Hindawi

Advances in Civil Engineering

Volume 2021, Article ID 8894042, 12 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8894042

Research Article
Compaction Quality Inspection Method of Soil-Rock Filled
Embankment Based on Continuous Compaction
Control Technology

Zhuoling He and Junyun Zhang

School of Civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Junyun Zhang; zjywxfbb@swjtu.edu.cn

Received 30 May 2020; Revised 14 December 2020; Accepted 22 December 2020; Published 9 January 2021

Academic Editor: Paolo Castaldo

Copyright © 2021 Zhuoling He and Junyun Zhang. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons
Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
properly cited.

Affected by the site construction conditions, the measurement passes of the Taihang Expressway K8 + 105 ∼ K8 + 341 (K8
worksite) in the Taihang Expressway did not meet the requirements of data analysis, and the quantity of the control points was
insufficient so that the linear correlation between the dynamic deformation modulus () and the vibratory compaction value (VCV)
was not strong. Therefore, the target value of VCV cannot be used to diagnose the Evd compaction quality of soil-rock filler. This
paper analyzes the roller measurement VCV value and in situ measurements Evd value separately. Results reveal the difference
between the VCV mean measured in the last two passes and the standard deviation of the measured VCV mean in the last pass are
used as the main basis for the actual compaction quality. In addition, the Evd mean in the last rolling can be used as an auxiliary
judgment basis for the quality control of the compaction.

