Human

Anatomy and Physiology

Chapter 1- The Human Body: An Orientation
§ The Human body- an orientation
o Anatomy- study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
o Physiology- study of how the body and its parts work or function
§ Anatomy- levels of study
o Gross anatomy
§ Large structures
§ Easily observable
o Microscopic anatomy
§ Very small structures
§ Can only be viewed with a microscope
§ Levels of structural organization

§ Organ system overview

o Integumentary
§ Forms the external body covering
§ Protects deeper tissue from injury
§ Synthesizes vitamin D
§ Location of cutaneous nerve receptors
o Skeletal
§ Protects and supports body organs
§ Provides muscle attachment for movement
§ Site of blood cell formation
§ Stores mineral
o Muscular
§ Allows locomotion
§ Maintains posture
§ Produces heat
o Nervous
§ Fast-acting control system
§ Responds to internal and external
§ Activates muscles and glands

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 Human Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 1- The Human Body: An Orientation
o Endocrine
§ Secretes regulatory hormones
• Growth
• Reproduction
• Metabolism
o Cardiovascular
§ Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart
• Oxygen
• Carbon dioxide
• Nutrients
• Wastes
o Lymphatic
§ Returns fluids to blood vessels
§ Disposes of debris
§ Involved in immunity
o Respiratory
§ Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
§ Removes carbon dioxide
o Digestive
§ Breaks down food
§ Allows for nutrient absorption into blood
§ Eliminates indigestion into blood
§ Eliminates indigestible material
o Urinary
§ Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
§ Maintains acid- base balance
§ Regulates water and electrolytes
o Reproductive
§ Production of offspring
§ Necessary life functions
o Maintain boundaries
o Movement
§ Locomotion
§ Movement of substances
o Responsiveness
§ Ability to sense changes and react
o Digestion
§ Break-down and delivery of nutrients
o Metabolism- chemical reactions within the body
§ Production of energy
§ Making body structure
o Excretion
§ Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions
o Reproduction
§ Production of future generation
o Growth
§ Increasing of cell size and number

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 Human Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 1- The Human Body: An Orientation
§ Survival needs
o Nutrients
§ Chemicals for energy and cell building
§ Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals
o Oxygen
§ Required for chemical reactions
o Water
§ 60-80% of body weight
§ Provides for metabolic
reaction
o Stable body temperature
o Atmospheric pressure must be
appropriate
§ Homeostasis
o Maintenance of a stable internal
environment = a dynamic state of
equilibrium
o Homeostasis must be maintained for
normal body functioning and to
sustain life
o Homeostatic imbalance – a
disturbance in homeostasis resulting
in disease
§ Maintaining homeostasis
o The body communicates through
neural and hormonal control systems
§ Receptor
• Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)
• Sends information to control center
o Control center
§ Determines set point
§ Analyzes information
§ Determines appropriate response
o Effector
§ Provides a means for response to the stimulunt
§ Feedback mechanisms
o Negative feedback
§ Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms
§ Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity
§ Works like a household thermostat
o Positive feedback
§ Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther
§ In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby
§ The language of anatomy
o Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding
o Exact terms are used for:
§ Position
§ Direction
§ Regions
§ Structures

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 Human Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 1- The Human Body: An Orientation
§ Orientation and directional terms

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 Human Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 1- The Human Body: An Orientation
§ Body landmarks

§ Body Planes

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 Human Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 1- The Human Body: An Orientation
§ Body cavities Abdomnopelvic Quadrants

§ Abdominopelvic Regions Abdominopelvic major organs