AD ASSIGNMENT WATER SUPPLY, WATER TREATMENT & STP. PREPARED BY: ARSHAD BIJIN JEWELWATER SUPPLY DEFINITION Water supply is the provision of water by public utilities, commercial organisations, community endeavors or by individuals, usually via a system of pumps and pipes. Irrigation is covered separately. TECHNICAL OVERVIEW Water supply systems get water from a variety of locations after appropriate treatment, including ground- water (aquifers), surface water (lakes and rivers), and the sea through desalination. The water treatment steps include, in most cases, purification, disinfection through chlorination and — sometimes fluoridation. Treated water then either flows by gravity or is pumped to reservoirs, which can be elevated such as water towers or on the ground (for indicators related to the efficiency of drinking water distribution see non-revenue water). Once water is used, wastewater is typically discharged ina sewer system and treated in a sewage treatment plant before being discharged into a river, lake or the sea or reused for landscaping, irrigation or industrial use. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF WATER SUPPLY * Water quality should not get deteriorated in the distribution pipes. * It should be capable of supplying water at all the intended places with sufficient pressure head. * It should be capable of supplying the requested amount of water during fire fighting, *The layout should be such that no consumer would be without water supply, during the repair of any section of the system. *All the distribution pipes should be preferably laid one metre away or above the sewer lines *It should be fairly water tight as to keep losses due to leakage to the minimum. ote: Pumps and valves are located at a variety of locations throughout the distribution system.WATER SUPPLY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM FOR A BUILDING Water is conveyed from the street mains to the individual building, and then to the taps and other fixtures. The supply from the main line to the individual is made through the house service connection It consists of two types: 4. COMMUNICATION PIPE The pipe which runs from the muncipal distribution mains to the boundary of the premises. 2. SUPPLY PIPE The pipe which runs inside the premises is called as supply pipe/consumers pipe. SYSTEM OF SUPPLY Water supply from the mains to the building is through one of the following system depending on the pressure of the water and timings of the supply. DIRECT SUPPLY SYSTEM ( UPWARD DISTRIBUTION) “Supply of water is directly given to various floors with required pressure for sufficient hours. *This is only useful for the building which is not more than 2 floors. *Seperate connections to be provided for domestic and non-domestic requirement. INDIRECT SUPPLY SYSTEM ( DOWN TAKE SUPPLY) “Used generally when the pressure in the mains is not sufficient * The water is pumped directly to the overhead storage tank and from there the water is supplied to different floors by gravity.WATER SUPPLY SCHEMATIC WATER SUPPLY OF A BUILDING 2. WATER MAIN 2 MAIN CONNECTION (FERRULE OR CONTROL VALVE) 3 COMMUNICATION PIPE 4 METER CONTROL VALVE = 7 SUCTION PIPE WITH FOOT VALVE 8 PUMP ‘9 CHECK VALVE (NON RETURN) 10 DELIVERY PIPE (PUMP LINE; DISCHARGE) AVAILABILITY OF WATER IN HOTELS “Water in the hospitality industry is generally supplied by the Govt. Dept. *But since hospitality units require quite large amounts of water they are required to have buffer stock of water and for which large tanks and reservoirs are required. “Hospitality units generally have their own stand by arrangement for water supply in the form of bore wells. *Bore wells are to be dug with the permission of local civic authorities and they charge yearly rent for bore well.Since the bore well provides hard water the hotel has to invest in a water treatment plant. “The water is supplied to the various locations in the hotel by means of a large network of pipes, pipe fittings, valves etc.HARDNESS IN WATER ned as hard when it contains more minerals than ordinary wat especially the minerals f bicarbona\ nce of chlorides ant hardness. Ust f chemicals and ion EFFECTS ON HARD WATER It produces less lather with soap, ring and after bath and wash nd boiling utensils and thus results in corrosion and It also leads to other cess in human beings *It dis crWATER TREATMENT METHOD OF REMOVING HARDNESS OF WATER Permanent hardness can be removed by certain special methods, generally called water softening methods. The basis principal of softening is the same i.e. converting soluble Ca and Mg salts in hard water into corresponding insoluble salts ad finally removing the precipitate. The six methods, which are commonly used for softening permanent hardness, are as follows: Zeolite/ Permutit /Base Exchange Process. Washing Soda Process Lime Soda Process Caustic Soda Process lon - exchange process or demineralization (DM) process. Calgon Process WASHING SODA PROCESS In this process Washing Soda (Na2CO3) is added to hard water which results in formation of