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LOGARITHM
1. LOGARITHM OF A NUMBER :

The logarithm of the number N to the base ‘a’ is the exponent indicating the power to which the base ‘a’
must be raised to obtain the number N.
This number is designated as log 𝑁.

Hence: log 𝑁 = 𝑥 ⇔ 𝑎 = 𝑁, 𝑎 > 0 , 𝑎 ≠ 1 & 𝑁 > 0

If a = 10 , then we write log 𝑏 rather than log 𝑏.

If a = e , then we write ln 𝑏 rather than log 𝑏.

PROBLEM 1. Find the value of the following:

(A) log 16 (𝐵) log √

(C) log √
1728

Let log 16 = 𝑥 Let log =𝑥 Let log 1728 = 𝑥

√ √
then 16 = 32 then 1728 = ( 2√3 )
then = 3√3
⇒ 2 =2
⇒ 12 = ( √12 )
⇒ 4 = 5𝑥 ⇒ (√3 ) = ( 3)
𝑥
⇒3=2
4 ⇒ −4 = 3𝑥
∴ 𝑥 = ∴ 𝑥 =6
5 −4
∴ 𝑥 =
3

PROBLEM 2. log (2 + (log (𝑥 + 3))) = 0 , Find X

Solution:

2 + (log (𝑥 + 3)) = 5

⇒ log (𝑥 + 3) = −1

⇒𝑥+3 = 3

⇒𝑥 = −

Hence value of 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 −

The existence and uniqueness of the number log 𝑁 follows from the properties of an exponential functions.

From the definition of the logarithm of the number N to the base ‘a’ , we have an identity:

𝑎 = 𝑁, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1 & 𝑁 > 0

This is known as the FUNDAMENTAL LOGARITHMIC IDENTITY.

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LOGARITHM
NOTE: log 1 = 0 (𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1)

log 𝑎 = 1 (𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1) and

log / 𝑎 = −1 (𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1)

2. THE PRINCIPAL PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS:

Let M & N are arbitrary positive numbers, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1 , 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1 and α is any real number then ;
(i) log (𝑀 ⋅ 𝑁) = log 𝑀 + log 𝑁 (ii) log (𝑀/𝑁) = log 𝑀 − log 𝑁

(iii) log M = 𝛼 ⋅ log M (iv) log 𝑀 =

NOTE:
 log a ⋅ log b = 1 ⇔ log a = .
 log 𝑥 ⋅ log 𝑦 ⋅ log 𝑧 = log 𝑥.
 log 𝑎 ⋅ log 𝑏 ⋅ log 𝑐 = 1
 𝑒 =𝑎

PROBLEM 3. Solve for X, log (3 − 6) = x-1

Solution:

3 −6=3

⇒3 −6 =

Let 3 = 𝑦

⇒ 3y − 18 = y

⇒ y = 9 Now, 3 = 9

Or, 3 = 3

⇒x=2

Hence value of 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 2

PROBLEM 4. Solve for x : 7 + 2𝑥 + 9 = 0

Solution: Using the fundamental logarithmic identity, 7 =𝑥|x>0

⇒ x + 2x + 9 = 0

⇒ x = -3

Hence no value of 𝑥 satisfies the given equation

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LOGARITHM
PROBLEM 5. Find : log 1. 3

Solution: Let log 1. 3 = 𝑦 and 1. 3 = 𝑥

⇒ x = 1.33333 … … … … … (1)

⇒ 10x = 13.3333 … … … … . (2)

⇒ 9x = 12 ( substracting 1 from 2)

⇒ x = 4/3 and log = y ⇒ y = -1

PROBLEM 6. If log (log (log 𝑥)) = 0 ; find log . 𝑥

Solution: log (log 𝑥) = 7

⇒ log (log 𝑥) = 1

⇒ log 𝑥 = 3

⇒ x = 𝟐𝟑 = 8

Now log . 8 = log 8 = log 8 = −1

⇒ x = 1.33333 … … … … … (1)
2.1 PROPERIES OF LOGARITHM
⇒ 10x = 13.3333 … … … … . (2)
 If log 𝑥 = 𝑁 ⇒ a𝑵 = 𝑥 ;
 antilog 𝑁 = 𝑥 = a𝑵
⇒ 𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐢 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙
 BASE CHANGING THEOREM:

log 𝑏 = =

NOTE: If base of logarithm is not given then it is considered as ‘e’

log 𝑥 = log 𝑥 = ln 𝑥 ; natural logarithm of x

log 𝑥 ; Common logarithm of x

𝑎 >0, ≠1
 log 𝑏 =
𝑏 >0, ≠1
PROBLEM 7. Solve antilog (log (𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖 log (log 125)))

Solution: antilog (log (7 ))

antilog (log 125)

antilog (log 5 ) = 2 = 8

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LOGARITHM
PROBLEM 8. Let 𝑥 = 5 5√5 … … … … … … . . ∞ then find log 𝑥 ?

