CHAPTER-I

INTRODUCTION

The Covid-19 disease emerged in Wuhan, China at the end of 2019. Since then, it has
spread to 200 countries and has been declared a global pandemic by the World Health
Organisation (WHO). To date, there are more than 2.3 million positive COVID-19 cases
recorded with at least 150,000 deaths globally [1].
COVID-19 is a deadly disease which continues to affect many countries in the world. This
is caused by the new coronavirus strain SARS-CoV-2 which has become a serious public
health concern world-wide[2]. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the
COVID-19 outbreak as a pandemic on 11 March 2020. At the time of writing (6 February
2021), this pandemic has affected 223 countries, with over 104.37 million confirmed cases
and 22.71 million deaths recorded globally [3].
The incidence is higher in the Americas (46313540 cases and 1072244 deaths) and Europe
(35003091 cases and 767235 deaths) than in South East Asia (12982540 cases and 199668
deaths), Africa (2616892 cases and 64473 deaths) and the Western Pacific (1466248 cases
and 25526 deaths) . The first COVID-19 case in Bangladesh was reported on 8 March 2020.
Since then, the numbers of new cases have been rising rapidly in the country. As of 6
February 2021, the country has recorded 537465 positive cases of COVID-19 and 8182
deaths domestically.[4]

At least seven separate vaccines across three channels have been carried out in countries
worldwide as of February 18, 2021. Vaccination is prioritized for vulnerable groups in all
countries. Simultaneously, more than 200 additional vaccine candidates are being
developed, with more than 60 of them in clinical trials. COVAX is a component of the ACT
Accelerator, which WHO and collaborators launched in 2020. COVAX, the vaccines
cornerstone of the ACT Accelerator convened by CEPI, Gavi, and WHO, aims to bring the
COVID-19 pandemic’s acute phase to an end [5]

1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Bangladeshi authorities agreed to use the Covidshield vaccine from India on 27 January
2021 and Runu (A Nurse) became the first COVID-19 vaccine recipient. But there is a great
controversy about COVID-19 vaccinations among the general population of Bangladesh. A
proportion of the Bangladeshi population are hesitating to take the vaccine from India lest
they should be infected. A global survey of potential COVID-19 vaccine acceptance shows
that 48% of their study population were confused about the COVID-19 vaccinations and
remained unsure about whether they would have the vaccination [6].

Similarly, a Chinese study found that only just over half of their participants (54.%) said
that they intended to have the vaccination . These relatively low proportions of people
willing to have the vaccine are potentially worrying, since although the most effective
measure of controlling the spread of the virus is to protect oneself from being exposed to
COVID-19, it is also necessary to vaccinate the vulnerable group of people as soon as
possible [7].

A cross-sectional study was conducted by Muhammed Elhadi, Ahmed Alsoufi, (2021)

using convenience sampling in Libya from December 1 to 18, 2020 among the general
population and healthcare workers. Knowledge, attitude, and acceptance of healthcare
workers and the public regarding the COVID-19 vaccine: a cross-sectional study. Data on
demographic characteristics, COVID-19 vaccination-related concerns, knowledge, attitudes,
and practice regarding COVID-19, and knowledge, attitudes, and acceptance regarding the
COVID-19 vaccine were collected using a self-administered survey. A binomial logistic
regression was performed with 70% efficacy to determine the association between
acceptance of the vaccine and study variables. [8]

A Cross-sectional research study was conducted by Archana Kumari, Piyush Ranjan,

(2021) among the general population .Knowledge, barriers and facilitators regarding
COVID-19 vaccine and vaccination programme among the general population: A cross-
sectional survey from one thousand two hundred and forty-nine participants. A total of 1294
responses (age: 38.02 ± 13.34 years) were collected. There is a scope for improvement in
people's knowledge regarding COVID-19 vaccine and the vaccination programme by
addressing the barriers and facilitators which can improve the participants' turnover at
vaccination centres. [9]

2
A Cross-Sectional Study by conducted by Mohammed K. Al-Hanawi, Khadijah
Angawi(2021) Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Toward COVID-19 Among the Public in
the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. A total of 3388 samples were taken
for the study. The majority of the study participants were knowledgeable about COVID-19.
The mean COVID-19 knowledge score was 17.96 (SD = 2.24, range: 3–22), indicating a
high level of knowledge. The mean score for attitude was 28.23 (SD = 2.76, range: 6–30),
indicating optimistic attitudes. The mean score for practices was 4.34 (SD = 0.87, range: 0–
5), indicating good practices. However, the results showed that men have less knowledge,
less optimistic attitudes, and less good practice toward COVID-19, than women. We also
found that older adults are likely to have better knowledge and practices, than younger
people.Our finding suggests that targeted health education interventions should be directed
to this particular vulnerable population, who may be at increased risk of contracting
COVID-19. For example, COVID-19 knowledge may increase significantly if health
education programs are specifically targeted at men. [10]