insoluble Ca and Mg salts which form a precipitate. CAUSTIC SODA PROCESS In this process Caustic Soda (NaOH) is added to hard water which results in formation of insoluble Ca and Mg salts which form a precipitate. This process can be used to remove temporary as well as permanent hardness of water LIME SODA PROCESS In this process along with Washing Soda (Na2CO3) , Lime (CaO) is also added to hard water which results in formation of insoluble Ca and Mg salts which form a precipitate. CALGON SOFTENER This method makes use of Sodium Hexametaphosphate (NaPO3)6. ION EXCHANGE PROCESS Method of functioning is very similar to the Zeolite process, main difference being that in this process, Hydrogen is exchanged instead of Sodium. It makes use of the resins, Phenol-formaldehyde ( C8H602)WATER SUPPLY Cold Water Distribution System in a Hotel Cold Water Distribution System in a Hotel Cold Water Distribution System in a Hotel Raising Main — It is a supply pipe line that rises from ground level to the storage tank on the roof top. Since the supply pressure is not enough, there are intermediate booster pumps to enable the water to teach the top storage tanks. Some times intermediate storage and multiple tanks are used for serving a group of intermediate floors. The water is stored in the storage tank through the raising main, the storage tank is located at the highest point in the building to ensure a reasonable pressure in the distribution pipes Discharge or Service Piping - Water for drinking, kitchen and wash basins etc. is directly taken from the rising main by branch pipe at different floors and flows into the service taps. The stop valves should be fitted immediately after the exit from the tanks for disconnecting the pipeline distribution system in case of leakage in tank or pipe system. Valves — are generally gate valves used to completely open or close the water lines Storage TanksWATER SUPPLY STORAGE TANKS NOTE: All tanks should ae hhave lid and insulation and Mains water ‘method of preventing supply ingress of insects in. overllow pipe Cold water outlet STORAGE TANKS Float Valve / Ball Valve — is a spherical rubber ball at the inlet pipe (at the top of the tank), drops down and opens the inlet when the water level falls and rises as the water level rises and finally closes the inlet when the tank is full. An alarm generally gives the signal that the tank is full. Silencer pipe — This is fitted at the end of the inlet pipe to lower the point of discharge a little above the bottom of the tank. It reduces the water filling noise in the tank. Overflow Pipe — It works when the float valve is out of water. Lid - Covers the tank. Overflow pipe CENTRALISED HOT WATER SYSTEM This system is usually employed in large hotels. Three different principles used to generate hot water are: Direct Heating System Indirect Heating System Solar Water Heating System DIRECT HEATING SYSTEM *This system involves natural circulation *Hot water from the boiler circulates through a hot water tank called cylinder *Circulation continues because hot water being lighter rises up to the cylinder from the boiler and cold water descends down to the boiler. *The service pipes are taken from the cylinder to service taps. *Acold water system is connected to the boiler from where cold water runs into the boiler via stop valves. Whenever there is increase in volume of water and cylinder is unable to accommodate this, the resulting pressure would lead o the possible busting of pipes. To avoid this possible bursting, the water is supplied to an overhead cistern.WATER SUPPLY INDIRECT WATER HEATING In this system the water cylinder is replaced by a direct heat exchanger called the calorifier where hot water or steam from the boiler enters the calorifier through a coil of tubes and heats the cold water passing through the calorifier. Two circulations are followed. Primary Circulation — takes place between the boiler and the calorifier Secondary Circulation - takes place between the calorifier and service taps. SOLAR WATER HEATING SYSTEM *Is the most efficient and eco friendly water heating system. Each evacuated tube is similar to a thermos in principle. A glass or metal tube containing the water or heat transfer fluid is surrounded by a larger glass tube. The space between them is a vacuum, so very little heat is lost from the fluid. *These collectors can even work well in overcast conditions and operate in temperatures as low as -40°F. Individual tubes are replaced as needed. *Asolar thermal collector collects heat by absorbing sunlight. A collector is a device for capturing solar radiation, *The quantity of solar energy striking the Earth's surface (solar constant) averages about 1,000 watts per ‘square meter under clear skies, depending upon weather conditions, location and orientation STORAGE TANK WATER HEATER (GEYSER) *A thermostat controls the temperature of water and it can be heated at any desired temperature. *There are two light bulbs provided in the geyser. The red bulb indicates the water is being heated and “the green bulb