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Stat&Prob Module 2
Stat&Prob Module 2
Stat&Prob Module 2
Statistics and
Probability
Module 2: Normal Distribution
Cover Art
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11
Statistics and
Probability
Module 2: Normal
Distribution
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by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and/or universities.
We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their
feedback, comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education
at action@deped.gov.ph.
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Statistics and Probability – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 2: Normal Distribution
First Edition, 2019
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Table of Contents
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What I Need To Know
Sets of random variables are not always discrete. At most, you willbe
calculating probabilities of very large cases and end up with good predictions and
decisions relative to the population. At times like these, you encounter data that are
of continuous type.
This module will consider distribution of this type known as the Normal
Probability Distribution or the Normal Curve. While the distribution take on a wide
range of data values, meaning the existence of extreme numbers are evident, still
this allows the data to be normally distributed and appear to be
less varied. That when plotted, is visualized to approximate the
shape of a bell.
Most statisticians found the normal curve easy to use since most of
statistical tests can be derived from the normal distributions. More
so, because it works very well even when the distributions are approximately
normally distributed so with those very wide deviations* from normality.
Module Content
Module Objectives
Once you have gone through with this module, you are expected to have gained the
ability to:
✓ (M11/12SP – IIIc - 1) illustrate a normal random variable and its
characteristics,
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✓ (M11/12SP – IIIc - 2) construct a normal curve,
✓ (M11/12SP – IIIc - 3) identify regions under the normal curve,
✓ (M11/12SP – IIIc - 4) convert a normal random variable to a standard normal
variable and vice versa,
✓ (M11/12SP – IIId - 1) compute probabilities and percentiles using the standard
normal table.
General Instructions
In order to gain the skills mentioned above and meet what is expected of you, you
need to do the following:
Word
Meaning
This means approaching a value or a curve closely but never
Asymptotic
touching it.
Deviation A condition that is different from what is usual or expected.
A type of frequency distribution graph. It is like that of a bar graph
Frequency but there are no spaces in between each bar. The number of
Polygon observations is marked with a single point at the midpoint of the
interval. A straight line then connects each set of points.
Used to draw conclusions in the presence of uncertainty. This
Inferences generalizes reasoning, with the absence of uncertainty as a special
case.
2
This is a measure used in statistics indicating the value below which
Percentile
a given percentage of observations in a group of observations falls.
Probability This is a function that describes the likelihood of obtaining the
Distribution possible values that a random variable can assume.
This is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of
Skewness a real-valued random variable about its mean. The skewness can be
positive or negative or undefined.
This is a measure thatis used to quantify the amount of variation or
dispersion of a set of data values. A low standard deviation indicates
Standard
that the data points tend to be close to the mean of the set while
Deviation
high standard deviation indicates that the data points are spread out
over a wider range of values.
This is a situation in which the values of variables occur at regular
Symmetrical frequencies and the mean, median and mode occur at the same
point. Symmetrical distribution does not skew.
3
What I Know
Directions: Read and analyze the statements below. Encircle the letter of the correct
answer.
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11. Find the area of the proportion in the probability notation P(z>-2.5).
a. 0.9937 c. 0.9936
b. 0.9934 d. 0.9938
12. Given =180 and = 15 in a college entrance examination, find the corresponding z-
value of the score by the following students if X = 150.
a. 2 c. 2.5
b. -2 d. -2.5
13. From the given in number 12, what is the z-value if X = 200?
a. 1.33 c. 1.99
b. 1.66 d. 2.22
14. What is the value of 70th percentile?
a. 0.13 c. 0.52
b. 0.23 d. 0.71
15. What is the value of 82nd percentile?
a. 0.92 c. 0.53
b. 0.83 d. 0.23
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Lesson Understanding the Normal
1 Curve Distribution
Learning Concepts
5 1 11 1 15 1
4 3 10 2 14 2
3 5 9 3 13 3
2 3 8 5 12 4
1 1 7 7 11 5
N 13 6 8 10 6
5 7 9 7
4 5 8 8
3 3 7 7
2 2 6 6
1 1 5 5
N 44 4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
N 64
Example
Questions:
1. Sketch a frequency polygon of each distribution.
2. For each distribution, compute for the three measures of central tendency
(mean, median and mode). What do you observe? Where did you find these
measures on the graph (left end, at the center or right end)?