NEED OF THE STUDY

Vaccines are the most important public health measure and most effective strategy to protect
the population from COVID-19, since SARS-CoV-2 is highly contagious virus and affects
populations widely and globally. The competition for COVID-19 vaccine invention and
development against the spread and catastrophic effects of the disease is ongoing [ 5], and
new, more effective vaccines are likely to be developed as we move through the pandemic.
With the distribution of vaccines underway, it is very important to examine community
acceptance of COVID-19 vaccinations [11].

With the uplifting news about SARS-CoV-2 vaccines approval, optimism is raising to see an
end to the pandemic through herd immunity. The threshold for SARS-CoV-2 herd immunity
is estimated to range between 50% and 67%. One major obstacle facing the achievement of
such a goal is believed to be vaccine hesitancy and skepticism among the population
worldwide. Vaccine hesitancy was defined by the WHO Strategic Advisory Group of
Experts (SAGE) as “delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccination despite availability of
vaccination services” [12].

3
The COVID-19 pandemic evolved worldwide, leading everyone to pursue solutions,
including effective and safe vaccines to control the virus and minimize its impact. By the
end of 2020, globally vaccine manufactures have successfully concluded phase three trials
of the three vaccines, giving the world hope for a quick end to the pandemic and promise for
getting life in general back to normal. As few vaccines got the emergency approval for use,
it became important in the process of deploying them to explore the community’s
knowledge and attitude toward such intervention. This will easily identify factors
influencing vaccine hesitancy or acceptance, and hence it will help to deeply recognize the
features that influence the public in adopting healthy practices and responsive behavior
toward COVID-19 in general and, specifically, accepting vaccines [13]

The development of a COVID-19 vaccine to combat the disease’s spread and devastating
effects is still ongoing, and as the pandemic progresses, new, more effective vaccines are
likely to be developed. Vaccine delivery is continuing, and the public acceptance of the
COVID-19 vaccine is critical.5,6 Given the urgency of mass vaccination against SARS-
CoV-2 strategies, vaccine hesitancy is becoming increasingly recognized as a serious public
health problem that necessitates extensive research among different population groups to
fully understand its triggers and prevalence [14]

World Health Organization, Statement of the WHO global advisory committee on vaccine
safety (GACVS) COVID-19 subcommittee on safety signals related to the AstraZeneca
COVID-19 vaccine. 2021.[15]

PROBLEM STATEMENT

A descriptive study to assess the knowledge regarding covid-19 vaccination among people
of selected rural area of Gautam Buddha Nagar, U.P.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

To assess the Knowledge regarding covid-19 vaccination among people

4
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

 Knowledge: In this study it refers to response of people to self-structured

Questionnaire regarding covid-19 vaccination.
 Assess: Refers to organize systematic variables process of collecting information
about knowledge of covid-19 among people.
 Covid-19 vaccination: COVID-19 vaccination is a vaccination intended to provide
acquired immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(SARS-CoV-2).
 People: People refers to the persons; both males and females, of the age group 18-50
years residing in a community area in Village Kheri.

ASSUMPTION
The study assumes that-
1. People may have some Knowledge regarding covid-19 vaccination
2. People may feel free to clear their doubts regarding covid-19 vaccination

DELIMITATION
The study is delimited to:

1. The adult population between age group 18-50 years who will be available during
the period of study.
2. The population who belongs to Kheri village at Gautam Buddha Nagar, U.P.
3. The population who know to operate android phone and can fill and submit Google
form.

SUMMARY

This Chapter deals with the Introduction, background of the study, problem statement,
purpose, objectives, assumptions, operational definition and delimitations of the study.

5
ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT

The report of the study is under 5 chapters:

Chapter 1 - it deals with the introduction

Chapter 2 - it provides a review of literature related to present study
Chapter 3 - it deals with methodology implemented in the study
Chapter 4 - it refers to analysis and interpretation of collected data

Chapter 5 - it deals with the summary, findings and discussion,

conclusion,implication, limitation and recommendation of

the study.