indicates that water is heated up to the desired temperature. “Automatic heating begins if the temperature of the heated water falls below the set level. *Geysers are used when the duration of hot water supply is limited. *May require maintenance if hard water is being used.WATER SUPPLY SWIMMING POOL MAINTAINANCE *To keep the pool water transparent, sparkling and free from dirt, filtered water must be used. *After a specified period of time, usually as recommended by local public health authority, entire water content should be cycled through the filter. *To ensure proper functioning, the filtration equipment must be cleaned periodically according o a maintenance schedule. “The process of cleaning the filters is known as backwashing. “Different types of nets are used to remove floating objects and also large objects that are settled at the bottom of the pool *In some pools, the pool water is continuously kept in motion where it passes through the filter and all unwanted floating objects are trapped in the filter. *The swimming pool has an opening at the water surface level, leading to the drain at the outside. This opening is called WEIR and a strainer is placed at this opening which arrests the objects floating in water, which is subsequently removed. *Chemicals are added to the pool water to maintain the proper hygienic conditions. *Disinfectants are added to make the water bacteria free. “The dosing can be done manually or may be automated. *To maintain the correct pH level appropriate chemicals are added *The pH is normally maintained between 7.2 to 7.6. “Algae which are water plants that grow in water, are also very difficult to eliminate. If their growth is not hampered by disinfectants, they are to be manually removed. “The initial as well as the make up water is supplied to the pool by the water treatment pant in the hotel. Dirty water flow to pump and filtera Nc INTRODUCTION Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from municipal wastewater, containing mainly household sewage plus some industrial wastewater. Physical, chemical, and biological processes are used to remove contaminants and produce treated wastewater (or treated effluent) that is safe enough for release into the environment. A by-product of sewage treatment is a semi-solid waste or slurry, called sewage sludge. The sludge has to undergo further treatment before being suitable for disposal or application to land. Sewage treatment may also be referred to as wastewater treatment. However, the latter is a broader term which can also refer to industrial wastewater. For most cities, the sewer system will also carry a proportion of industrial effluent to the sewage treatment plant which has usually received pre-treatment at the factories themselves to reduce the pollutant load. If the sewer system is a combined sewer then it will also carry urban runoff (stormwater) to the sewage treatment plant. Sewage water can travel towards treatment plants via piping and in a flow aided by gravity and pumps. The first part of filtration of sewage typically includes a bar screen to filter solids and large objects which are then collected in dumpsters and disposed of in landfills. Fat and grease is also removed before the primary treatment of sewage.Nel Se OVERVIEW Sewage treatment generally involves three stages, called primary, secondary and tertiary treatment. *Primary treatment consists of temporarily holding the sewage in a quiescent basin where heavy solids can settle to the bottom while oil, grease and lighter solids float to the surface. The settled and floating materials are removed and the remaining liquid may be discharged or subjected to secondary treatment. Some sewage treatment plants that are connected to a combined sewer system have a bypass arrangement after the primary treatment unit. This means that during very heavy rainfall events, the secondary and tertiary treatment systems can be bypassed to protect them from hydraulic overloading, and the mixture of sewage and stormwater only receives primary treatment *Secondary treatment removes dissolved and suspended biological matter. Secondary treatment is typically performed by indigenous, water-borne micro-organisms in a managed habitat. Secondary treatment may require a separation process to remove the micro-organisms from the treated water prior to discharge or tertiary treatment. “Tertiary treatment is sometimes defined as anything more than primary and secondary treatment in order to allow ejection into a highly sensitive or fragile ecosystem (estuaries, low-flow rivers, coral reefs.). Treated water is sometimes disinfected chemically or physically (for example, by lagoons and microfiltration) prior to discharge into a stream, river, bay, lagoon or wetland, or it can be used for the irrigation of a golf course, greenway or park. If it is sufficiently clean, it can also be used for groundwater recharge or agricultural purposes. ‘constructed wetl PREAND PRIMARY TREATMENT Residence te: at east 4 days REUSE OR DISPOSAL | DRAINAGE 1B: SECW can also be designed