1. Introduction but also in identifying and rectifying quality issues [10].

Compaction quality is vital in water conservancy and hy-
droelectric power engineering and highway engineering.
Whether it reaches the index is a vital factor to ensure
compaction quality control. Based on the relationship be-
tween wave propagation and electrical resistivity charac-
teristics of filler and compaction status, such as dry density,
the water content, and electrical resistivity, the compaction
quality can be analyzed by a wave seismic refraction survey
[1, 2]. But these methods are not able to use for controlling
the compaction quality quantitatively.
Many highway pavements deploy field inspectors to
conduct in situ measurements of embankment properties,
such as portable falling weight deflectometer (PFWD) and
light weight deflectometer (LWD) [3–9]. The traditional
quality inspection method relies primarily on testing ran-
domly sampled spots in site, which may cause unreliable
representation of the compaction quality of the entire work
and lead to delays not only in performing construction work
Following several years of use of intelligent compaction (IC)
technology in Europe [11, 12], the United States started
using it in highway engineering. White et al. [13] credited the
TH-64 construction project in Minnesota as the first
earthwork project to require IC technology. More states in
the US have been involved in researches exploring IC for
compaction quality control [14–18]. Through the research of
the relationship between sedimentation quantity and
compaction quality, Mei et al. [19] settled the problems of
construction technology and quality control of embank-
ment. But the sedimentation difference method also has a
shortage, and it does not directly demonstrate the technique
index such as density and water content, only indirectly
indicates the compaction quality of the compaction layer. In
recent years, continuous compaction control technology has
appeared in the compaction quality inspection of highway
and railway subgrades in China. In well-graded coarse-
grained soil or fine-grained soil near the optimal moisture
content, there is a good linear correlation between roller
2 Advances in Civil Engineering
measurement values and in situ measurements, and the
compaction quality can be detected and controlled by target
values, such as compaction meter value, compaction control
value, machine drive power, acceleration amplitude, sound
compaction value, and compaction value [20–26]. Therefore,
IC can quickly monitor the compaction quality based on the
measurements of the roller vibration in contact with the
ground.
However, in fillers with large differences in the filler
particle size, it is difficult to establish the linear corre-
lation between roller measurement values and in situ
measurements due to the large discreteness [27]. It is not
convenient to diagnose the compaction quality by the
target value. Based on the field compaction test at the
Taihang K8 + 105 to K8 + 341 (K8 work point), an in site
inspection evaluation method and evaluation standard
for the compaction quality of soil-rock filled embank-
ment are proposed based on continuous compaction
control technology.
2. Materials and Methods
The source of the Taihang Expressway K8 + 105 to K8 + 341
(K8 work point) site filled material is the excavated soil-rock
excavation of adjacent roads. There are mainly two types of
fillers with different weathering degrees, the strongly
weathered to fully weathered granite gneiss soil-rock mixed
filler, type A filler, and the medium-weathered to strongly
weathered granite gneiss soil-rock mixed filler, type B filler
(Figure 1).
2.1. Test Bed Construction and Testing. The Liugong CLG6126
vibratory roller was used in the field test. The specific model
data are shown in Table 1. To guarantee the compaction quality,
each test strip was checked by the settlement difference
method. Before the vibration rolling, the test strip was pre-
compacted to obtain a flat surface. The length of the wheel track
selected at the site was basically 20 m, and then, the PFWD test
point was set at a spacing of 2 m or 3 m. The VCV test was
carried out with the roller compaction first, and then, the
PFWD test was carried.
2.2. In Situ Point Tests. Xu [24] described an index, vibratory
compaction value (VCV), which is based on the embank-
ment compaction status established by vertical vibration
response signal of the vibration wheel in rolling. The VCV
can reflect the change of the embankment resistance and the
compaction status, and there is a good relation between
embankment resistance and its increment
VCV � P sin ωt + Mg − ηMf(u€ , ω), (1)
where f(u, € ω) represents function of vibration wheel ac-
celeration, vibratory frequency, and the function needs
monitoring data to define; η is comprehensive correction
function, and it is a dynamic quantity.
Using the PFWD for testing on the subgrade and the
ground, the dynamic deformation modulus (Evd ) can be
acquired. The equipment has several advantages such as
higher efficiency, less operators, nondestructive, and longer
service life as well as the FWD, and it also has the advantages
as follows: lightweight, objective tested data, high precision,
easy operation, and less costing [28].
The loading equipment used a vibratory roller with a
dead weight of not less than 16 t, and the fluctuation range of
the vibration frequency did not exceed ±0.5 Hz of the
specified value. Detection equipment was composed of vi-
bration sensor, signal conditioning (amplification and fil-
tering), data acquisition and analysis processing, data
recording, display device, and system control software. The
vibration sensor adopted an acceleration sensor, the sensi-
tivity was not less than 10 mV/(m s−2), and the range was not
less than 10 g, and it was installed vertically, as shown in
Figure 2.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Data Processing. From the 16 sets of field test data, 8
comparatively complete and representative working con-
ditions (WCs) were selected for analysis, as shown in Table 2.
The quantity of the test passes for each group of the selected
WCs was more than 3, and the number of points controlled
by Evd was more than 10. The selected data are shown in
Figures 3 and 4.
3.2. Correlations between Roller Measurement Values and
Point Measurements. According to the in site test, the linear
correlation analysis is performed on the data obtained in
each working condition, and the linear correlation coeffi-
cient and regression equation corresponding to the VCV
and the Ev d in each working condition are calculated. In this
paper, when the linear correlation coefficient R > 0.7, it is
considered that there is a strong linear correlation between
the two indicators [10], and a linear regression equation is
given. Otherwise, the linear correlation between the two
indicators is considered weak, and no regression equation is
given.
This paper considers the linear correlation between the
Evd and the VCV among all the measurement points, the
different compaction degrees, and their mean.
Figure 5 illustrates the linear correlation coefficient
between the Evd value and the VCV value in all working
conditions. During the rolling process, the change trend of
the Evd value and the VCV value is not completely con-
sistent, and the Evd value has a large dispersion, and the
correlation is poor.
Three compaction conditions, mild, moderate, and se-
vere, are considered in this paper, and selection of data is
shown in Table 3. Figure 6 shows the linear correlation
results of the Evd value and the VCV value. The correlation
considering different compaction degrees in the K8 work
point is poor, unless the WC 7.
Using the Evd mean and the VCV mean for analysis, the
relationship between the VCV mean and the Evd mean
measured during a certain rolling can be partly reflected to
avoid large errors caused by the large dispersion of Evd
values. As shown in Figure 7 and Table 4, the result reveals
Advances in Civil Engineering 3

Figure 1: Type A filler and type B filler. The left is type A filler, and the right is type B filler.

Table 1: Liugong CLG6126 roller parameters.

Parameter Value
Total static mass (kg) 26000
Eccentric force (kN) 300/400
Excitation frequency (Hz) 28/33
Excitation amplitude (mm) 1.95/0.90
Total sizes (length × width × height) (mm) 6640 × 2360 × 3050

Figure 2: Installation of vibration sensor.

Table 2: K8 test condition table.