6
 CHAPTER-II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

According to the S.K Sharma “review of literature is defined as a board comprehensive

in depth, systematic and critical review of scholarly publication, unpublished, Scholarly
print material audio visual materials and personal communication.”16

The literature reviewed for the present study was organized under the following
headings:

1. Literature related to the knowledge, attitude and acceptance of people regarding

COVID-19 Vaccination

 A cross-sectional study was Conducted by Tamam El-Elimat, Mahmoud M.

AbuAlSamen (2021) among public in Jordan. The Study is Acceptance and
attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccines: A cross-sectional study from Jordan. A total
of 3,100 participants completed the survey. The most trusted sources of information
on COVID-19 vaccines were healthcare providers. Systematic interventions are
required by public health authorities to reduce the levels of vaccines’ hesitancy and
improve their acceptance. We believe these results and specifically the low rate of
acceptability is alarming to Jordanian health authorities and should stir further
studies on the root causes and the need of awareness campaigns. [17]

 A Mixed methods study design was conducted by Archana Kumari, Piyush

Ranjan, (2021) In 2 Phases, in phase 1, the questionnaire was developed through
literature review, focus group discussion, expert evaluation, and pre-testing. In phase
2, the validity of the questionnaire was obtained by conducting a cross-sectional
survey on 201 participants.Development and validation of a questionnaire to assess
knowledge, attitude, practices, and concerns regarding COVID-19 vaccination
among the general population. The 39-item questionnaire to assess the knowledge,
attitude, practices, and concerns regarding the COVID-19 vaccine was developed.
The Cronbach’s alpha value of the questionnaire was 0.86 suggesting a good internal
consistency. The developed tool is valid to assess the knowledge, attitude, practices

7
 and concerns regarding the COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and/or hesitancy. It has
the potential utility for healthcare workers and government authorities to further
build vaccine literacy. [18]


A Descriptive Study was conducted by Hilal Hamid Mir, Subeena Parveen (2021)
among Indian People. Using structural equation modeling to predict Indian people's
attitudes and intentions towards COVID-19 vaccination. A total of 254 sample has
been taken for the study.To assess the impact of perceived benefits, risk perceptions,
social media exposure, social norms, and trust associated with Covid-19 vaccines on
people's attitudes towards Covid-19 vaccines and their intentions to take up the
Covid-19 vaccinations. Participants' intentions to take up Covid-19 vaccinations was
influenced mainly by their attitudes and perceptions of Covid-19 vaccines in general,
which strongly confirms the importance of various dimensions (perceived benefits,
trust, social norms) of Covid-19 vaccines in cultivating Covid-19 vaccination
acceptance among participants. [19]

 Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies was conducted by Eric

Robinson, Andrew Jones (2021) International estimates of intended uptake and
refusal of COVID-19 vaccines: A rapid systematic review and meta-analysis of large
nationally representative samples. A total of 1000 samples were taken for the study.
Intentions to be vaccinated when a COVID-19 vaccine becomes available have been
declining across countries and there is an urgent need to address social inequalities
in vaccine hesitancy and promote widespread uptake of vaccines as they become
available. [20]

 A Cross-sectional study was conducted by Sabria Al-Marshoudi, Haleema Al-

Balushi (2021) Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) toward the COVID-19
Vaccine in Oman: A Pre-Campaign Cross-Sectional Study, among 3000 randomly
selected adults answering a structured questionnaire via telephone. The history of
chronic disease, source of vaccine knowledge, and education level were factors that
affected the willingness to accept the vaccine. The Omani community’s willingness
to take the COVID-19 vaccine can be enhanced by utilizing social media and
community influencers to spread awareness about the vaccine’s safety and efficacy.
[21]

8
 A Cross-sectional was conducted by Mannan Abdul Kazi, KhandakerMursheda,
Farhana (2021) among individual individuals aged 19 years or older. Knowledge,
Attitude and Acceptance of a COVID-19 Vaccine: A Global Cross-Sectional Study.
This study did an online survey among 26,852 individuals across six continents as
part of 60 nationally representative surveys to determine potential acceptance rates
and factors influencing acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine. Results revealed that
two-thirds of respondents were at least moderately worried about a widespread
COVID-19 outbreak. Differences in acceptance rates ranged from almost 93% (in
Tonga) to less than 43% (in Egypt). Respondents reporting higher levels of trust in
information from government sources were more likely to accept a vaccine and take
their employer’s advice to do so. Systematic interventions are required by public
health authorities to reduce the levels of vaccines’ hesitancy and improve their
acceptance. [22]

