Face Recognition System

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Build Face Recognition Attendance System using Python 
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Thetechwriters — November 16, 2021

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Advanced
Computer Vision
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This article was published as a part of the Data Science Blogathon
Introduction
In this article, you will learn how to build a face-recognition system using Python. Face recognition is a step further to face
detection. In face detection, we only detect the location of the human face in an image but in face recognition, we make a
system that can identify humans.
“Face recognition is a broad challenge of verifying or identifying people in pictures or videos. Big tech giants are still working to
make a faster and more accurate face recognition model.”
Real-World Applications of Face Recognition

Face recognition is currently being used to make the world safer, smarter, and more convenient.
There are a few use cases :
Finding Missing Person

Retail Crime
Security Identification
Identifying accounts on social media
School Attendance System
Recognizing Drivers in Cars
There are several methods to perform facial recognition depending on the performance and complexity.
Traditional Face Recognition Algorithms:

During the 1990s holistic approaches were used for face recognition. Handcrafted local descriptors became popular In the
early 1920s, and then the local feature learning approaches were followed in the late 2000s. Nowadays algorithms that are
widely used and are implemented in OpenCV are as follows:
Eigenfaces (1991)
Local Binary Patterns Histograms (LBPH) (1996)
Fisherfaces (1997)
Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) (1999)
Speed Up Robust Features (SURF) (2006)
Each method follows a different approach to extracting the image information and matching it with the input image.
Fischer-faces and Eigenfaces have almost similar approaches as well as SURF and SIFT.
LBPH is a simple yet very efficient method but it’s slow compared to modern days face -recognizers.
These algorithms are not faster compared to modern days face-recognition algorithms. Traditional algorithms can’t be trained
only by taking a single picture of a person.
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Deep Learning for Face Recognition:

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https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2021/11/build-face-recognition-attendance-system-using-python/ 1/10
Some
BuildofFace
the widely used DeepAttendance
Recognition Learning-based Face Recognition
System systems are as follows:
using Python 
DeepFace
DeepID series of systems
VGGFace
FaceNet
Face recognizers generally take face images and find the important points such as the corner of the mouth, an eyebrow, eyes,
nose, lips, etc. Coordinates of these points are called facial-features points, there are such 66 points. In this way, a different
technique for finding feature
points give different results.
source: https://www.pinterest.com/mrmosherart/face-landmarks/
Steps involved in a face recognition model:
1. Face Detection: Locate faces and draw bounding boxes around faces and keep the coordinates of bounding boxes.
2. Face Alignments: Normalize the faces to be consistent with the training database.
3. Feature Extraction: Extract features of faces that will be used for training and recognition tasks.
4. Face Recognition: Matching of the face against one or more known faces in a prepared database.
In the traditional method of face recognition, we had separate modules to perform these 4 steps, which was painful. -In this
article, you will see a library that combines all these 4 steps in a single step.
Steps to Build the Face Recognition System

Install Libraries
We need to install 2 libraries in order to implement face recognition.
dlib: Dlib
is a modern C++ toolkit containing machine learning algorithms and
tools for creating complex software in C++ to solve real-world problems.
# installing dlib
pip install dlib
face recognition: The face_recognition library, created and maintained by Adam Geitgey, wraps around dlib facial recognition
functionality.
# installing face recognition
pip install face recognition
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pre-processing.
Build Face Recognition

# installing opencv
Attendance System using Python 
pip install opencv
Note: if in case you encounter any error while installing dlib ,i would recommend you to install the C++ development toolkit
using vs_code community
Import Libraries
Now that you have downloaded all the important libraries let’s import them to build the system.
import cv2
import numpy as np
import face_recognition
Loading Images
After importing libraries you need to load an image.
face_recognition library loads images in the form of BGR, in order to
print the image you should convert it into RGB using OpenCV.
imgelon_bgr = face_recognition.load_image_file('elon.jpg')
imgelon_rgb = cv2.cvtColor(imgelon_bgr,cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB)
cv2.imshow('bgr', imgelon_bgr)
cv2.imshow('rgb', imgelon_rgb)
cv2.waitKey(0)
Source: Local
As you see RGB looks natural so you will always change the channel to RGB.
Find Face Location and Draw Bounding Boxes

You need to draw a bounding box around the faces in order to show if the human face has been detected or not.
imgelon =face_recognition.load_image_file('elon.jpg')
imgelon = cv2.cvtColor(imgelon,cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB)
#----------Finding face Location for drawing bounding boxes-------
face = face_recognition.face_locations(imgelon_rgb)[0]
copy = imgelon.copy()
#-------------------Drawing the Rectangle-------------------------
cv2.rectangle(copy, (face[3], face[0]),(face[1], face[2]), (255,0,255), 2)
cv2.imshow('copy', copy)
cv2.imshow('elon',imgelon)
cv2.waitKey(0)
Source: Local
Train an Image for Face Recognition