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3. If we will continue to increase the number of students, what do you think will
the shape of the graph be?
Answers:
1. The frequency polygon of each frequency distribution.
Graph 1 Graph 2 Graph 3
2. Computing for the mean, median and mode of each given distributions, we
will realize that the resulting values are equal. Since these measures are
equal, they all lie at one point. That is, at the center of the graph.
3. If we will continue to increase the number of students then in the long run, we
can approximate the graph to the shape of a bell.
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3. The mean, median and mode are of equal values and when sketched, they
coincide at the center of the graph.
Mean
This property explains that the standard normal curve is used as a guide for
distributions which has mean value not equal to 0 and standard deviation not equal
to 1.
For instance, in a given distribution with mean equals 95 and standard deviation
equals 3, the width of the curve will be 3 numbers away from each other, which is
determined from the given standard deviation.
5. The curve extends indefinitely approaching the x-axis but never touching it.
Thus, the curve is asymptotic to the line.
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6. The area of the region under the curve is 1. It represents the probability or
percentage or proportionassociated with the specific sets of measurement
values.
A specific proportion of the area of the region under the curve can be
calculated manually using the formula
−1 𝑋−𝜇 2
( )
𝑒 2 𝜎
Y=
𝜎√2𝜋
where
Y represents the height of the curve at a particular value of X
X represents any score in the distribution
σ represents the standard deviation of the population
μ represents the population mean
π = 3.1416
𝑒 = 2.7183
However, this formula is now rarely used because of the readily available z-
Table which displays all the area of the region under the curve given a z-
value.
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Table of Areas under the Normal Curve
10
Steps in finding the area under the normal curve given a z-value
1. Express the given z-value into a three-digit number.
2. Using the z-Table, find the first 2 digits on the first column.
3. Find the third digit on the first row on the right.
4. Read the area for probability at the intersection of the row (first 2 digit
number) and column (third digit number). The value observed at the
intersection indicates the area of the given z-value.
Illustration.
1. Find the area that corresponds to z=2.
Finding the area that corresponds to z = 2 is the same as finding the area
between z=0 and z= 2.
Steps Solution
a. Express the given z-value to a z = 2 becomes z = 2.00
3 digit number
b. In the table, find the first two (2.0)
digit number on the first
column
c. Find the third digit on the (.00)
firstrow
d. Read the probability at the The area at the intersection is 0.4772.
intersection of row 2.0 and
column .00
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2. Find the area that corresponds to z=1.45.
Finding the area that corresponds to z = 1.45 is the same as finding the area
between z = 0 and z = 1.45.
Steps Solution
a. Express the given z-value to a z = 1.45
3 digit number (it is already expressed to a 3 digit
number, so just copy the given)
b. In the table, find the first two (1.4)
digit number on the first
column
c. Find the third digit on the first (.05)
row
d. Read the probability at the The area at the intersection is 0.4265.
intersection of row 1.4 and
column .05
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3. Find the area that corresponds to z= – 2.5
The negative in the given z-value as z = – 2.5 indicates the location of where
that area is in the curve. Since it is a negative, meaning the measurement X
that corresponds to z = – 2.5 is located at the left side of the curve. Since the
normal curve is symmetrical about the mean, therefore finding the area of z =
– 2.5 is the same as finding the area of z = 2.5.
Steps Solution
a. Express the given z-value to a z = 2.5 becomes z = 2.50
3 digit number
b. In the table, find the first two (2.5)
digit number on the first
column
c. Find the third digit on the first (.00)
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row
d. Read the probability at the The area at the intersection is 0.4938.
intersection of row 2.5 and
column .00
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What I Can Do
Exercise 1
Share your idea about considering a set of large data values in order to make
good decisions relative to the given values.
Exercise 2
Match the z-value given in column A to its corresponding area in column B. Then,
identify the hidden message by filling in the letters indicated in column B to the
corresponding number indicated in each blank below.