 A Survey study conducted by Amyn A Malik , SarahAnn M McFadden (2020)

among 672 participants. Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in the US.
the 672 participants surveyed, 450 (67%) said they would accept a COVID-19
vaccine if it is recommended for them. Males (72%) compared to females, older
adults (≥55 years; 78%) compared to younger adults, Asians (81%) compared to
other racial and ethnic groups, and college and/or graduate degree holders (75%)
compared to people with less than a college degree were more likely to accept the
vaccine. Although our study found a 67% acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine, there
were noticeable demographic and geographical disparities in vaccine
acceptance. [23]

 A Cross-sectional study was conducted by Molalegn M. (2021) in Ethiopia.

Awareness and Attitude Towards COVID-19 Vaccination and Associated Factors in
Ethiopia: Cross-Sectional Study among 425 participants from March 13, 2021 to
April 10, 2021. In Ethiopia, there is a poor knowledge toward COVID-19 vaccines,
according to the current report. The findings indicate that authorities should
implement an urgent health education program and disseminate more reliable
information. Using the media, policymakers should take measures to ensure
adequate awareness of COVID-19 vaccinations with various stakeholders. [24]

9
 CHAPTER –III

METHODOLOGY

A research methodology defines what the activity of research is, how to

proceed, how to measure progress, and what constitutes success.
Methodology of research indicates the general pattern for organizing the
procedure for the empirical study together with the method of obtaining valid
and reliable data for problem under investigation.
This chapter deals with the methodology adopted for the assessment of the knowledge
of people regarding COVID-19 Vaccination in selected rural area of Gautam Buddh
Nagar,U.P. It includes research approach, design, variable, setting, sample, sampling
technique, development of tool, description of tool, procedure for data collection and
plan for data analysis and interpretation.

RESEARCH APPROACH
Research approach is a systemic, objective method of discovery with empirical
evidence and rigorous control. The research approach spells out the basic
strategies that the researcher adopts to develop information that is accurate and
interpretable.

For this study Quantitative approach was chosen because it aims to assess the
knowledge regarding Covid-19 Vaccination among people of selected rural area of
Gautam Buddha Nagar, UP.

RESEARCH DESIGN
The research design helps the researcher in the selection of subjects,
manipulation of independent variables, control, observation to be made and the
type of statistical analysis to be used to interpret the data.

For the present study, a cross-sectional descriptive research design was used.

10
VARIABLES
Variables are the attributes or characteristics that can have more than one value such as
height or weight. Variables are qualities, quantities, properties or characteristics of
people, things, or situations that can change or vary.

In the present study variables were:

 Age
 Gender
 Religion
 Marital Status
 Educational Qualification
 Type of family
 Family Income
 Occupation
 Previous source of information

SETTING OF STUDY

Setting is the location for conducting research; can be natural, partially controlled or
highly controlled.
The setting for the present study was Village Kheri, Gautam Buddha Nagar, UP

POPULATION
According to Polit and Hungler, A population is the aggregate of cases that
meet a designated set of criteria that the researcher is interested in studying.‘ The
requirement of defining the population for a research project arises from the
need to specify the group to which the result of the study can be generalized.

For the present study, the population comprised of participants residing in Village
Kheri, Gautam Buddha Nagar, UP.

11
SAMPLE

Sample is the subset of the units that compose the population. Sample is used in
research when it is not feasible to study the whole population from which it is
drawn. The process of sampling makes it possible to accept a generalization to the
intended population based on careful observation of variables, within a relatively
small proportion of population.
According to Talbot, A sample is a portion of the population that has been
selected to represent the population of interest.

In the present study, the samples were people within the age group of 18-50 years
residing in a community area in Village Kheri, Gautam Buddha Nagar, UP.

SAMPLE SIZE
The sample size is 70

SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

Sampling is a process of selecting a part of the assigned population to represent the

entire population. Sampling process entails the formulation of specific criteria for
selection, which ensures that the characteristics of phenomenon of interest will be
present in all the units being studied.
The sampling technique for present study was convenience sampling technique.

SAMPLE CRITERIA
Inclusion criteria
1. All adults between the age group of 18-50 years.
2. Participants belong to Village Kheri, Gautam Buddha Nagar, UP.
3. Participants who are willing to participate in the study.
4. Participants who read and understand Hindi/English Language.
5. Participants who know to operate android phone and can submit the answers via
Google form.

