.

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INDEX

● INTRODUCTION
○ INTRODUCTION OF GREEN CARD
SYSTEM

● E.V. INFRASTRUCTURE
AVAILABLE AND THE
CHALLENGES
○ POLICIES TO PROMOTE E.V.
○ CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE
POLICIES WHEN EV ADOPTION IS LOW
○ CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE
POLICIES WHEN EV ADOPTION IS 50%
○ CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE
POLICIES WHEN EV ADOPTION IS 100%

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INTRODUCTION

In today's world where air pollution is at its peak, combustion vehicles contribute to about
27% of the total air pollution in India. The situation is only getting worse with an abrupt
increase in the purchase of new vehicles. The $118 bn Automobile industry is expected to
reach $300 bn by 2026.

Electric Vehicles(EVs) serve as a good substitute for the Internal Combustion Engine(ICE)
Vehicles. Currently, the EV penetration in India is very low at 0.8%. The government of
India targets 30% EV penetration by 2030 .It is required to increase this amount substantially.

Rate of EV adoption depends on availability of charging infrastructure, profitability of

investments in charging infrastructure and impact on grid stability.If this ambitious target of
adoption of EVs is achieved, it would result in savings of 474 MTOE of oil (approx. INR
15.21 Tn) annually and would cut down CO2 emission by ~846.3 Mn Tons annually.

With the increasing penetration of renewables and electric vehicles, energy storage systems
are expected to play a significant role in assisting with the resolution of power system
operational challenges.Energy storage can be used for a variety of purposes, including
managing load-generation imbalances, reactive power support, frequency support, smoothing
the intermittencies of renewable generation, and so on.

Recognizing the critical importance of energy storage, the National Thermal Power
Corporation of India invited bids to build storage systems with capacities of up to 500 MW
and 3000 MWh in 2022.But at the same time, increasing the charging infrastructure and
energy storage systems would potentially increase the load on the power system by 4.8%.

To compensate for this load, the government of India plans to increase the renewable
generating capacity (inclusive of solar, wind, other sources) from 175 GW in 2022 to 450
GW in 2030 resulting in increase of renewable penetration from 38% in 2022 to 60% in
2030.

One of the most common challenges with adding more renewables to the grid is predicting
the availability of the source at various times of the day. Renewables are, by definition,
non-dispatchable assets. Loads are instantaneous, and there are strict requirements to satisfy
loads at a specific voltage and frequency within the allowed deviations in real-time.

In addition, increased penetration of distributed generation, such as rooftop solar PV, poses
new challenges.

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INTRODUCTION OF GREEN CARD SYSTEM

To incentivize the Indian Population to increase the adoption of electric vehicles and
implementation of renewable energy sources (mostly solar) into their daily lives, we thought
of introducing a campaign wherein each indian citizen would be given a green card that they
can use to get incentives for each step in promotion of renewable energy they will take.

All Indian citizens with the source of income and valid proofs who satisfy one or more
criteria mentioned below are entitled to receive a Green Card:

● Applicant is in possession of a registration card (issued by RTO) of any sort of

Electric Vehicle.
● Applicant has installed any type of
renewable energy generation system on
their residence and can provide an electric
bill/certificate from an electric company
as proof for the same.
● Applicant owns land/infrastructure
for a business providing charging services
for electric vehicles.
The above conditions will be referred to
as Basic Condition 1,2 and 3 respectively.

Until India has reached satisfactory EV penetration, individuals possessing a Green Card are
entitled to receive the following benefits:
SHORT TERM BENEFITS:
● Green card holders can avail income tax benefits based on the cost of EV, capacity to
generate renewable energy and the capacity to charge EVs based on the Basic
Conditions they satisfy.

LONG TERM BENEFITS:

● Beneficiaries will be awarded points known as Green Points (GP) based on the
strategy given in the points below. Card holders can use these points to use
government facilities like public parking, airport/railway lounges, railway tickets, pay
road tolls etc.
● Beneficiaries will receive 1000GPs annually if they satisfy BC1.
● Beneficiaries will receive 1GP per unit of renewable energy they send back to the
electric grid if they satisfy BC2.
● Beneficiaries will receive 1500GPs annually if they satisfy BC3.
As EV penetration increases, the benefits given through the Green Card will be steadily
reduced and the green card system will be completely abolished after 100% EV penetration.