This library is made in such a way that it automatically finds the face and work on only faces, so you don’t need to crop the face
out of
pictures.
Training:
At this stage, we convert the train image into some encodings and store the encodings with the given name of the person for
that image.
train_elon_encodings = face_recognition.face_encodings(imgelon)[0]
Testing:
For testing, we load an image and convert it into encodings, and now match encodings with the stored encodings during
training, this matching is based on finding maximum similarity. When you find the encoding matching to the test image you get
the name associated with train encodings.
# lets test an image
test = face_recognition.load_image_file('elon_2.jpg')
test = cv2.cvtColor(test, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB)
test_encode = face_recognition.face_encodings(test)[0]
print(face_recognition.compare_faces([train_encode],test_encode))
face_recognition.compare_faces returns True if the person in both images are the same other it returns False.
Building a Face Recognition System

Import Necessary Libraries
import cv2
import face_recognition
import os
import numpy as np
from datetime import datetime
import pickle
Define a folder path where your training image dataset will be stored
path = 'student_images'
Note: for training, we only need to drop the training images in the path directory and the image name must be
person_name.jpg/jpeg format. agree to our Privacy Policy and Terms of Use. Accept
for example:
as you see in my student_images path I have 6 persons. hence our model can recognize only these 6 persons. you can add more
pictures in this directory for more persons to be recognized
Source: Local
now create a list to store person_name and image array.

traverse all image file present in path directory, read images, and append the image array to the image list, and file-name
to classNames.
images = []
classNames = []mylist = os.listdir(path)
for cl in mylist:
curImg = cv2.imread(f'{path}/{cl}')
images.append(curImg)
classNames.append(os.path.splitext(cl)[0])
create a function to encode all the train images and store them in a variable encoded_face_train.
def findEncodings(images):
encodeList = []
for img in images:
img = cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB)
encoded_face = face_recognition.face_encodings(img)[0]
encodeList.append(encoded_face)
return encodeList
encoded_face_train = findEncodings(images)
Creating a function that will create a Attendance.csv file to store the attendance with time.
Note: here you need to create Attendance.csv file manually and give the path in the function
def markAttendance(name):
with open('Attendance.csv','r+') as f:
myDataList = f.readlines()
nameList = []
for line in myDataList:
entry = line.split(',')
nameList.append(entry[0])
if name not in nameList:
now = datetime.now()
time = now.strftime('%I:%M:%S:%p')
date = now.strftime('%d-%B-%Y')
f.writelines(f'n{name}, {time}, {date}')
with open(“filename.csv”,’r+’) creates a file and ‘r+’ mode is used to open a file for reading and writing.
We firstFace
Build checkRecognition
if the name of the attendee is already
Attendance System available in attendance.csv we won’t write attendance
using Python  again.
If the attendee’s name is not available in attendance.csv we will write the attendee name with a time of function call.
Read Webcam for Real-Time Recognition

# take pictures from webcam
cap = cv2.VideoCapture(0)while True:
success, img = cap.read()
imgS = cv2.resize(img, (0,0), None, 0.25,0.25)
imgS = cv2.cvtColor(imgS, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB)
faces_in_frame = face_recognition.face_locations(imgS)
encoded_faces = face_recognition.face_encodings(imgS, faces_in_frame)for encode_face, faceloc in

zip(encoded_faces,faces_in_frame):
matches = face_recognition.compare_faces(encoded_face_train, encode_face)
faceDist = face_recognition.face_distance(encoded_face_train, encode_face)
matchIndex = np.argmin(faceDist)
print(matchIndex)
if matches[matchIndex]:
name = classNames[matchIndex].upper().lower()
y1,x2,y2,x1 = faceloc
# since we scaled down by 4 times
y1, x2,y2,x1 = y1*4,x2*4,y2*4,x1*4
cv2.rectangle(img,(x1,y1),(x2,y2),(0,255,0),2)
cv2.rectangle(img, (x1,y2-35),(x2,y2), (0,255,0), cv2.FILLED)
cv2.putText(img,name, (x1+6,y2-5), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_COMPLEX,1,(255,255,255),2)
markAttendance(name)
cv2.imshow('webcam', img)
if cv2.waitKey(1) & 0xFF == ord('q'):
break
Resize the image by 1/4 only for the recognition part. output frame will be of the original size.
Resizing improves the Frame per Second.
face_recognition.face_locations() is called on the resized image(imgS) .for face bounding box coordinates must be
multiplied by 4 in order to overlay on the output frame.
face_recognition.distance() returns an array of the distance of the test image with all images present in our train
directory.
The index of the minimum face distance will be the matching face.
After finding the matching name we call the markAttendance function.
Draw bounding box using cv2.rectangle().
We put the matching name on the output frame using cv2.putText().
Source: Local
Attendance Report
Source: Local
Challenges faced by Face Recognition Systems

