RETINAL BLOOD VESSELS

ABSTRACT:

In Our Project, Feature vectors are composed of the pixel’s intensity and continuous two-
dimensional stationary wavelet transform responses taken at multiple scales. The Stationary
wavelet is capable of turning to specific frequencies, thus allowing noise filtering and vessel
enhancement in a single step. We use a neural network on training with class-conditional
probability density functions (likelihoods) described as Gaussian mixtures, yielding a fast
classification, while being able to model complex decision surfaces and compare its performance
with the linear minimum squared error classifier. To implement an effective algorithm based on
Morphological process and Segmentation Techniques to detect the Retina vessels and Exudates
from an eye fundus image. The combination of multi structure morphological process and
Segmentation technique is used effectively for retinal vessel and exudates detection here. The
modules made here are 1. Retina Blood Vessels Detection in which Plane separation, Contrast
Enhancement, Morphological Process are done under this module. 2. Exudates Detection in
which Segmentation Technique is used.

INTRODUCTION
In an automated retinal image analysis system, exact detection of optic disc in colour
retinal images is a significant task. Detection of the same is the prerequisite for the segmentation
of other normal and pathological features in the retina.. It is seen that optic nerves and blood
vessels emerge into the retina through optic disc. Therefore it is also called the blind spot. From
patient to patient the size of optic disc varies, but its diameter always lies between 80 and 100
pixels in a standard fundus images. Analysis in medical images is a multi-disciplinary research
area, in which image processing, machine learning pattern recognition and computer
visualization are covered. Ophthalmologists interprets and analyses the retinal images visually to
diagnose various
Pathologies in the retina like Diabetic Retinopathy (DR). In order to make their work more easier
retinal image analysis system can be developed to make the diagnosis more efficiently. DR is the
most common eye complication in diabetes is Diabetic Retinopathy. DR is globally the primary
cause of visual impairment and causing blindness in diabetic patients. Diabetic patients have to
be screened for early detection and timely treatment of diabetic eye diseases which can
significantly reduce the risk of vision loss. Reviewing vast number of images by the physicians is
time consuming and costly. Several retinal abnormalities including micro aneurysms,
haemorrhagess, hard exudates and cotton wool spots are caused due to DR. Hard exudates are
yellowish intra retinal deposits, made up of serum lipoproteins. Exudates are formed when lipid
or fat leaks from abnormal blood vessels. Vision loss can occur if the exudates extend into the
macular area. This paper investigates the application of Morphological approaches for detection
of exudates in retinal images and compared with the normal retinal images mainly for the
detection of exudates.

EXISTING SYSTEM:

The ROI(s) is processed for image enhancement and/or feature extraction before classification.
Because the segmentation step requires prior knowledge of discriminate image features and its
implementation typically calls for numerous parameter settings, recent works have attempted to
eliminate it. These approaches realize feature space reduction by applying one or more
transforms to the whole image and extracting the feature vector to classify from one or more of
the obtained components but no accuracy among it

PROPOSED SYSTEM:

Use the Bit Plane separation, Contrast Enhancement & Morphological Process to extract the
retinal blood vessels. then applying Discrete Wavelet transform (DWT) & Energy feature
coefficients for feature extraction .the image is taken for training with Probabilistic Neural
Networks (PNN).Classification is done with the help of segmentation like K-means Clustering
method (algorithm given below) thereby extracting the exudates determining whether the retina
is normal or abnormal .Morphological operations are applied on segmented image for
smoothening the exudates part.Result shows that the retina is normal or abnormal.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Plane Green Channel Daubachies

Input Retina
Separation Selection Wavelet
Image

GLCM Features

Feature NN Classifier
Database
Extraction
Images

Abnormal Normal

Morphological
Clustering
Process

Retina Vessel
Segmentation Exudates
Detection
ADVANTAGES:

 Low complexity
 High accuracy

APPLICATIONS:

 Security analysis
 Biomedical imaging

CONCLUSION

The Retinal image analysis through efficient detection of vessels and exudates for retinal
vasculature disorder analysis. It plays important roles in detection of some diseases in early
stages, such as diabetes, which can be performed by comparison of the states of retinal blood
vessels. Intrinsic characteristics of retinal images make the blood vessel detection process
difficult. Here, we proposed a new algorithm to detect the retinal blood vessels effectively.
Experimental result proves that the blood vessels and exudates can be effectively detected by
applying this method on the retinal image with proposed sensitivity, accuracy, selectivity and
ROC curve.

FUTURE SCOPE:

features may be evaluated using various other feature extraction techniques to further improve
the classification accuracy. Various Neural Network models may be incorporated to select the
best Neural Network. Combined classifier scheme may be implemented for identifying DR. As a
future work, with more database images Proliferative DR can be further classified. The
classification of PDR is In future enhancement we can implement:
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