Solution: Let 𝑥 = √5𝑥

Squaring both sides; 𝑥 = 5𝑥

Solving the quadratic results; x=0 and x=5
In log 𝑥 , 𝑥 > 0 ⇒ 𝐱 = 𝟓
∴ log 5 = 1

PROBLEM 9. Solve: 2 .3

Solution: 2 .3

= 2( )
.3

= 2 .2. 3

= 3 .3 .2

=3 .2=3x2=6

PROBLEM 10. Solve: log 10 − log 125

Solution: log 10 − log 5

= log 10 − log 5

= log = log 2 =1

PROBLEM 11. If log 3 log 4 log 5 … … … … … … … log (𝑛 + 1) = 10. Find n

Solution: Using the logarithmic property log 𝑥 ⋅ log 𝑦 ⋅ log 𝑧 = log 𝑥

log (𝑛 + 1) = 10
⇒𝑛+1= 2

⇒ n = 1023

PROBLEM 12. Find: + −

Solution: using the logarithmic property log a = ;

log 3 + 2 log 3 − 3 log 3 = 0

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LOGARITHM

PROBLEM 13. Solve for x; 𝑎 =5+4𝑥

Solution: Rewriting the given equation as 𝑎( )

=5+4𝑎

Let 𝑎 = 𝑡,t>0
⇒ 𝑡 − 4𝑡 − 5 = 0

⇒ (t-5) (t+1) = 0

⇒t=5 ⇒ 𝑎 =5 ⇒ x=5

PROBLEM 14. Prove that 𝑎 = 𝑏

Solution: 𝑎 = 𝑏

So 𝑎 = (𝑏 )

=𝑏 𝑥

=𝑏
⇒ L.H.S = R.H.S

PROBLEM 15. Find; −

Solution: log 12 𝑥 log 36 − log 4 𝑥 log 108

= log 12 ( log 3 + log 12) − log 4 ( log 9 + log 12) {using; log (𝑀 ⋅ 𝑁) = log 𝑀 + log 𝑁 }
= (log 4 + log 3 ) (log 3 + log 4 + log 3 ) − log 4 (2 + log 4 + log 3 )
= (log 4 + 1 ) ( 2 + log 4) − log 4 ( 3 + (log 4)
=2

PROBLEM 16. Find log 168 If log 12 = 𝑎 & log 24 = 𝑏

Solution: we can write 168 as multiple of 24 and 7 and log 168 =

Therefore ; log 168 = log 24 + log 7

=𝑏+ =

( . )
And ; log 54 = ( . )
= ………………..(i)

( . )
Given ; 𝑏 = log 24 = ( . )
= ; Let log 3 = 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑡 = = log 3

Substituting in (i) log 54 = 8 − 5𝑏 ∴ log 168 = ( )

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LOGARITHM
PROBLEM 17. If 𝑎 = log 5 & 𝑏 = log 25 find whether (a) a<b (b) a=b (c) a>b

Solution: Method 1 : 𝑎 = and b = since denominator of b > a ⇒ a > b

Method 2; 5=3 and 25 = 17

(3 ) = 17
Taking log both sides a log 9 = b log 17 ⇒ a/b > 1
∴𝑎>𝑏

PROBLEM 18. If sum of all the solutions of the equation (𝑥 ) −3 − 2 = 0 is 𝑎 find the minimum
value of a+b+c, ( a, b, c ∈ 𝑁 )

Solution: Let log 𝑥=𝑡

⇒3 − 3 − 2 = 0 again let 3 = 𝑦 ⇒y>0

⇒𝑦 −𝑦−2=0 ⇒(𝑦 − 2)(𝑦 + 1) = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2 & 𝑦 = −1(reject)