Column A Column B
1. z = 0.04 L. 0.3554
2. z = 1.06 V. 0.4817
3. z = 2.8 M. 0.4987
4. z = 2.09 T. 0.3531
5. z = 0.49 C. 0.4999
6. z = 3.02 S. 0.0517
7. z = – 0.03 I. 0.0160
8. z = – 1.05 A. 0.0120
9. z = – 2.22 E. 0.1879
10. z = – 3.78 O. 0.4974
11. z = – 0.13 H. 0.4868
Decode the message.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 5 6 7 8 1 10 11
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IDENTIFYING REGIONS OF
Lesson
AREAS UNDER THE NORMAL
2
CURVE
Learning Concept
This point in time, it is expected that you already have mastered the skill in
determining the area under the normal curve that corresponds to a given z-value
using the z-Table.
Illustration
1. Find the area of the region between z= 1 and z = 3.
Solution:
The area of the region described by the point
z = 1 indicates the area from z = 0 to z = 1.
Using the z-Table, it has corresponding area
of 0.3413.
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The problem states that we need to find the area of the region between the
given two z-values (red line).
In doing so, we need to subtract the area that corresponds to z = 3 to the area
that corresponds to z = 1. Thus, we have
The problem states that we need to find the area of the region between the
given two z-values (red line).
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In doing so, we need to add the area that corresponds to z = 1 to the area that
corresponds to z = -1. Thus, we have
The problem states that we need to find the area of the region between the
given two z-values (red line).
In doing so, we need to add the area that corresponds to z = 2 to the area that
corresponds to z = -1.5. Thus, we have
Find the area of the region under the curve that corresponds between
the given z-values.
1. z = 3 and z = -1
2. z = 0.5 and z = 2
3. z = 1.5 and z = -1
4. z = 2 and z = -2.25
5. z = 2.5 and z = -0.5
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Lesson DETERMINING
3 PROBABILITIES
Learning Concept
P(a < z < b) this notation represents the idea stating the probability that the z-
value is between a and b
P(z> a) this notation represents the idea stating the probability that the z-value
is above a
P(z< a)this notation represents the idea stating the probability that the z-value
is below a
where a and b are z-score values.
P(z = a) = 0this notation represents the ideastating the probability that the z-
value is equal to a is 0. This notation indicates that a z-value is
equal to exactly one point on the curve. With that single point, a
line can be drawn signifying the probability can be below or above
it. That is why, for a z-value to be exactly equal to a value its
probability is equal to 0.
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“lower than” “more than z”
“under z” “at least z”
With all these in mind, you are now ready to solve for the proportion of the
area specified z-score value.
Illustration.
1. Find the proportion of the area between z = 2 and z = 3.
Steps Solution
Draw a normal curve.
Locate the required z-values.
Shade the required region.
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Locate from the z-Table the z = 1 has a corresponding area of
corresponding areas of the given z- 0.3413.
value. This area signifies only from z = 0 to z
= 1.
With the graph, decide on what With the given graph, the operation to
operation will be used to identify the be used is addition.
proportion of the area of the region.
Use probability notation to avoid P(z < 1) = 0.5000+ 0.3413 = 0.8413
lengthy expressions.
This is so because the area of the
region from z = 0 to its left is 0.5 since
it represents half of the normal curve.
With the property that the curve has
area equal to 1, therefore half of its
area signifies 0.5000 or 0.5.
Make a concluding statement. The required area below z = 1 is
0.8413.
With the graph, decide on what With the given graph, there is no
operation will be used to identify the need to decide on what operation to
proportion of the area of the region. be used since as defined, if a z-value
Use probability notation to avoid is equal to exactly one number then
lengthy expressions. its probability or the proportion of the
area of the region is automatically 0.
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P(z = 1) = 0
Make a concluding statement. The required area at z = 1 is 0.
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What I Can Do
Solve for the proportion of the area of the following probability notations. Then,
sketch the normal curve shading the required region of each given notation.