Exclusion criteria
1. Individuals less than 18 years and more than 50 years
2. Participants who do not belong to Village Kheri, Gautam Buddha Nagar, UP.
3. Participants who are not willing to participate in the study.
4. Participants who do not read and understand Hindi/English Language.
5. Participants who do not know to operate android phone and cannot submit the
answers via Google form.

12
DATA COLLECTION – TOOLS AND TECHNIQUE

DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOOL

The tool was developed by:

 Extensive reviewing of the related research and non-research literature to

construct the items and scoring technique for the tool.
 Consultation with the guide and co-guide in related field
 Development of the instructions
 Categorization of the items under different section

DESCRIPTION OF THE TOOL

The tool has been divided into 2 sections: (Section A & B)

 Section A: Demographic Profile

It consisted of 9 questions in Self- structured interview format to collect
demographic data which includes:
 Age
 Gender
 Religion
 Marital Status
 Educational Qualification
 Type of family
 Family Income
 Occupation
 Previous source of information.

 Section B: Knowledge Questionnaire (To assess the knowledge Covid-19

Vaccines)
It consisted of Self-Structured questionnaire on knowledge regarding Covid-
19 Vaccination. It consisted of 20 questions for assessing the knowledge. The
total score is 20.

13
 Scoring and Classification:
 Scoring: 1 for correct answer
0 for incorrect answer.
 Range: 0-20
 Classification:
Very Good: 16-20
Good: 11-15
Average: 6-10
Poor: 0-5

PROCEDURE FOR DATA COLLECTION

1. Ethical and formal permission was taken from Gram Pradhan,Village Kheri.
2. Purpose of the study was explained.
3. The informed consent and self structured questionnaire were sent to the
subjects via Google forms.
4. Demographic profile data and assessment of knowledge regarding Covid-19
vaccination were recorded in demographic data sheet.

ETHICAL CONSIDERATION

 Ethical and formal permission was obtained from Gram Pradhan, Village Kheri
through Principal, Metro College of Nursing.
 Informed consent was taken from participants.
 Coding of subjects was done to ensure their anonymity.

PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS

The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics:

1. Organize the data in the master sheet.

2. Frequency and percentage distribution of demographic data
3. Mean and standard deviation of the knowledge score
4. Frequency and percentage distribution according to the knowledge score.
5. Percentage distribution according to the attitude score.

14
SUMMARY
This chapter dealt with the research approach, design, setting of the study, variables,
population, sample, sample size, sampling technique, ethical consideration,
development of the tool, data collection, procedure, and data analysis.

15
 CHAPTER-IV
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

In the present study, analysis and interpretation of the data was based on knowledge
regarding Covid-19 Vaccination among 80 people residing in Village Kheri
obtained through self-structured knowledge questionnaire. Descriptive statistics
was used for analyzing the data.

PROBLEM STATEMENT

A descriptive study to assess the knowledge regarding Covid-19 Vaccination among

people of selected rural area of Gautam Buddha Nagar, UP.

OBJECTIVE

1. To assess the knowledge regarding Covid-19 vaccines among people.

ORGANIZATION AND PRESENTATION OF DATA

Data and findings of the study have been organized and presented under following
headings:

SECTION A: Findings related to sample characteristics

Part I: Frequency and percentage computation to describe the sample characteristics
in the study.
SECTION B: Findings related to knowledge scores on Covid-19
vaccination

Part I: Mean and standard deviation of knowledge scores.

Part II: Frequency and percentage distribution according to the knowledge on
Covid-19 Vaccination.

16
SECTION- A
This section describes demographic characteristics of people in terms of their age,
gender, religion, marital status, educational qualification, type of family, family
income, occupation, and previous source of knowledge.
Frequency and percentage were computed for describing demographic
characteristics given in table no. 1.

Sample Characteristics of population residing in Village Kheri, Gautam

BuddhaNagar, UP
 Table-1: Frequency and percentage distribution of people by their
Demographic Characteristics