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E.V. INFRASTRUCTURE CURRENTLY AVAILABLE AND THE

CHALLENGES:

Currently, India has a total of 1,640 operational public EV chargers. Out of which, nine cities
- Surat, Pune, Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai, and Chennai -
account for approximately 940 stations.

The Power Ministry recently issued revised guidelines for EV Charging infrastructure across
the country. The government has undertaken multiple initiatives to promote the
manufacturing and adoption of electric vehicles in India. With the considerable expansion in
the EV charging infrastructure, the electric vehicles have started penetrating the Indian
market.

To enhance public charging infrastructure, the government has involved private and public
agencies like BEE, EESL, PGCIL, NTPC, etc.

The ministry has planned that charging stations should be in an area of 3×3 km grid. And
every 25 Kms on highways.

“The government has increased its focus initially on these nine mega cities (with a population
of over 4 million). The aggressive efforts undertaken by the government through various

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implementing agencies have resulted in rapid growth in deploying public EV charging

infrastructure," the statement said.

There have been additional installations of 678 public EV charging stations between
October 2021 and January 2022 in these 9 cities, which is about 2.5 times of the earlier
numbers, during the same period, about 1.8 lakh new electric vehicles, it added.

After the saturation of EV infrastructure in these mega cities, the government has plans to
expand coverage to other cities in a phased manner, it further said.

The power ministry recently revised the guidelines and standards on January 14, 2022, with
the following amendments:

- To provide an affordable tariff chargeable by public EV charging station operators and

owners and Electric Vehicle (EV) owners.

- Enable owners of electric vehicles to charge EVs at their residences or offices using their
existing electricity connections.

- A revenue sharing model has been suggested for land use to make a public charging station
financially viable from an operational perspective.

- Timelines have been prescribed to provide connectivity to the Public Charging Station
(PCS) for faster rollout of EV public charging.

- Technical requirements for public charging stations have been elaborated.

Oil Marketing Companies have announced the setting up of 22,000 EV charging stations in
prominent cities and on national highways across the country.

Out of 22,000 EV charging stations, 10,000 will be installed by IOCL, 7,000 will be installed
by Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (BPCL), and the rest of 5,000 will be installed by
Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (HPCL).

IOCL has already installed 439 EV charging stations and plans to install another 2,000 EV
charging stations over the next year. BPCL has installed 52 charging stations, while HPCL
has installed 382 charging stations.

The Department of Heavy Industry has recently sanctioned 1576 nos of Public Charging
Stations for 25 Highways & Expressways, which shall be located within every 25 km of
range on both sides of these expressways and highways.

POLICIES TO PROMOTE EV:

● Carbon Tax: To be paid every time the pollution certificate is renewed.

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COST OF CAR COST PER GRAM PER KILOMETER

CO2

<Rs30 lakhs Rs20

>Rs30 lakh Rs160

● Increase in road tax for CVs: Since the methods for calculating road taxes is different
for each state, the amount of increase in road tax will be decided by the state
government itself. However this report will propose a mechanism that can be
implemented uniformly across the states as an addition.

STANDARD PETROL DIESEL

BS1 Rs1200 per 100cc Rs2160 per 100cc

BS2 Rs560 per 100cc Rs 1300 per 100cc

BS3 Rs480 per 100cc Rs1200 per 100cc

BS4 and newer standards Rs160 per 100cc Rs720 per 100cc

● Exemption from road tax for EVs.

● Exemption from paying toll tax for EVs.

(I) Proposal for policy approach around EVs Charging infrastructure when EVs
adoption is low (~ 0%)
● Landowners get rent for their land occupied by EV charging Infrastructure setup.
● Landowners get 40% Discount on EV charging.
● Installation subsidies who volunteered to set up EV charging Infrastructure .
● Usage of Geospatial Algorithms to setup EVs charging station points.
● Paying More Price to Buy land used to develop charging Infrastructure .
● The government will encourage private players to set up BIS standards EV charging
infrastructure.Government also allows PSUs to set up EV charging infrastructure in
government lands near Highways and corridors.
● Tariff for supply of electricity to EV Public Charging Stations.
● Increase import by decreasing import duty and decrease exports by providing the best
price of Raw materials required. **
Reduction of GST input on raw materials from 18-28% to 4-5%.