∴ 3 = 2 ⇒ 𝑡 = log 2

⇒ log 𝑥 = log 2 ⇒ 𝑥 = 10
A/Q; a= 10 , b= 2 & c = 3 ∴ 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 15

PROBLEM 19. Solve for x:-

(𝑥 − 2)(( ( )) ( ) )
= 10 ( )

Solution: Let log (𝑥 − 2) = 𝑡 ⇒ (x − 2) = 10𝑡

( )
⇒ 10 = 10

⇒ t = 0 or 𝑡 + 5𝑡 + 7 = 1

⇒ log10 (𝑥 − 2) = 0 𝑜𝑟 (𝑡 + 3)(𝑡 + 2) = 0 ⇒ t = −3 & t = −2

Substituting the value we get 3 different solutions; x=3 , x = + 2 & x= +2

PROBLEM 20. Prove that log 7 is an irrational number.

Solution: Let log 7 is a rational number

⇒ log 7 = ( where 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ 𝐼 , 𝑞 ≠ 0 & 𝑝, 𝑞 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 )

⇒7= 2 ⇒ 7 = 2

( 7 , 𝑚 ∈ 𝑁 𝑎𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑒 2 , 𝑝 ∈ 𝑁 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛)

So even ≠ 𝑜𝑑𝑑 so our assumption is wrong . Hence, log 7 is an irrational number

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LOGARITHM
3. GRAPH OF 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒙

 IF b > 1  IF 0 < b < 1

Y Y

(b,1) (b,1)
(1,0)
X X
(1,0)

4. LOGARITHMIC INEQUALITIES:-

 If we either apply or remove an increasing continuous function on both sides of an inequality then its sign
remains same while it changes for a decreasing continuous function.

log𝑎 𝑥1 > log𝑎 𝑥2 , 𝐼𝑓 𝑎>1

If 𝑥 > 𝑥 ⇒
log𝑎 𝑥1 < log𝑎 𝑥2 , 𝐼𝑓 0<𝑎< 1
&
log 𝑓(𝑥) > log 𝑔(𝑥)

𝑓(𝑥) > 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 > 1 , 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑔(𝑥) > 0

⇒
𝑓(𝑥) < 𝑔(𝑥), 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑎 < 1 , 𝑓(𝑥) > 0

5. CHARACTERISTIC & MANTISA

 The greatest integer function rounds off the given number to the nearest integer ; x = [x]
 E.g. [2.3] =2 is the GI
[6.5] =6 is the GI
[-1.3] = -2 is the GI
 Fractional part of x = {x} = x - [x] ; 0 ≤ {x} < 1
 E.g. {6.3} = 6.3 – 6 = 0.3
{7} = 0
{-1.3} = -1.3 – (-2) = 0.7
 Characteristic of log 𝑥 = [log 𝑥]
 Mantisa of log 𝑥 = {log 𝑥}

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LOGARITHM
NOTE:-

1. log 2 = 0.3010 , log 3 = 0.4771 , log 5 = 0.6990 , log 7 = 0.8451

2. 0 ≤ log 𝑥 < 1 ⇒ 1 ≤ 𝑥 < 10
 Characteristic of log 𝑥 = 0 then x will be one digit number before decimal point or number of
significant digit before decimal point is 1.
 Characteristic of log 𝑥 = 1 ⇒ number of significant digit is 2
 Therefore , If characteristic of 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝒙 = n ( n ∈ 𝑵) then number of significant digit = (n+1)

3. If characteristic of log 𝑥 = -1 ⇒ −1 ≤ 𝑥 < 0 ⇒ 0.1 ≤ 𝑥 < 1

Then, no. of zeros after decimal point and before first non-zero digit will be equal to zero.
If characteristic of log 𝑥 = -2 ⇒ −2 ≤ 𝑥 < −1 ⇒ 0.01 ≤ 𝑥 < 0.1
Then no. of zeros possible = 1
Therefore, If characteristic of 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝒙 = - n ( n ∈ 𝑵) then number of zeros = (n-1)

PROBLEM 21. Find the number of digits in the number 𝑥 = 6

Solution: log 𝑥 = 50 log 6 (Taking log both sides )

= 50 (log 3 + log 2)
= 50 ( 0.3010 + 0.4771) = 38 .9050
∴ 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑠 = 39

PROBLEM 22. Find the number of zeros after decimal before a significant digit starts (i) 3 (ii)