n=70
S.N SAMPLE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
O
CHARACTERISTICS (f) (%)
1. AGE
a) 18-28 37 53
b) 29-39 17 24
c) 40-50 16 23
2. GENDER
a) Male 40 58
b) Female 29 41
c) Others 1 1
3. RELIGION
a) Hindu 61 87
b) Muslim 2 3
c) Christian 6 9
d) Sikh 1 1
4. MARITAL STATUS
a) Unmarried 43 61
b) Married 27 39
5. EDUCATIONAL STATUS
a) Primary 5 7
b) Secondary 15 21
c) Higher secondary 41 59
d) Graduation and above 9 13
6. TYPE OF FAMILY
a) Nuclear family 41 59
b) Joint family 20 29
c) Extended 9 13
7. FAMILY INCOME (MONTHLY)
a) Less than 10000 14 20
b) 10001-20000 15 21
c) 20001-30000 27 39
d) Above 30000 14 20
8. OCC OCCUPATION
a) Government Employee 6 9
b) Private Employee 25 36
c) Business 20 29
d) Housewife 9 13
e) Unemployed 5 7
f) Student 5 7
7 9. ANY PREVIOUS SOURCE
OF INFORMATION
a) Mass-Media 40 57
b) Friends/Family/Relatives 27 39
c) Health Care Personnel 2 3
d) No Previous knowledge 1 1
Data presented in the Table no.1 shows that:

 Out of 70 samples, 37 (53%) belonged to the age group between 18-28 years, 17
(24%) belonged to the age group between 29-39 years, and 16 (23%) belonged to
the age group 40-50 years.
 Nearly 40 (58%) of samples were males, 29 (41 %) were females and 1(1%) were from
others category.

 With regard to religion of samples, 61 (87 %) were Hindu, 2 (3%) were Muslim, 6
(9%) were Christian and 1(1%) were Sikh.

 About 43 (61%) of samples were unmarried and 27 (39%) were married.

 Out of the total samples, 5 (7%) had only completed their primary education,
15(21%) had completed secondary education, majority i.e. 41 (59%) had
completed their higher secondary education and 9 (13%) were graduates or higher
educated.

 Majority of the samples belonged to nuclear family with 41 (59%), joint family
with 20 (29%) and extended family with 9(13%).

 Nearly 14 (20%) of total samples have their monthly Family Income above Rs
30000, 14 (20%) have their monthly Family Income below Rs 10000, 15 (21%)
have their monthly Family Income in between Rs. 10001-20000 and 27 (39%)
have their monthly Family Income in between Rs 20001- 30000.

 Among total samples, 6 (9%) were Government employees, majority i.e. 25 (36%)
were Private employees, 20 (29%) were in business, 9 (13%) were housewives, 5
(7%) were unemployed and 15 (18%) were students.

 40 (57%) of the samples have had previous source of information from Mass Media,
27(39%) from Friends/Family/Relatives, 2(3%) Health Care Personnel and 1(1%)
hadnopreviousknowledge.

20
 Age
60
Percentage
50

40

30

20

10

18-28 years 29-39 years 40-50 years

Fig.1: A Clustered Column Diagram showing the percentage

distribution of age.

MALES(58%)
FEMALES(41%)
OTHERS(1%)

Fig. 2: A pie diagram showing the percentage distribution of gender

21
 Religion

100

80

Percentage 60

40

20

Hindu Muslim Sikh Christian

Fig. 3: A 3-D Clustered column Diagram showing the percentage

distribution of religion.

UNMARRIED (61%)
MARRIED (39%)

Fig. 4: A Pie Diagram showing the percentage distribution of

marital status.

22
 PRIMARY(7%)

SECONDARY(21%)

HIGHER SECONDARY(59%)

GRADUATION & ABOVE

(13%)

Fig.5: A 3-D Pie diagram showing the percentage distribution of

educational qualification.

NUCLEAR (59%)
JOINT (29%)
EXTENDED (13%)

Fig.6: A 3-D Pie diagram showing the percentage distribution of type of

family.

23
 LESS THAN Rs 10000
(20%)
Rs. 10001-20000 (21%)

Rs. 20001-30000(29%)

MORE THAN Rs.30000

(20%)

Fig.7: A 3-D Pie diagram showing the percentage distribution of

monthly family income.

GOVERNMENT
EMPLOYEE(9%)
PRIVATE EMPLOYEE(36%)

BUSINESS(29%)

HOUSEWIFE(13%)

UNEMPLOYED(7%)

STUDENT(7%)

Fig.8: A 3-D Pie diagram showing the percentage distribution of Occupation.

24
 MASS MEDIA(57%)

FRIENDS/FAMILY/RELATIV
ES(39%)
HEALTH CARE
PERSONNEL(3%)
NO PREVIOUS
KNOWLEDGE(1%)

Fig.9: A 3-D pie diagram showing the percentage distribution of

previous source of knowledge.

25
 SECTION-B

This section describes the analysis and interpretation of data collected to assess the
knowledge on Covid-19 Vaccination.