Metals and Alloys

Copper, Stainless Steel, Carbon Steel, Aluminum, Nickel, Chrome, Titanium, Other
Metals and Alloys.

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Polymers
Thermoplastic,Polyurethanes,Polycarbonate
Blends,Polyurethanes,Elastomers,Polycarbonate Resins.

Other Applications
Cords, Internal Wiring, Enclosures, Connector Guns, Thermal Switches, Displays,
Flexible Conduits, Electric Circuit Breakers, Energy Meter and Timers, Cable
Hangers, Charger Plug Holsters, Nylon Glands/Lock Nuts.

● Providing charging infrastructure for EVs in all the buildings/technology

parks/apartments having load requisitions above 250KW or the built -up area of the
building is more than 5000 sq km. (Bengaluru, Karnataka)
● Common charging points in residential areas, societies, bus depots, public parking
areas, railway stations, fuel pumps, malls, parking lodges.
● Initially,Only Fast & slow charging was available and pricing will be varying
Nationwide like petrol & diesel fuels .
● Standardization of charging points.
● EV License price should be less than Petrol & Diesel License Price.No toll tax for EV
users.
● Introduction to EVs charging infrastructure related curriculum in (ITI).
● The tariff for supply of electricity to Public EV Charging Stations shall be a single
part tariff and shall not exceed the “Average Cost of Supply”.

(II) Charging Infrastructure policies when EV adoption is 50%.

● The private sector will come out for the same so we can apply the same rules as petrol
stations, like franchise based.
● We can promote distribution level charging stations.
● Petrol & diesel License price should Increase.
● Sign MOUs Between Government and Private Companies for Establishing EV
infrastructure
● Promotion of Swappable Batteries system.
● Demotion of CV vehicles.
● Will remove/reduce certain subsidies.
● Petrol pumps will be allowed to set up charging stations freely subject to areas
qualifying under fire and safety standard norms.
● Promote Battery Disposal Research.
● Start planning to upgrade the Grid system. Especially in areas with high charging
demand, the electrical grid needs to be upgraded to expand power capacity.
● Now,In this phase Land available with Government/Public entities shall be provided
to Government/Public entity on a revenue sharing basis at a fixed rate of
Re.1Rs/kWh (used for charging) to be paid to the land owning agency, initially for a
period of 10 years

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● Public Charging Station will be required to tie up with at least one online Network
Service Provider (NSPs) to enable advanced remote/online booking of charging slots
by EV owners as well as securing permits for a charger site.
● Private EV charging investors and rural cooperatives can be given federal and state
rebates to encourage EV charging stations in rural communities.
● Innovative low-cost Electric Vehicle (EV) charge point setup to accelerate the
adoption of Electric 2-wheelers and 3-wheelers.Low cost AC charger target prices
starting as low as Rs. 3500.

(III) Charging Infrastructure Policies when EV adoption is 100%

Assumption:- complete electrification of all vehicles.
● Penalize the users and Manufacturers of CV vehicles.
● Mandatory for the company to use 100% Recyclable Battery .
● Penalize the Petrol & Diesel Station.
● Develop grid upgrade plans, and plan for increases in power purchase agreements
(PPAs) as needed.
● Managed EV charging can be leveraged to achieve higher renewable energy uptake
by synchronizing optimal vehicle charging times with peak renewable energy
generation periods.

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Current Scenario of Renewable Energy Sources in India and proposed

strategy to increase the Renewable Penetration

Solar Energy is one of the most important renewable energy resources in India, constituting
about 10.61% of its total renewable energy production, generating around 50.1 GW of
energy in the year 2020.

An approach to increase renewable penetration in India can be implemented in three stages.

Each stage corresponds to the degree of penetration of renewable sources of energy. The
strategy we discuss tries to address the following major challenges faced while increasing
renewable penetration through increased solar power and battery storage systems.

