Advanced Concrete Technology

Types of cements; their composition and potential usage

Effect of properties and composition of cements, aggregates, admixtures and curing on

various fresh and hardened properties of concrete

Compressive, tensile, fatigue and impact strengths

Mechanical behavior of concrete

Shrinkage and volume changes, creep, durability, thermal and acoustic properties,
permeability of concrete

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INTRODUCTION

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 12000000000 tons/year
~2 tons for every living human being per year.

MOST WIDELY USED CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL.

WHY?

Resistance to water

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 Can be formed into a variety of
shapes and sizes
Fountain of Time, Chicago

Immersed Tunnels, Marmaray,

Istanbul Gravity Base of an
Oil Platform, Norway 5

Cheapness and availability

• ~30-40 $/m3
• Aggregate,cement and water are readily
available in almost every part of the world.

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 COMPONENTS OF CONCRETE

Concrete is a
• COMPOSITE MATERIAL
• THAT CONSISTS ESSENTIALLY OF A
BINDING MATERIAL WITHIN WHICH
• ARE EMBEDDED PARTICLES OR
FRAGMENTS OF AGGREGATE.

• In hydraulic cement concrete, the binder is

a mixture of hydraulic cement and water.
ASTM C 125 & 8
ACI Comm. 116

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 Aggregate
• Granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone,
etc. used with a binding medium to produce mortar or
concrete.
• COARSE AGGREGATE: >~5mm
• FINE AGGREGATE: ~5mm
• GRAVEL: Coarse aggregate that results from natural
disintegration of rocks.
• CRUSHED STONE: Coarse aggregate that results from
industrial crushing of rocks, boulders, or cobblestones.
• SAND: Fine aggregate resulting from either natural
weathering or crushing of stone.

Cement
• Inorganic cement is a finely pulverized dry
material.
• Develops binding property upon hydration.
• A hydraulic cement is the one which is
stable in aqueous environment.

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 Chemical Admixtures
• Admixtures are materials other than
cement, aggregate and water added to
concrete immediately before or during
mixing.
• They are used to improve various
properties of concrete in fresh and/or
hardened state.

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Some Definitions:
• MORTAR: Mixture of sand, cement and
water.
• GROUT: Mixture of sand, cementitious
materials and water. It has pouring
consistency.
• SHOTCRETE: Mortar or concrete
transported pneumatically through a hose
and applied to a surface with high velocity.

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 TYPES OF CONCRETE

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BASED ON UNIT WEIGHT: BASED ON STRENGTH:

• Light Weight Concrete • Low-Strength Concrete

(<1800 kg/m3) (<20 MPa)
• Normal Weight Concrete • Moderate-Strength
(~2400 kg/m3) Concrete
• Heavy Weight Concrete (20-40 MPa)
(>3200 kg/m3) • High-Strength Concrete
(>40 MPa)

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 Typical Proportions of Concrete
Mixtures of Different Strength:
Materials Low-Strength Moderate-Str. High-Strength
(kg/m3)
Cement 255 356 510

Water 178 178 178

Fine Aggr. 801 848 890

Coarse Aggr. 1169 1032 872

Cement paste proportion

% by mass 18 22.1 28.1

% by volume 26 29.3 34.3

W/C (by mass) 0.70 0.50 0.35

Strength (MPa) 18 30 60

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PROPERTIES OF FRESH AND

HARDENED CONCRETE AND
THEIR SIGNIFICANCE

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 Workability
• The property determining the effort to
manipulate a freshly mixed concrete with
minimum loss of homogeneity.
• Manipulate: Placing, compacting, finishing
• The effort required to place a fresh concrete is
determined largely by the overall work needed to
initiate and maintain flow which depends on the
rheological property of the cement paste, the
internal friction between the aggregate particles
and the external friction between the concrete
and the form surface.
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Workability
• Is a composite property which consists of
• CONSISTENCY (mobility) and
• COHESIVENESS (stability).

• Consistency (Slump or Vebe) is a simple index for

mobility of fresh concrete.
• Stability is an index for water-holding and CA-holding
ability of a fresh concrete. Water-holding shows the
resistance to bleeding and CA-holding shows the
resistance to segregation. Cohesiveness is a qualitative
measure of these two characteristics.

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 Workability
• Is not a fundamental property of concrete.

• It must be related to
- Type of construction
- Method of placement, compaction and
finishing.

• Yet, it is a key property: A concrete mix that

cannot be placed and compacted properly is not
likely to show the desired properties (strength
and durability) at later ages.
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Strength
• Ability to resist stress without
failure. In the case of
concrete, failure means
fracture. Therefore, it is
defined as the maximum stress
that a concrete sample can
withstand.
• Generally, it is considered as
the most important property.
• It is easier to determine than
many other properties and
most properties may be
deduced from strength data.

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 Durability
• Ability to withstand
deterioration without
loosing form, quality and
serviceability.
• A long service life and
durability mean the same.
• However, durability under
one set of conditions may
not be the same under
another set. Therefore,
when defining durability,
a reference to the service
environment must be
made. 21

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