Working condition Thickness (cm) Machinery (t) Roller strips Wheel track number Measuring points number Filler
1 60 26 4 1 11 A:B�2:5
2 70 26 6 1 10 A:B�2:5
3 70 26 4 1 16 A:B�2:4
4 60 26 5 1 11 A:B�2:4
5 70 26 4 1 11 B
6 60 26 6 1 11 B
7 60 26 6 1 11 A
8 70 26 5 1 11 A
4 Advances in Civil Engineering

45
30
40

35
20

Evd (MPa)
Evd (MPa)

30
10
25

20
0

15
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Measure point number Measure point number

Strip 1 Strip 4 Strip 1 Strip 4

Strip 2 Strip 5 Strip 2 Strip 5
Strip 3 Strip 6 Strip 3 Strip 6
(a) (b)
30
28
28
26
26
Evd (MPa)
Evd (MPa)

24
24
22
22
20
20
18
18
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Measure point number Measure point number

Strip 1 Strip 4 Strip 1 Strip 4

Strip 2 Strip 5 Strip 2 Strip 5
Strip 3 Strip 6 Strip 3 Strip 6
(c) (d)
30 35

28
30
26
Evd (MPa)

Evd (MPa)

24 25

22
20
20

18 15
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Measure point number Measure point number
Strip 1 Strip 4 Strip 1 Strip 4
Strip 2 Strip 5 Strip 2 Strip 5
Strip 3 Strip 6 Strip 3 Strip 6
(e) (f )
Figure 3: Continued.
Advances in Civil Engineering 5

26 32
30
24
28
22 26
20 24

Evd (MPa)
Evd (MPa)

22
18
20
16 18
14 16
14
12
12
10 10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Measure point number Measure point number
Strip 1 Strip 4 Strip 1 Strip 4
Strip 2 Strip 5 Strip 2 Strip 5
Strip 3 Strip 6 Strip 3 Strip 6
(g) (h)

Figure 3: Evd test results. (a) WC 1; (b) WC 2; (c) WC3; (d) WC 4; (e) WC 5; (f ) WC 6; (g) WC 7; (h) WC 8.

555
545
550
540
VCV (kN/m)
VCV (kN/m)

535 545

530 540

525
535
520
530
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Measure point number Measure point number

Strip 1 Strip 4 Strip 1 Strip 4

Strip 2 Strip 5 Strip 2 Strip 5
Strip 3 Strip 6 Strip 3 Strip 6
(a) (b)
560

555 540

550
535
VCV (kN/m)

VCV (kN/m)

545

540 530

535
525
530

525 520
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Measure point number Measure point number
Strip 1 Strip 4 Strip 1 Strip 4
Strip 2 Strip 5 Strip 2 Strip 5
Strip 3 Strip 6 Strip 3 Strip 6
(c) (d)
Figure 4: Continued.
6 Advances in Civil Engineering

550 550

545
545
540
VCV (kN/m)

VCV (kN/m)
540
535
535 530

530 525

520
525
515
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Measure point number Measure point number

Strip 1 Strip 4 Strip 1 Strip 4

Strip 2 Strip 5 Strip 2 Strip 5
Strip 3 Strip 6 Strip 3 Strip 6
(e) (f )
560 560
555
555
550
545 550
VCV (kN/m)

VCV (kN/m)

540
545
535
530 540
525
535
520
515 530
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Measure point number Measure point number
Strip 1 Strip 4 Strip 1 Strip 4
Strip 2 Strip 5 Strip 2 Strip 5
Strip 3 Strip 6 Strip 3 Strip 6
(g) (h)

Figure 4: VCV test results. (a) WC 1; (b) WC 2; (c) WC3; (d) WC 4; (e) WC 5; (f ) WC 6; (g)WC 7; (h) WC 8.

that the linear correlation between the Evd mean and the VCV
mean is poor, when the lift thickness is 70 cm, but the linear
correlation coefficient between the Evd mean and the VCV
mean is strong when the lift thickness is 60 cm.
3.3. Compaction Quality Inspection Method of Soil-Rock Filled
Embankment. Due to various factors such as filler prop-
erties, rolling machinery, and technology, the linear cor-
relation between the VCV and the Evd for soil-rock mixed
fillers is not generally strong. However, the measured data
are insufficient, and its reliability needs further verification.
Therefore, the method of using the VCV target value has
limitations for the compaction quality detection of the soil-
rock filled embankment.
According to the analysis of the continuous compaction
test results of the field compaction test, it is found that,
overall, the VCV value increases with the increase of the
vibration time and finally stabilizes. Therefore, this paper
considers the difference between the mean value of VCV
from the last two times of rolling and the standard deviation
of the VCV value of each measurement point from the last
time of rolling to determine whether the compaction quality
of the soil-rock filled embankment meets the requirements.
It is shown in Table 5 that the difference between the
VCV mean values obtained from the last two roller passes
under each working condition does not exceed 5 kN/m; in
other words, the relative difference between the VCV mean
values obtained from the last two roller passes is less than
1%. And the maximum of the VCV standard deviation from
Advances in Civil Engineering 7