● Since renewable sources of energy are non-dispatchable assets, integration of solar

panels to the existing grids would mean that it would be difficult for the grids to
adjust to real-time changes in the load.
● Factors like cloud covers over the solar panels would have a significant impact on the
working of the power grid. Implementation of the bidirectional flow of electricity is
another major challenge.
● Setting up a utility-level battery energy storage system is another challenge.
Distributed battery energy storage also needs to be implemented. The strategy for
both needs to be devised.

Stage 1 ● Integration of solar panels to the grid at the utility scale and
30% Renewable building the supporting infrastructure. Initially, integration at
Penetration the utility scale would be cost-effective since the major funds
for such an implementation would be by the government.

● Promoting On-grid distributed solar power systems in urban

areas. In most urban sectors policies will be implemented to
assist people to switch to On-grid rooftop solar power
systems.

● Setting up of utility scale battery storage systems to

complement the utility scale solar power systems integrated
into the grid.

Stage 2 ● Encouraging people to adopt On-grid and Hybrid solar power

60% Renewable systems. Incorporation of the Hybrid distributed system
Penetration would be important to not excessively load the power grid.

● The adoption of Hybrid solar systems would catalyze the

distributed battery energy storage system and major focus

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would be given on making the batteries recyclable.

Stage 3 ● Taking measures to decrease the dependence on

> 80% Renewable non-renewable sources of energy. Reducing the subsidies and
Penetration incentives on renewable energy sources.

● Implementing a detailed policy on the newer taxes which will

be levied in this stage of the strategy.

30% Penetration
● Giving financial assistance in the form of low cost loans to develop local projects.
● Solar power should be compulsorily set up in governmental infrastructures to promote
it.
● **The individuals involved in the projects of making solar power will be given 60%
benefits in their electricity bills.
● A new hierarchical process to be made in which policy making decisions will involve
all the state and local level authorities for better output and more penetration across all
states.
● Installation of off grid solar power plants in the areas where the grid power is not
sufficient to meet the power demands.
● **There will be minimum targets of solar energy production set by the central
government which have to be met by the state governments so that each state will be
more independent and self-reliable.
● State and local governments will be awarded rewards and great benefits on achieving
the targets, to create healthy competition and a growing environment.
● Tax and health benefits( like health insurance) will be given to the workers involved
in the production of raw materials needed for solar power.
● **Introducing a short term production subsidy of INR 1.5/Watt. Additional support
of INR 1/Watt may be provided to module manufacturers using domestic cells.
● Limiting production subsidy support to 250 MW per manufacturer to ensure that
small players can run at full capacity, and larger companies can increase their CUF.
● Introduce new domestic procurement programmes such as the Central Public Sector
Undertaking Scheme (CPSU)
● Due to large costs involved in setting up solar cell manufacturing plants, it is hard for
MSME to enter the business. One way around this is that the government can mandate
large manufacturers to use MSME modules for a certain percentage of their capacity
and use them as subcontract manufacturers. It would then be the large manufacturers
responsibility to provide them with adequate technology and supervise production.
● Incentivise domestic manufacturers to develop, commercialize, and produce
manufacturing equipment indigenously with cash prizes.
● We will levy the cost of 500 on per ton usage of coal and use that fund for promoting
the renewable sources.
● Adopting distributed energy resources(DER) systems.

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● Big farmers have to use certain no. of tubewells running from solar panels however
subsidies will be given for that.
● In villages small solar farms can be setted on government lands which are not in
use.

60% Penetration
● Solar cells imported into India attract a 25% duty while a 40% is levied on imported
modules now. It may be reduced to 23% and 35% respectively as we need more of it
for our power demand, defense and to support our domestic employment.
● For all large housing which consume power over a certain limit(400 kw) needs to
install solar rooftop systems.
● For the upcoming smart city projects, solar panels must be an integral part of the
project. Selling and installing solar energy generation systems as well as other related
products and services to residential, commercial and industrial customers.