Although building facial recognition seems easy it is not as easy in the real world images that are being taken without any
constraint. There are several challenges that are faced by the Facial Recognitions System are as follows:
Illumination: It changes the face appearance drastically, it is observed that the slight changes in lighting conditions cause
a significant impact on its results.
Pose: Facial Recognition systems are highly sensitive to the pose, Which may result in faulty recognition or no recognition
if the database is only trained on frontal face view.
Facial Expressions: Different expressions of the same individual are another significant factor that needs to be taken into
account. Modern Recognizers can easily deal with it though.
Low Resolution: Training of recognizer must be done on a good resolution picture, otherwise the model will fail to extract
features.
Aging: With increasing age, the human face features shape, lines, texture changes which are yet another challenge.
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In this article,
Build we discussed how
Face Recognition to create a face
Attendance recognition
System usingsystem using the face_recognition library and made an attendance
Python
system. you can further design GUI using Tkinter or Pyqt for the face recognition attendance system.
Thanks for reading the article, please share if you liked this article.
Article From: Abhishek Jaiswal, Reach out to me on LinkedIn.
The media shown in this article is not owned by Analytics Vidhya and are used at the Author’s discretion
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One thought on "Build Face Recognition Attendance System using Python"
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February 04, 2022 at 3:28 pm
Interesting post, thanks for sahring.

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3/2/22, 1:24 AM Face Recognition System in Python - Analytics Vidhya

Build Face Recognition Attendance System using Python 

Thetechwriters — November 16, 2021

This article was published as a part of the Data Science Blogathon

Real-World Applications of Face Recognition

There are a few use cases :

Finding Missing Person

Traditional Face Recognition Algorithms:

Deep Learning for Face Recognition:

points give different results.

Steps involved in a face recognition model:

Steps to Build the Face Recognition System

is a modern C++ toolkit containing machine learning algorithms and

tools for creating complex software in C++ to solve real-world problems.

pip install dlib

# installing face recognition

pip install face recognition

Build Face Recognition

face_recognition library loads images in the form of BGR, in order to

Find Face Location and Draw Bounding Boxes

#----------Finding face Location for drawing bounding boxes-------

#-------------------Drawing the Rectangle-------------------------

cv2.rectangle(copy, (face[3], face[0]),(face[1], face[2]), (255,0,255), 2)

agree to our Privacy Policy and Terms of Use. Accept

Build Face Recognition Attendance System using Python 

Train an Image for Face Recognition

# lets test an image

test = cv2.cvtColor(test, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB)

Building a Face Recognition System

from datetime import datetime

now create a list to store person_name and image array.

classNames = []mylist = os.listdir(path)

for img in images:

img = cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB)

for line in myDataList:

if name not in nameList:

f.writelines(f'n{name}, {time}, {date}')

Read Webcam for Real-Time Recognition

cap = cv2.VideoCapture(0)while True:

success, img = cap.read()

imgS = cv2.resize(img, (0,0), None, 0.25,0.25)

imgS = cv2.cvtColor(imgS, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB)

encoded_faces = face_recognition.face_encodings(imgS, faces_in_frame)for encode_face, faceloc in

matches = face_recognition.compare_faces(encoded_face_train, encode_face)

faceDist = face_recognition.face_distance(encoded_face_train, encode_face)

# since we scaled down by 4 times

y1, x2,y2,x1 = y1*4,x2*4,y2*4,x1*4

cv2.rectangle(img, (x1,y2-35),(x2,y2), (0,255,0), cv2.FILLED)

cv2.putText(img,name, (x1+6,y2-5), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_COMPLEX,1,(255,255,255),2)

if cv2.waitKey(1) & 0xFF == ord('q'):

agree to our Privacy Policy and Terms of Use. Accept

Build Face Recognition Attendance System using Python 

Challenges faced by Face Recognition Systems

Article From: Abhishek Jaiswal, Reach out to me on LinkedIn.

blogathon dlib face recognition opencv python

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One thought on "Build Face Recognition Attendance System using Python"

Interesting post, thanks for sahring.

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Build Face Recognition Attendance System using Python

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y1, x2,y2,x1 = y14,x24,y24,x14