2. P(z > 3)
4. P(z >-1.5)
5. P(z = -1)
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Lesson UNDERSTANDING THE Z-
4 SCORES
Learning Concept
For any population, the mean and the standard deviation are fixed. This gives
the way to understand that for every raw score X, there corresponds an exactly one
z-score value, and vice versa. Therefore, if we wish to find the percentage
associated with X, we must find its matched z-value using the z formula.
where
X = the raw score
𝜇 = population mean
Ẍ = sample mean
𝜎 = population standard deviation
s = sample standard deviation
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The area of the region under the normal curve represents the probability or
percentage or proportion of a given measurement value. It is computed by
subtracting the measurement X to the sample Ẍ or population 𝜇mean, then dividing
the result by the standard deviation 𝜎. The resulting value gives the z-score. The z-
score indicates the distance between a given measurement X and the mean
expressed in standard deviations. It locates either within a sample or within a
population. But for now, a readily available z-Table is made to obtain the
corresponding area given a z-score.
Steps in finding the z-score given the mean (Ẍ 𝑜𝑟 𝜇) , standard deviation (𝜎) and the
measurement (X)
𝑋− 𝜇
1. Use the formula z= for finding the z-score
𝜎
2. Check the given values: mean (Ẍ𝑜𝑟 𝜇) , standard deviation (𝜎) and the
measurement (X)
3. Substitute the given values in the formula
4. Compute for the z-value
Illustration.
1. In Mrs. Shirley’s science class, a student gained a score of 46. What is the z-
value of his score if test result has population mean 45 with standard
deviation of 2?
Steps Solution
a. Use the formula for finding the z- z= 𝑋− 𝜇
𝜎
scores of population data
b. Check the given values 𝜇 = 45, 𝜎 = 2, X = 46
c. Substitute the given values in the z= 46− 45
2
formula
d. Compute the z-value 1
z= 2 = 0.5
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0.5
39 41 43 45 46 47 49 51
Mean
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3. Mrs. Bastillada conducted a test survey about determining the current level of
students’ learning on Geometry. After checking the test questionnaires, she
was amazed that a student attained 50 correct answers. What is the
corresponding z-value of the student’s score if the sample mean of the test
results was 45 and standard deviation is 6?
Steps Solution
a. Use the formula for finding the z- z= 𝑋− Ẍ
𝜎
scores of sample data
b. Check the given values Ẍ = 45, 𝜎 = 6, X = 50
c. Substitute the given values in the z= 50− 45
6
formula
d. Compute the z-value 5
z= 6 = 0.83
0.83
27 33 39 45 50 51 57 63
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What I Can Do
Exercise 1
You are applying for a job that requires a score on either a P Test or an A Test. The
company needs only one test result. You have acquired scores on both tests. You’ve
scored 98 on the P Test and 112 on the A Test. Which test results will you most
likely to submit? Is the information enough for you to convince yourself on submitting
your chosen test result? Explain why.
Exercise 2
Given 𝜇 = 110 and 𝜎 = 10 in a college entrance examination, find the corresponding
z-value of the scores gained by the following students.
Show all your solutions and sketch its graph.
1. X = 98
2. X = 65
3. X = 120
4. X = 74
5. X = 135
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Lesson LOCATING PERCENTILES
5 UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE
Learning Concept
For instance, you were told by your teacher that your Mathematics
grade for the quarter is 92 and your grade is at the 88th percentile. This means 88%
of your classmates scored lower than 92 and 21% scored more than 92 in the
subject. This explains that 88th percentile is located at a point such that 88% of the
total population lies below that point and 12% lies above.
At this point, we are given with the area or the proportion of the area of
the region under the normal curve. We wish to identify the corresponding z-value of
the given area. With this, we need the z-Table to find the z-value required
corresponding to the given area and if not found, we take the nearest value. The
number that corresponds to the first column and first row of the intersection attained
from the locating the given area is the required z-value.
Illustration.
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Steps Solution
a. Draw the appropriate normal
curve.
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2. Find the 95th percentile of the normal curve.
By definition, the P95 means locating an area before or below the point. We
want to know what the z-value is at this point.
Steps Solution
a. Draw the appropriate normal
curve.
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two z-values.
h. Locate the z-value 1.645 and
draw a line through under the
curve
i. Shade the region to the left of
1.645
j. Describe the shaded region The shaded region is the 95%
percentile of the distribution.
Meaning, 95% of the distribution
lies below the z-value 1.645.