● Government incentive mechanism to collect surcharge from consumers which it can

plough back as feed in tariffs.
● Solar leasing market with a new solar lease option for homeowners: leasing rooftop
solar to customers who would pay no upfront costs. In exchange, customers paid for
20 years for power generated by those panels. SolarCity's solar lease allowed some
homeowners to pay less each month than they previously paid for electricity from the
utility company.
● Solar panel street lights should be set up in tier 1 and 2 cities all over the country.
● Large factories and industries which use non-renewable sources like coal for their
power should use at least 30 percent of their power from solar energy/renewable
energy.
● Solar study lamps to be given to the students of backward areas having electricity
issues as they face problems in their studies during night time

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● The government will increase its exports in order to maintain the production and
promote the Indian market.
● Incorporate solar manufacturing as a focus industry in foreign policy and collaborate
with governments and private parties in Europe, Japan, and the United States of
America.
● The Indian government must create manufacturing clusters similar to solar parks with
availability of the entire supply chain, R&D center, manufacturing, universities, labs
etc. To do this the government can encourage public sector undertakings (PSUs) such
as Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) and Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL)
to lead solar manufacturing indigenisation efforts.
● Partnering with private players.
● Private players have to use a certain % of renewable energy in their charging
infrastructure.
●

80% Penetration

Policies regarding the raw materials and manufacturing

● Increased monitoring of Bi-directional systems to maintain their stability.
● Levy higher duty on modules and lower duty on cells to ensure that module facilities
can increase their capacity utilization factor (CUF), and new cell manufacturing
facilities can be commissioned.
● Discontinuing the tax benefits and incentives steadily.

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● Export duties, GST could be increased by 10% (currently 5%,12%,18%,28%

depending on their HS codes)
● Mandatory for all large scale industries to use minimum 45% solar power

● Removing subsidies for installation of solar panels.

We know that each area and its power demands are different. Imposing one system cannot
solve all the problems rather it can create problems sometimes. So, we will be adopting both
transmission and distribution level type of integration.

Wind Energy:

30% penetration:

● All the industries near the coastal region must establish hybrid wind farms.
● Hybridisation of existing Wind and Solar plants.
● Incentives given for new established plants will be 25 lakhs per MW or 30% of the
park development cost to park developers whichever is lower.

60% penetration:

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● Encourage wind energy based companies to establish offshore wind farms

● Benefits for landowners who provide land for establishment of wind farms.
● Promotion of VAWT(Vertical axis wind turbine) (write about it in annexure)

Biomass Energy:

● Dump Yards having certain areas in urban as well as rural areas should impose
biomass plants.
● For criteria for the title clean city Biomass plant shall be one of the major
contributors.

Hydroelectric Energy:

● Promoting small and micro hydel projects(Pumped storage hydropower and

Diversion Hydro site.)
● Reduce GST only for Raw materials needed for construction of small scale dams.

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PERCENTAGE PENETRATION
OTHER
RENEWABLE
SOURCES 30% - 60% 60% - 80%
● Hybridisation of ● Encourage
existing Wind and establishment of
Solar plants offshore wind farms
● Incentives: whichever ● Promotion of
is lower, 25 lakhs per VAWT(Vertical axis
WIND MW or 30% of park wind turbine)
ENERGY development ● Benefits for
● industries located near landowners for
the coast must establishment of
establish hybrid wind wind farms
farms

HYDRO
ELECTRIC

BIOMASS

Battery Energy Storage System Strategy

● Due to the high cost of lithium ion batteries , utility scale storage is more feasible in
30% penetration as consumers will be hesitant to invest huge amounts of money
(4-5 lakhs) to buy lithium ion batteries for residential use.
● At penetration greater than 60% we will promote use of lithium ion batteries in
distributed/residential level along with the existing infrastructure of utility scale
storage.
● Utility scale storage allows proper control for frequency and voltage variations.

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Transactive Energy Framework

A system of economic and control mechanisms that allows the dynamic balance of
supply and demand across the entire electrical infrastructure using value as a key operational
parameter.

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Advantages of Transactive Energy Framework

● Better utilization of grid assets lowers the cost, especially during the peak demands.
● The excess energy produced can generate the revenue for the prosumers(producers
+consumers)
● Consumer having DERs or other smart devices can directly participate in the energy
market without the involvement of any third party.
● The pricing signals plays an important role in the TEF which helps the prosumers to
access the information about the price of electricity which helps them to generate the
revenue during the time of peak demand
● It brings more transparency in the energy market.
● Greater resilience and reliability in large storms will reduce the length and frequency of
outages.
Challenges
● The intermittent nature of DERs is a prime problem to be tackled. The advanced and
effective technologies make it possible to address these challenges.
● In order to get more revenue, more DER owners supply energy to the grid which leads to
more load on the grid. This can damage the electrical appliances due excessive
generation of heat in the transmission lines. Hence regulations are needed limiting the
amount of energy supply to the grid.
● The system is vulnerable at a single point of failure. The centralized system can get
hacked. More advanced TEFs have evolved that eliminates this problem.