Findings related to knowledge on Covid-19 Vaccination:

Table 2:
Mean and Standard Deviation of knowledge scores.

n=70

TOTAL MEAN STANDARD

SCORE DEVIATION

861 12.3 ±3.1

Data presented in the table no.2, shows that the total score secured was 861, overall
Mean knowledge score was 12.3 and Standard Deviation was ±3.1

26
 Table-3

Frequency and percentage distribution according to the level of knowledge

regarding Covid-19 vaccination:

n=70

RANGE KNOWLEDGE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

OF SCORE (f) (%)
SCORES
0-5 Poor 2 3

6-10 Average 12 17

11-15 Good 48 69

16-20 Very 8 11
Good

Data presented in the table no.3, shows that the majority of people i.e.; 48 (69 %)
had good knowledge, whereas, 8 (11%) had very good knowledge, 12 (17 %) had
average and only 2(3%) had poor knowledge regarding Covid-19 Vaccination.

POOR KNOWLEDGE (3%)

AVERAGE KNOWLEDGE
(17%)
GOOD KNOWLEDGE (69%)

VERY GOOD KNOWLEDGE

(11%)

Fig.8: An Exploded 3-D Pie Diagram showing the

percentage distribution by their knowledge scores

27
 Summary

This chapter deals with analysis and interpretation of data collected from 70 people
residing in Village Kheri, Gautam Buddha Nagar, UP. Descriptive statistics such as
frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation was used to analyze the data.

28
 CHAPTER V
DISCUSSION
This chapter explores how the objectives were met. A summary of the major findings
of the study are presented and followed by conclusion, discussion, implications and
limitations of the study. The suggestions and recommendations for future research in
the field have been presented at the end.

SUMMARY OF THE STUDY

PROBLEM STATEMENT

A descriptive study to assess the knowledge regarding Covid-19 Vaccination among

people of selected rural area of Gautam Buddha Nagar, UP.

OBJECTIVE

1. To assess the knowledge regarding Covid-19 vaccination among people.

The research approach adopted for the study was quantitative approach with cross
sectional descriptive research design. According to the study the demographic
variables age, gender, religion, marital status, educational qualification, type of family,
family income, occupation, and previous source of knowledge.

The study was conducted at Village Kheri at Gautam Buddha Nagar, U.P. The sample
size was 70. Demographic profile of the adult population was recorded in demographic
data sheet. A test of knowledge regarding Covid-19 vaccination was assessed by using
self- structured questionnaire on knowledge. Descriptive statistics was used to analysis
and interpretation of data of the study was done.

SUMMARY OF THE MAJOR FINDINGS:

SECTION A:

 Out of 70 samples, 37 (53%) belonged to the age group between 18-28 years, 17
(24%) belonged to the age group between 29-39 years, and 16 (23%) belonged to
the age group 40-50 years.
 Nearly 40 (58%) of samples were males, 29 (41 %) were females and 1(1%) were from
others category.
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 With regard to religion of samples, 61 (87 %) were Hindu, 2 (3%) were Muslim, 6
(9%) were Christian and 1(1%) were Sikh.

 About 43 (61%) of samples were unmarried and 27 (39%) were married.

 Out of the total samples, 5 (7%) had only completed their primary education,
15(21%) had completed secondary education, majority i.e. 41 (59%) had
completed their higher secondary education and 9 (13%) were graduates or higher
educated.

 Majority of the samples belonged to nuclear family with 41 (59%), joint family
with 20 (29%) and extended family with 9(13%).

 Nearly 14 (20%) of total samples have their monthly Family Income above Rs
30000, 14 (20%) have their monthly Family Income below Rs 10000, 15 (21%)
have their monthly Family Income in between Rs. 10001-20000 and 27 (39%)
have their monthly Family Income in between Rs 20001- 30000.

 Among total samples, 6 (9%) were Government employees, majority i.e. 25 (36%)
were Private employees, 20 (29%) were in business, 9 (13%) were housewives, 5
(7%) were unemployed and 15 (18%) were students.

 40 (57%) of the samples have had previous source of information from Mass
Media, 27(39%) from Friends/Family/Relatives, 2(3%) Health Care Personnel and
1(1%) had no previous knowledge.

SECTION-B:

Part 1: Findings related to Mean and Standard deviation of knowledge scores.