and sized to provide ‘OF TREATED WATER TERCIARY TREATMENT Optional: Sub-surtace Irrigation forNe aa PRETREATMENT Pretreatment removes all materials that can be easily collected from the raw sewage before they damage or clog the pumps and sewage lines of primary treatment clarifiers. Objects commonly removed during pretreatment include trash, tree limbs, leaves, branches, and other large objects. The influent in sewage water passes through a bar screen to remove all large objects like cans, tags, sticks, plastic packets etc. carried in the sewage stream. this is most commonly done with an automated mechanically raked bar screen in moder plants serving large populations, while in smaller or less modern plants, a manually cleaned screen may be used. The raking action of a mechanical bar screen is typically paced according to the accumulation on the bar screens and/or flow rate. The solids are collected and later disposed in a landfill, or incinerated. Bar screens or mesh screens of varying sizes may be used to optimize solids removal. If gross solids are not removed, they become entrained in pipes and moving parts of the treatment plant, and can cause substantial damage and inefficiency in the process. FILTRATION Sand filtration removes much of the residual suspended matter:22-23 Filtration over activated carbon, also called carbon adsorption, removes residual toxins GRIT REMOVAL Grit consists of sand, gravel, cinders, and other heavy materials. It also includes organic matter such as eggshells, bone chips, seeds, and coffee grounds. Pretreatment may include a sand or grit channel or chamber, where the velocity of the incoming sewage is adjusted to allow the settlement of sand and grit. Grit removal is necessary to (1) reduce formation of heavy deposits in aeration tanks, aerobic digesters, pipelines, channels, and conduits; (2) reduce the frequency of digester cleaning caused by excessive accumulations of grit; (3) protect moving mechanical equipment from abrasion and accompanying abnormal wear. The removal of grit is essential for equipment with closely machined metal surfaces such as comminutors, fine screens, centrifuges, heat exchangers, and high pressure diaphragm pumps. Given that traditionally, grit removal systems have been designed to remove clean inorganic particles that are greater than 0.210 millimetres (0.0083 in), most grit passes through the grit removal flows under normal conditions. During periods of high flow deposited grit is resuspended and the quantity of grit reaching the treatment plant increases substantially. Itis, therefore important that the grit removal system not only operate efficiently during normal flow conditions but also under sustained peak flows when the greatest volume of grit reaches the plant.SUPPORTING IMAGES Activated Sludge Plant Ion Exchange Anaerobic Treatment (Sludge Digesters)aXe ai SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT FOR HOTELS Sewage or wastewater is liquid from residences, institutions, commercial and industrial establishments, together with groundwater, surface and storm water. Nowadays, many hotels are not connected to a main sewerage hence installing sewage treatment plant for your hotels is a major criteria. Why because, Sewage treatment plant also called as wastewater treatment plant or water pollution control plant will take only few hours to remove most of the pollutants from sewage/wastewater before it is released into the natural environment or reuse. Sewage or wastewater from hotels undergoes few treatment processes to remove the majority of solid and organic material before it is clean enough to be safely discharged into waterways. After treatment, the treated water can be reused for gardening or can be disposed off. The major purpose of STP for hotels is to treat the wastewater influent so that it will not cause dangerous diseases to humans. Wastewater from the hotels is collected in the treatment plant, where it goes through ‘several stages of treatment by means of drains and collectors. The effective sewage treatment plants for small, medium and large sized hotels and resorts are very small and compact which involves mechanical, chemical and biological treatments/techniques which would minimize environmental pollution (i.e. water pollution). Some of the special features of MBBR Based STP as follows: + Biological treatment with aeration process + Tube Settler for Settling & Sludge removal. + Secondary Treatment comprising of Media Filter and Activated Carbon Filter. * Sizes of tanks considered based on proven technical expertise to ensure smooth O&M. The proposed model can accommodate flexibility of layout as per site conditions. All makes considered are reputed/proven. Some of the special features are as follows: * Compact Design + Easy to Operate + Based on latest Technology + Flexibility in handling variation in incoming loads + Excellent stability characteristics to offer water for reuse etc Pretiminary] Primary troatmen [Secondary or Biological Treatment] [Tertiary Treatment Vv v stuage to Olaposat