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STRENGTHS WEAKNESS
-Most effective utilization of the grid -The intermittent nature of DERs leads
assets. to the disturbances in the system of
-Brings transparency in the energy supply and demand.
market. -The system is vulnerable at a single
-Greater resilience and reliability in point of failure. The centralized system
large storms. can get hacked.
-Energy trade without the involvement -The overexploitation of the system
of a third party. that leads to excess load on the grid.

OPPORTUNITIES
-The pricing signal motivates more
DER owners to participate in the
energy market.
-Auctions i.e., competitions in the
energy market bring fairness and
increase the satisfaction level of the
participants.
THREATS
-Privacy issues due to shared
information leads to reduction in
participation of DER owners.
-The complexity in the system due to
the nature of trading in the energy
market.

Conclusion
Transactive energy framework is the most effective framework that ensures proper
utilization of energy produced and balance between the demand and supply. The transactive
energy framework being transparent helps the prosumers generate the maximum revenue. It
is an effective way to bring fairness and increase the satisfaction of prosumers in the energy
market.

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ANNEXURE

GRID SYSTEMS:

❖ On-grid solar systems:

Advantages:
● On-grid solar systems are very cost-effective and easy to install.
● Businesses can recoup the cost of their investment by offsetting electricity bills in just 3-8
years. If a private, commercial or industrial building sets up a solar PV rooftop system it will
be eligible to avail an ‘Accelerated Depreciation Benefit’ which is currently 80% in a year. At
this rate, a business can completely depreciate the whole value of the project in
approximately 4 years.
● Residential users and business owners can earn a passive income for the surplus energy
generated by the system.

Disadvantages:
● Being connected to the main grid, these systems do not work during power outages.

❖ Off-grid Solar systems:

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● Off-grid systems work independently of the grid but have batteries that can store the
solar power generated by the system. The system usually consists of solar panels,
battery, charge controller, grid box, inverter, mounting structure, and balance of
systems.
● The panels store enough sunlight during the day and use the excess power generated at
night.
● These systems are self-sustaining and can provide power for critical loads in areas where a
power grid is not available. However, these systems require specialized equipment to
function and can be costly to install. These are ideal for businesses that can sustain
themselves for a short period with no electricity.
● Electricity supply in rural and remote areas - Off-grid solar systems can facilitate
independent, long-term, and sustainable electricity generation in rural and remote areas.
● Power back up in areas with frequent electricity cuts - Several places in India face
frequent power cuts due to power transmission malfunctions, which can hamper operations
of companies and public institutions. Off-grid solar systems can provide an economical and
viable long-term backup solution to overcome the problems occurring during frequent
power cuts.

Advantages:
● These self-sustainable systems can work independently and do not rely on the grid.
● They generate enough power that can be stored and used at night or when the power
grid is down.
● These are ideal for remote areas where there is no power access from the grid.
● Grid failures and shutdowns will not affect your power supply.

❖ Hybrid-grid Solar System:

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● Hybrid systems are solar systems that are dependent on the grid and can also
accumulate extra electricity in a storage unit. Here, the extra energy produced by the
solar system after the energy consumption by appliances is transferred to the battery
bank. Once they are completely charged, they can export the extra energy to the grid.
● These systems deliver the functionality of both off-grid and grid-tied systems, at once.
They are a more steady, secure, and cost-effective way for power generation as
compared to the other systems we mentioned earlier. Because it does not necessitate
you to invest in large storage systems. This is the reason why they are more popular
among solar investors, they remain unharmed because blackouts don’t hamper their
yield or supply.

Applications: They are best suited for the agricultural sector, residential applications,
micro-grids, rural areas, and offices.

Advantages:
● These systems will work during power outages as they will take power from
the battery.
● Also as it is rarely used battery so replacement of the battery is not a big issue.

Disadvantages:
● It is very costly so adoption of this system will be at a low rate.

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