Solution: (i) 3 =𝑁 (ii) =𝑁

-50 log 3 = log N log N = -100 ( log 9- log 8 )

-23.855 = log N log N = -5.12
[ log N] = -24 [ log N] = -6
Therefore, no. of Zeros = 23 Therefore, no. of Zeros =5

POINTS TO REMEMBER:-

 If the number & the base are on one side of the unity, then the logarithm is positive; if the number
& the base are on different sides of unity, then the logarithm is negative.
 The base of logarithm ‘a’ must not be equal unity otherwise numbers not equal to unity will not
have a logarithm & any number will be the logarithm of unity.
 For a non negative number ‘a’ & n≥ 2 , n ∈ N √𝑎 = 𝑎 .

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LOGARITHM
EXERCISE-1
Single correct type questions:

Q.1 + + has the value equal to

√ √ √

(A) ½ (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 4

Q.2 If 5 𝑥 + 3 = 162 then the logarithm of x to the base 4 has the value equal to
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) -1 (D) 3/2
Q.3 If log (x + y) = log 2 + ½ log x + ½ log y, then
(A) x + y = 0 (B) xy =1 (C) 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 = 0 (D) 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0
Q.4 If log (log (log 𝑥)) = 0 , log (log (log 𝑌)) = 0 and log (log (log 𝑍)) = 0, then the correct option is
(A) x > y > z (B) x > z > y (C) z > x > y (D) 𝑧 > 𝑦 > 𝑧

√ ………..
Q.5 The value of log is equal to
√ ……………..

(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

Q.6 If log 2 = 𝑚, then the value of log 28 is
(A) 2 ( 1 + 2m) (B) (1 + 2m)/2 (C) 2/(1+2m) (D) 1+m

Q.7 If P = log (log 3) and 3 = 405 then C is equal to

(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 81 (D) 5

Q.8 If = = 𝑏 , then b is equal to

(A) 1/2 (B) 2/3 (C) 1/3 (D) 3/2

Q.9 Let x, y and z be positive real numbers such that 𝑥 = 8, 𝑦 = 81 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = √5 .

The value of 𝑥 ( )
+ 𝑦( )
+ 𝑧( )
, is
(A) 526 (B) 750 (C) 874 (D) 974

Q.10 Suppose n be an integer greater than 1, let 𝑎 = . Suppose 𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑎 and

𝑐=𝑎 +𝑎 + 𝑎 +𝑎 +𝑎 . Then (𝑏 − 𝑐) equals

(A) (B) (C) -1 (D) -2

( )) ( ))
Q.11 If 10 (
= 1 and 10 (
= 1 then, a is equal to

(A) (B) 𝑐 (C) ab (D) 𝑐

Q.12 If 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, then number of real solution of the equation 2 + 2 = log 24 is

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) more than 2

Q.13 If 𝑥 ≥ 𝑦 ≥ 1 then the maximum value of log ( ) + log ( ) is equal to

(A) -2 (B) 0 (C) 2 (D) 4

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Q.14 Let 𝑥 = 4 and 𝑦 = and xy = 4, then the sum of the cubes of the real value(s) of k is

(A) 1 (B) 5 (C) 8 (D) 9

( )
Q.15 Number of real solution(s) of the equation 9 = ln 𝑥 − ( 𝑙𝑛 𝑥) + 1 is equal to
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
Q.16 If log (3) = 𝛼 and log (5) = 𝛽, then log (8) is equal to
(A) 3(1+ 𝛼 − 𝛽) (B) 3(1+ 𝛼 + 𝛽) (C) 3(𝛼 + 𝛽) (D) 3(1- 𝛼 − 𝛽)
Q.17 If A is the number of integers whose logarithms to the base 10 have characteristic 11 and B the number of
integers, the logarithm of whose reciprocals to the base 10 have characteristic -4, then the value of
(log 𝐴 − log 𝐵) is equal to
(A) -7 (B) 7 (C) 8 (D) 9

Q.18 Number of ordered pair(s) of (x,y) satisfying the system of equations, log 𝑥𝑦 = 5 and log = 1 is :