550 555
R = 0.157 R = 0.119
545 550
540
545
VCV (kN/m)

VCV (kN/m)
535
540
530
535
525

520 530

515 525
20 30 40 15 20 25 30
Evd (MPa) Evd (MPa)
(a) (b)
545
560 R = 0.391 R = 0.323
540
555

550 535
VCV (kN/m)

VCV (kN/m)
545
530
540
525
535
520
530

525 515
15 20 25 30 15 20 25 30
Evd (MPa) Evd (MPa)
(c) (d)
R = 0.665 550 R = 0.461
528
545
526 540
VCV (kN/m)

VCV (kN/m)

524 535
530
522 525

520 520
515
12 14 16 18 20 20 25 30
Evd (MPa) Evd (MPa)
(e) (f )
R = 0.665 R = 0.256
528 555

526
550
VCV (kN/m)
VCV (kN/m)

524
545

522
540
520
535
12 14 16 18 20 10 15 20 25 30
Evd (MPa) Evd (MPa)
(g) (h)

Figure 5: Evd values and their corresponding VCV values all the measurement points. (a) WC 1; (b) WC 2; (c) WC 3; (d) WC 4; (e) WC 5; (f )
WC 6; (g) WC 7; (h) WC 8.
8 Advances in Civil Engineering

Table 3: Selection of rolling passes among the different compaction degrees.

Working condition 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Selection of passes 1/2/4 1/3/5 1/2/4 1/3/4 1/2/4 1/3/5 1/3/5 1/3/5

550 555
R = 0.191 R = 0.070
550
540
545

VCV (kN/m)
VCV (kN/m)

540
530
535

520 530

525
20 30 40 16 18 20 22 24 26
Evd (MPa) Evd (MPa)
(a) (b)
545
560 R = 0.482 R = 0.467

555 540

550 535
VCV (kN/m)

VCV (kN/m)

545 530
540
525
535
530 520

525 515
15 20 25 30 15 20 25 30
Evd (MPa) Evd (MPa)
(c) (d)
550
R = 0.235 545 R = 0.292
545
540
540
VCV (kN/m)
VCV (kN/m)

535
535
530
530 525

525 520

520 515
20 25 30 20 22 24 26 28
Evd (MPa) Evd (MPa)
(e) (f)
Figure 6: Continued.
Advances in Civil Engineering 9

550
R = 0.836 R = 0.295
555
VCV = 2.362Evd + 488.602
540

VCV (kN/m)
VCV (kN/m)
550

530
545

520 540

10 15 20 25 10 15 20 25 30
Evd (MPa) Evd (MPa)
(g) (h)

Figure 6: Evd values and their corresponding VCV values among different compaction degrees. (a) WC 1; (b) WC 2; (c) WC 3; (d) WC 4; (e)
WC 5; (f ) WC 6; (g) WC 7; (h) WC 8.

R = 0.733
R = 0.320
540 VCV = 5.581Evd + 413.637 550
VCV (kN/m)

VCV (kN/m)

535 545

530 540

525 535
20 21 22 23 19.0 19.5 20.0 20.5 21.0
Evd (MPa) Evd (MPa)
(a) (b)
555
R = 0.554 R = 0.816
534
VCV = 2.151Evd + 478.194
550
532
VCV (kN/m)

VCV (kN/m)

545 530

540 528

526
535
524
19 20 21 22 23 21 22 23 24 25
Evd (MPa) Evd (MPa)
(c) (d)
Figure 7: Continued.
10 Advances in Civil Engineering

R = 0.478 545
R = 0.968
536
VCV = 3.064Evd + 458.956
540
VCV (kN/m) 534

VCV (kN/m)
535
532

530
530

525
22 23 24
22 24 26 28
Evd (MPa)
Evd (MPa)
(e) (f )
550 R = 0.816 550
R = 0.203
VCV = 2.378Evd + 489.890
548
540
VCV (kN/m)

VCV (kN/m)
546

530
544

520 542
16 18 20 22 24 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0
Evd (MPa) Evd (MPa)
(g) (h)

Figure 7: Evd mean and their corresponding VCV mean. (a) WC 1; (b) WC 2; (c) WC3; (d) WC 4; (e) WC 5; (f ) WC 6; (g) WC 7; (h) WC 8.

