current, and wind as the following.
(46.26)
where F is the wave load effect, H is the wave height, and A and B are the fitting
factors.
(46.27)
where F is the current load effect, Vc is the current speed, and C is the fitting factor.
(46.28)
where F is the wind load effect, Vwind is the wind speed, and Aw is the associated
with the windward area (if the unit of the windward area is m2, Aw = area ∗ 0.001,
and the unit of F is MN).
The wave and current loads mainly affect the immersion zone structure of the
platform, and will show a mutual effect on the base shear force. Therefore, it is
better to take the two parameters into consideration simultaneously, and the fitting
function of wave and current load is as follows:
(46.29)
where F is the base shear force; H is the wave height; Vc is the current speed; and A,
B, C, D, E, and F are the fitting factors.
As the wind load mainly affects the upper structure of the platform, the wind load
effect can be analyzed separately.
According to the above analysis, the load effect fitting function can be as follows:
(46.30)
Generally, eight directions of typhoon load effects should be considered to find the
most dangerous load conditions. In this study, for simplicity, only one typical
direction was chosen to do the analysis. The ANSYS multiphysics module was used
to conduct the typhoon load analysis under different load parameters.
Read full chapter

Mitigating Rockburst Effects for Civil Engineering

Infrastructure and Buildings
Zbigniew Zembaty, ... Juliusz Kuś, in Rockburst, 2018
17.6 Engineering Example One

Using Eurocode 8, simplified equivalent lateral seismic force approach calculate
base shear forces for three types of typical 2-, 6-, and 10-story buildings.
In this case the respective formula for the base shear force equals:
(17.6)
in which λ is a correction factor depending on the natural period of the building T0

as follows:
λ = 0.85 if , where TC is given in Table 17.1:
λ = 1.00 for other situations.
As an engineering rule of thumb, one assumes that a natural period of a one-story
building equals 0.1 s, while for the 10-story buildings it equals 1.0 s with the values
for other building heights interpolated. With this assumption in mind, the
respective values of the base shear forces were calculated for 5% damping, i.e.,
ξ = 0.05 and ag = 40 cm/s2. Results are given in Table 17.2.
Table 17.2. Base Shear Forces Calculated for Three Types of Typical Buildings
Base shear (EC-8): Fb = agβ(T1) (W/g) λ (ag = 40 cm/s2)
Building Natural Linear response Inelastic response spectrum

type period (s) spectrum (q = 1.5)
2-story 0.2 0.1005 g ≈ 10.0% W 0.06796 g ≈ 6.8% W
6-story 0.6 0.0866 g ≈ 8.6% W 0.05777 g ≈ 5.8% W
10-story 1.0 0.08231 g ≈ 8.2% W 0.05487 g ≈ 5.5% W
W, weight of the building; g, 9.81 m2.
It can be seen that even with q = 1.5 the assumption of the inelastic response has
an important influence on the value of respective base shear force.
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3/30/22, 2:56 PM Base Shear - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Structural characteristics of Nepalese pagoda temples

9.3 Calculations, results, and discussion

Table 9.2. Total lumped mass.

Story Wall (kN) Floor (kN) Roof (kN) Total (kN)

6 298.38852 11.1537 312.645 622.1872

5 850.05144 25.71912 200.9751 1076.746

4 962.350096 25.71912 264.6591 1252.728

3 1448.665696 162.2692 299.8261 1910.761

2 1877.64864 42.24 310.8261 2230.715

1 2626.69284 42.24 2668.933

9.3.2 Base shear calculation

Tx = 0.412; h = 16.527; d = 13

Table 9.3. Distribution of base shear.

Story Wi (kN) hi(m) hi2 Wihi2 Qi(kN)

6 622.1872 15.74 247.7476 154,145.4 1022.175

5 1076.746 12.84 164.8656 177,518.3 1177.167

4 1252.728 10.54 111.0916 139,167.6 922.8537

3 1910.761 7.74 59.9076 114,469.1 759.0721

2 2230.715 5.16 26.6256 59,394.12 393.8567

1 2668.933 2.58 6.6564 17,765.48 117.8072

9.3.4 Fundamental frequency and mode shape

Fig. 9.5. First mode (2.107 Hz).

Fig. 9.6. Second mode (3.082 Hz).

Fig. 9.7. Third mode (4.078 Hz).

9.3.5 Stress profiles in shell elements

Read full chapter

Seismic Design for Buildings

10.6 Estimating Lateral Forces

where hn is typically 12 feet and Ct is 0.030 for reinforced concrete moment–

Seismic Response Coefficient Cs

Table 10.3. Comparative Study of Load Combinations in Different Codes

1.4D 1.4D 1.4(D+F) 1.4(D+

1.2D+1.6L+0.5(Lr or S 1.2D+1.6L+0.5(Lr or 1.4(D+F+T)+1.6(L+H)+0.5(Lr 1.2(D+

1.2D+1.6(Lr or S or R)+ 1.2D+1.6(Lr or S or 1.2D+1.6(Lr or S or R)+(1.0L 1.2D+1

1.2D+1.6W+0.5L+0.5(Lr 1.2D+1.0W+L+0.5(Lr 1.2D+1.6W+1.0L+0.5(Lr or 1.2D+1

1.2D±1.0E+0.5L+0.2S 1.2D+1.0E+L+0.2S 1.2D+1.0E+1.0L+0.2S 1.2D+1

0.9D±(1.6W or 1.0E) 0.9D+1.0W 0.9D+1.6W+1.6H 0.9D+1

0.9D+1.0E 0.9D+1.0E+1.6H 0.9D+1

The seismic response coefficient Cs represents the design elastic acceleration

Response Modified Factor an Engineering Approach

Read full chapter

Design of Vessel Supports

• Maximum Dead load, FD

• Maximum Earthquake/Wind Load, FE/W

• Maximum Column Load, Q

Figure 4-18. Load diagrams for horizontal load distribution.

Note: If there is no uplift then there is no tension force.

• Slenderness ratio, Sr = kh/rc

Read full chapter

• Maximum Dead load, FD

• Maximum Live Load, FL

• Maximum Column Load, Q

Note: If there is no uplift then there is no tension force.

• Allowable axial stress, Fa

• Allowable tension stress, FT

Read full chapter

Design of Vessel Supports

SA Hard Rock >5,000

SC Very Dense 1,200 to >50 > 2,000

SE1 Stiff Soil <600(180) <15 <1,000

B All faults other than Types A and C M⩾ 7.0 SR<5

C Faults that are not capable of producing M<6.5 SR≤ 2