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

Paragraph for question 19 to 21

log 𝑁 = 𝛼 + 𝛽, | 𝛼 ∈ 𝐼 & 𝛽 ∈ [0,1)
Q.19 If M & 𝛼 are prime & 𝛼 + 𝑀 = 7 then the greatest integral value of N is
(A) 64 (B) 63 (C) 125 (D) 124
Q.20 If M & 𝛼 are twin prime & 𝛼 + 𝑀 = 8 then the greatest integral value of N is
(A) 624 (B) 625 (C) 728 (D) 729
Q.21 If M & 𝛼 are relative prime & 𝛼 + 𝑀 = 7 then the minimum integral value of N is
(A) 21 (B) 25 (C) 6 (D) 9

Q.22 If log 3 = 4 and log 27 = , then the value of (𝑎 − 𝑏 ) is equal to

(A) 12 (B) 11 (C) 13 (D) 9

Q.23 If number of digits in 12 is ‘d’, and number of cyphers after decimal before a significant figure starts in
(0.2) is ‘c’, then (d-c) is equal to
(A) 3 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) 9

Q.24 If 𝑁 = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖 log log 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖 log √ (log 1296) , then the characteristic of log N to the base 2, is equal to

(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 8 (D) 9

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Multiple correct type questions:

Q.25 If L = ∑ log ,M=∏ log (𝑟 + 1) and N = ∑ where p = ( 1 .2 .3.4. 5…………2011), then

(A) L+M =13 (B) 𝑀 + 𝑁 =101 (C) L-M+N =6 (D) LMN =30
Q.26 Which of the following vanishes?
(A) log 𝑡𝑎𝑛1°. log 𝑡𝑎𝑛2°. log 𝑡𝑎𝑛3° … … … … … . log 𝑡𝑎𝑛89°
(B) log 𝑠𝑖𝑛1°. log 𝑠𝑖𝑛2°. log 𝑠𝑖𝑛3° … … … … … . log 𝑠𝑖𝑛90°

(C) 7 +3 −5 −7
(D) log 𝑡𝑎𝑛1°. log 𝑡𝑎𝑛2°. log 𝑡𝑎𝑛3° … … … … … . log 𝑡𝑎𝑛89°

Q.27 The value of the expression ( )

+ ( )
+ ( )
, is

(A) odd (B) an irrational (C) even composite (D) twin prime with 5
Q.28 Which of the following real numbers is(are) non-positive?

√
(A) log . (B)log (√83 − 9) (C) log √
(√2 + 1) (D) log 9. 27 . 243
√

Q.29 Given that + = 𝑥, then which of the following will divide 4 ?

(A) 3 (B) 7 (C) 9 (D) 21

Q.30 The number N = + is less than

(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6

Q.31 The equation (log 𝑥 + 2) + (log 𝑥 − 1) = (2 log 𝑥 + 1) has
(A) no natural solution (B) two rational solutions
(C) no prime solution (D) one irrational solution

Q.32 The number N = 2 + √5 − 6 − 3√5 + 14 − 6√5 simplifies to

(A) an integer (B) a prime (C) a natural (D) a composite

Q.33 If (𝑎 ) − 5 (𝑥 ) + 6 = 0 ,where a > 0, b > 0 & ab ≠ 1, then the value of x can be equal to

(A)2 (B) 3 (C) 𝑏 (D) 𝑎

Q.34 Which of the following statement(s) is/are true ?

(A) log 2 lies between 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (B) log ( ) cos = −1

(C) 𝑒 ( )
𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 1

(D) log 1 + log 3 + log 2 + √3 = log 1 + √3 + (2 + √3)

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EXERCISE-2
Subjective questions:-
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Q.1 Let A denotes the value of log + log

when a = 43 and b = 57 and B denotes the value of the expression 2 . 3 . Find the value of (A· B).
Q.2 If mantissa of a number N to the base 32 is varying from 0.2 to 0.8 both inclusive, and whose
characteristic is 1, then find the number of integral values of N.
Q.3 For x, y ∈ N, if 3 =3 − 8 and log |2𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 | = 1 + log (𝑥𝑦) .
then find the absolute value of (x – y).

Q.4 Given that log 𝑎 = 𝑠, log 𝑏 = 𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 log (8) = . Write log as a function of ‘s’ (a,b,c > 0, c≠ 1).

Q.5 Find the square of the sum of the roots of the equation
log 𝑥. log 𝑥 . log 𝑥 = log 𝑥 . log 𝑥 + log 𝑥. log 𝑥 + log 𝑥. log 𝑥
Q.6 Solve the system of equations:
log 𝑥 log (𝑥𝑦𝑧) = 48
log 𝑦 log (𝑥𝑦𝑧) = 12 , 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1.
log 𝑧 log (𝑥𝑦𝑧) = 84
Q.7 Find the number of integral solution of the equation log √ (𝑥 + |𝑥 − 2|) = log (5𝑥 − 6 + 5|𝑥 − 2|).