Table 4: Linear correlation between the Evd mean and the VCV mean.
Working condition Linear correlation coefficient Linear regression equation
1 0.733 VCV � 5.581 Evd + 413.637
2 0.320 —
3 0.554 —
4 0.816 VCV � 2.151 Evd + 478.194
5 0.478 —
6 0.968 VCV � 3.064 Evd + 458.956
7 0.816 VCV � 2.379 Evd + 489.890
8 0.256 —

the last rolling is 3.59 kN/m, which does not exceed 1% of the
average VCV, indicating that the rolling uniformity is also
good. Therefore, this method can be used to quickly deter-
mine whether the compaction quality meets the requirements
for the soil-rock mixed filler at the K8 working point.
Since the VCV value measured by continuous com-
paction does not correlate with the in situ measurement
used in the test of the compaction quality of the subgrade,
the above-mentioned determination method merely re-
flects the compaction degree of the subgrade indirectly.
From the perspective of ensuring that the detection
method is more reliable, the test results of Evd can be
considered to further judge the embankment compaction
quality. The Evd test results of each working condition at
the K8 station are analyzed. The analysis results are shown
in Table 6.
Generally, in the soil-rock mixed filler, when the number
of rolling passes is enough, the hard rock block content is
higher, the lift thickness is thinner, and the Evd value is
higher. The maximum standard deviation of the Evd value of
each measurement point after the last rolling is 2.44 MPa,
which also indicates that the Evd value is relatively discrete.
Most Evd are larger than 20 MPa except WC 8, and the range
is 20.70 to 27 MPa, which indicates that whether Evd mean of
the last rolling is more than 20 MPa can be the auxiliary
evaluation standard.
Advances in Civil Engineering 11

Table 5: Analysis of the results of continuous compaction of VCV values at the K8 station.
N − 1th pass Nth pass
Working condition ΔVCV (kN/m) Remark
VCV mean (kN/m) Standard deviation (kN/m) VCV mean (kN/m) Standard deviation (kN/m)
1 539.4 2.56 539.0 2.22 −0.4 n�4
2 546.9 2.70 546.9 1.92 0 n�6
3 552.0 1.88 552.1 2.07 0.1 n�4
4 529.4 2.33 533.8 2.71 4.4 n�5
5 534.3 1.98 536.3 1.98 2 n�4
6 538.6 6.02 543.0 0.67 4.4 n�6
7 540.5 1.77 545.5 3.59 5 n�6
8 543.3 3.75 545.0 2.36 1.7 n�5

Table 6: Analysis of the results of continuous compaction of PFWD values at the K8 station.
N − 1th pass Nth pass
Working condition Remark
Evd mean (MPa) Standard deviation (MPa) Evd mean >(MPa) Standard deviation (MPa)
1 22.50 2.34 22.60 2.05 n�4
2 19.79 1.46 20.70 2.11 n�6
3 21.64 1.76 22.50 2.03 n�4
4 23.23 1.28 25.01 1.42 n�5
5 23.89 2.61 23.94 2.26 n�4
6 25.62 1.2 27 2.42 n�6
7 22.01 1.14 21.33 1.42 n�6

4. Conclusion
When it is difficult to establish a linear correlation between
roller measurement values and in situ measurements due to
discrete data, roller measurement values, and in situ mea-
surements can be separately analyzed to detect the com-
paction quality of soil-rock filled embankment. Based on the
field compaction test and test of Taihang Expressway K8, this
paper proposes a rapid diagnostic method for compaction
quality of soil-rock filled embankment based on continuous
compaction control technology as follows:
(1) The difference between the average value of VCV
measured during the last two passes (ΔVCV ≤ 5kN/
m) and the standard deviation of the value of VCV
measured during the last two passes (σVCV ≤ 5kN/
m) are used as the main basis of soil-rock filled
embankment compaction quality
(2) Whether the average Evd of the last rolling is greater
than or equal to 20 MPa is used as the auxiliary
evaluation standard for the quality control of the
embankment compaction in this site
Data Availability
The test data used to support the findings of this study are
included within the article.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest
regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Science and Technology
Department of Sichuan Province (Grant no. 2018JY0076 and
Grant no. 21ZDYF2108). The work was also carried out
under the subgrade filled Engineering Research and De-
velopment Project of the Chengdu East Road Technology
Co., Ltd.
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