 According to the total score secured was 861, overall Mean knowledge score
was 12.3 and Standard Deviation was ±3.1

Part 2: Findings related to frequency and percentage distribution according to

the level of knowledge regarding Covid-19 Vaccination.
 According to the findings, majority of people i.e.; 48 (69 %) had good
knowledge, whereas, 8 (11%) had very good knowledge, 12 (17 %) had
average and only 2(3%) had poor knowledge regarding Covid-19
Vaccination.
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 DISCUSSION

 The present study reveals that according to the findings, majority of people i.e.;
48 (69 %) had good knowledge, whereas, 8 (11%) had very good knowledge, 12
(17 %) had average and only 2(3%) had poor knowledge regarding Covid-19
Vaccination. According to the total score secured was 861, overall Mean
knowledge score was 12.3 and Standard Deviation was ±3.1

 Kumari A. et al (2021) conducted qualitative study aims to interpret current

knowledge, attitude, perceptions and concerns regarding COVID-19 vaccine in
the Indian population. Eight focus group discussions were conducted. Participants
were recruited via purposive sampling. Discussions were recorded and transcribed
verbatim. Key themes were extracted using thematic analysis method. There were
19 males and 24 females, with a mean age of 36 ± 11 years. Sub-themes identified
were knowledge, attitude, perception and concerns regarding COVID-19 vaccine,
leading to the main theme, i.e., views about the COVID-19 vaccine. People have
mixed perceptions regarding COVID-19 vaccine. Channeling correct messages
and information may improve people's willingness to get vaccinated. [25]

IMPLICATIONS OF THE STUDY:

The findings and discussions of the study mentioned previously have recognized many
implications in the following fields.

NURSING EDUCATION
 The gap between the existing and expected level of knowledge of rural people
regarding Covid-19 Vaccination one of the ways of setting priorities in developing
Health Awareness program for Community.
 In the existing Nursing curriculum experience in health teaching and methods of
teaching, it needs to be emphasized that the students need to have knowledge and
skills to utilize community approaches in encouraging the community people to
involve and participate in various health programs and activities in order to prevent
the health problems and promote the community health .
 Sensitizing the nursing students about the implication of teaching concept for
awareness of community people can reduce patient’s morbidity and mortality.

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 The nursing education must aim to enable student nurses to gain skills and
community approaches required to be able to practice the psychosocial principles in
community setup.
 As health awareness program is an effective way of enhancing the knowledge of
community people, it can be utilized to improve the knowledge, attitude,
perception and practice regarding Covid-19 vaccination.

NURSING PRACTICE
The result of the study provides several implications for nursing practices: -
 Prevention and Promotion are integral part of Community nursing practice. The
acceptance of the community (rural and urban) regarding prevention of disease and
promotion of health aspect is still low in developing countries. By proper community
nursing practice the morbidity and mortality can be reduced.
 Community nursing has to take up responsibility to plan health awareness
programs to improve knowledge, attitude, practice and acceptance related to
Covid-19 vaccination of Rural and Urban Community.
 Nursing personnel should adopt various methods to improve quality of life of the
Rural and Urban people by doing better nursing practice.

NURSING ADMINISTRATION
This study has important for nursing education. Students should teach about holistic
care in order to provide evidence-based nursing.
 The nursing administrators must have policy to acquire modern technological audio
and video aids for continuing education program and symposium to be carried out
for various community health personnels like ASHA, ANM, MPHW, CHO, PHN
in Community settings regarding updation of knowledge related to Covid-19
vaccinaton.

 Nursing administrator may plan and organize health awareness program for rural
and urban community people.

NURSING RESEARCH

 The health care environment today is more dynamic and more demanding. There is
a need to promote research-based practice as nursing moves towards as an
independent professional practice mode.

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  The researcher found that more research can be conducted in this aspect to
implement more focus on the different interventions to improve knowledge,
attitude and acceptance regarding Covid-19 vaccination. So, community health
nurses must take up researches in this area so that acceptance can be improved by
Rural and urban community.

LIMITATION
 The study was confined to a small sample; only seventy adult population in a selected
rural community area were considered for assessing knowledge regarding Covid-
19 vaccination.

RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the findings of the study the following recommendations are made.
 This study can be conducted in more than one setting e.g. in rural and urban
community so that patients from different backgrounds can be selected.
 Comparative study can be done between urban and rural community.
 The study can be done replicated on the large sample of the rural population for the
generalization of the findings.

CONCLUSION DRAWN FROM THE STUDY:

It was concluded that rural population has good knowledge about Covid-19
Vaccination.

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