Q.8 Let log 𝑁 =∝ + β , log 𝑁 =∝ + β and log 𝑁 =∝ + β where ∝ , ∝ , ∝ are integers and
β , β , β ∈ [0,1),
(i) Find number of integral values of N if ∝ = 4 & ∝ =2
(ii) Find the difference of largest and smallest integral values of N if ∝ = 5 , ∝ = 3 and ∝ = 2.

Q.9 Solve for x: log (4 − 𝑥) + log(4 − 𝑥) . log 𝑥 + − 2 log 𝑥+ = 0.

Q.10 Let a and b be real numbers greater than 1 for which there exists a positive real number c, different from 1,
such that
2(log 𝑐 + log 𝑐) = 9 log 𝑐. Find the largest possible value of log 𝑏.
Q.11 (a) log(log 𝑥) + log(log 𝑥 − 2) = 0; where base of log is 10 everywhere.
(b) log 2 . log 2 = log 2

(c) 5 +5𝑥 = 3 (a > 0) ; where base of log is a.

(d) 𝑥 = 32, where base of logarithm is 2.

Q.12 If log 45 = log 40√3 then find the characteristic of log 𝑥 to the base 7.

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EXERCISE-3 (Past Year Questions)
Q.1 The least value of the expression 2 log 𝑥 − log (0.01) for x > 1 is :
[IIT 1980]
(A) 10 (B)2 (C) –0.01 (D)None of these
Q.2 Solve for x the following equation :
[IIT 1987, 3M]
log ( ) (6𝑥 + 23𝑥 + 21) = 4 − log ( ) (4𝑥 + 12𝑥 + 9)
( )
Q.3 The equation 𝑥 = √2 has: [IIT 1989, 2M]
(A) at least one real solution (B) exactly three real solution
(C) exactly one irrational solution (D) complex roots
Q.4 The number of solution of log (x – 1) to the base 4 = log(x – 3) to the base 2 is :
[IIT 2001]
(A) 3 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 0
Q.5 Let (𝑥 , 𝑦 ) be the solution of the following equations
(2𝑥) = (3𝑦)
(3) = (2)
Then 𝑥 is [JEE 2011, 3M]
(A) 1/6 (B)1/3 (C) 1/2 (D) 6

⎛ ⎞
Q.6 The value of 6 + log ⎜ 4− 4− 4− … … … … … . ⎟ Is [JEE 2012, 4M]
√ √ √ √

⎝ ⎠
Q.7 If 3 = 4 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = [JEE ADV. 2013, 3M]

(A) (B) (C) (D)

Q.8 The value of ((log 9) ) ( ) 𝑥 √7 is _____ [JEE ADV. 2018, 3M]

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ANSWER KEY

EXERCISE-1
Q.1 Q.2 Q.3 Q.4 Q.5 Q.6 Q.7 Q.8 Q.9 Q.10
B D D B A B B C D C
Q.11 Q.12 Q.13 Q.14 Q.15 Q.16 Q.17 Q.18 Q.19 Q.20
D A B D B D C B D C
Q.21 Q.22 Q.23 Q.24 Q.25 Q.26 Q.27 Q.28 Q.29 Q.30
C C C B ABD ABCD AD ABCD ABCD ABCD
Q.31 Q.32 Q.33 Q.34
BCD ABC BC ABD
EXERCISE-2
Q.1 Q.2 Q.3 Q.4 Q.5 Q.6
12 449 5 2𝑆 + 10𝑆 − 3(𝑆 + 1) 3721 (𝑎 , 𝑎, 𝑎 )𝑜𝑟 (𝑎 , 𝑎 ,𝑎 )

Q.7 Q.8 Q.9 Q.10 Q.11 Q.12

1 (i) 44 (ii)99 {0, , √
} 2 (a) x=10 (b)x=2√ 𝑜𝑟2 √ 2

(c) x= 2 (d) x=2 0r 1/32

EXERCISE-3
Q.1 Q.2 Q.3 Q.4 Q.5 Q.6 Q.7 Q.8
D X = -1/4 B B C 4 ABC 8

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