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relative comparison starts at 0.92.
e. Locate the z-value 0.92 and 32% is located at the left side of the
draw a line through under the curve since the value does not
curve reach 50%(half of the curve) or
above. Thus, the z-value 0.92
should be located at the left side of
the curve.
f. Shade the region to the left of Since 0.92 must be located at the
0.92 left side of the curve, it must
contain a negative sign indicating to
where it should be located.
g. Describe the shaded region Thus, the shaded region is the 32%
percentile of the distribution.
Meaning, 32% of the distribution
lies below the z-value -0.92.
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What I Can Do
Solve for the percentile of the following numbers. Then sketch its graph.
1. 30th
2. 52nd
3. 15th
4. 88th
5. 97th
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What I Have Learned
𝑋− 𝜇
z= 𝜎
(z-score for population data)
𝑋− Ẍ
z= (z-score for sample data)
𝑠
where
X = the raw score
𝜇 = population mean
Ẍ = sample mean
𝜎 = population standard deviation
s = sample standard deviation
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Assessment
Directions: Read and analyze the statements below. Encircle the letter of the
correct answer.
1. Which of the following is the area under the normal curve?
c. 0 c. 2
d. 1 d. 3
2. The curve is symmetrical to which of the following?
c. mean c. Standard deviation
d. variance d. Area
3. If the z-value is 0.42, what is the area?
c. 0.0800 c. 0.1628
d. 0.0279 d. 0.3129
4. Find the area if the value of z = -0.13.
c. 0.0248 c. 0.1398
d. 0.0517 d. 0.2467
5. If the area is 0.4977, what is the z-value?
c. 1.63 c. 2.01
d. 1.97 d. 2.83
6. Find the area between z=-1 and z=3.
c. 0.8300 c. 0.8400
d. 0.8350 d. 0.8450
7. Find the area between z= -1.5 and z=-1.3.
c. 0.0100 c. 0.0300
d. 0.0200 d. 0.0400
8. If the area is 0.8351, what are the two values of z.
c. z=0.24 and z=0.31 c. z=-0.13 and z=-1.3
d. z=1.6 and z=2.1 d. z=-2.5 and z=1
9. Find the area of the proportion in the probability notation P(1<z<3).
c. 0.1573 c. 0.1575
d. 0.1524 d. 0.1576
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10. Solve for the proportion of the area of the probability notation P(z>1).
c. 0.1585 c. 0.1587
d. 0.1586 d. 0.1588
11. Find the area of the proportion in the probability notation P(z>-2.5).
c. 0.9937 c. 0.9936
d. 0.9934 d. 0.9938
12. Given =180 and = 15 in a college entrance examination, find the
corresponding z-value of the score by the following students if X = 150.
c. 2 c. 2.5
d. -2 d. -2.5
13. From the given in number 12, what is the z-value if X = 200?
c. 1.33 c. 1.99
d. 1.66 d. 2.22
14. What is the value of 70th percentile?
c. 0.13 c. 0.52
d. 0.23 d. 0.71
15. What is the value of 82nd percentile?
c. 0.92 c. 0.53
d. 0.83 d. 0.23
38
Key to Answers
What I Know/Assessment
1. B 9. B
2. A 10. C
3. C 11. D
4. B 12. B
5. D 13. A
6. C 14. C
7. D 15. A
8. B
39
LESSON 4: What I Can Do
Exercise 2
1. z = -1.2
-1.2
Mean
2. z = -4.5
-4.5
-5 -4 4 5
Mean
3. z = 1
Mean
40
4. z = -3.6
-3.6
5. z = 2.5
2.5
Mean
80 90 100 110 120 130 135 140
41
2. z-value = 0.05
3. z-value = - 0.39
4. z-value = 1.175
5. z-value = 1.89
42
References
Book
Online
43
✓ Definition of Symmetrical. Retrieved from:
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/search?query=symmetrical+deviatiion&x=0&y=
o . Date Retrieved: January 24, 2019
✓ Crisologo, L., Hao, L., Miro, E., Palomo, E., Ocampo, S., and Tresvalles,
R.General Mathematics Teacher’s Guide. Department of Education- Bureau
of Learning Resources, Ground Floor BonifacioBldg, DepEd Complex Meralco
Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600. Lexicon Press Inc.
(2016).blr.lrpd@deped.gov.ph.
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For inquiries and feedback, please write or call:
region10@deped.gov.ph
45