1 ICE 04 - PLUMBING

WASTE WATER PIPING AND VENT SYSTEM For Full Flow condition:

𝜋𝐷 2 𝐷
𝑅= ÷ 𝜋𝐷 =
A. Flow in Horizontal Drainage Piping 4 4
Therefore:
1. Uniform Flow – Manning Formula 𝐷
𝑅= For half flow as well as full flow
4
1.486 2 1
𝑣= × 𝑅 ⁄3 × 𝑆 ⁄2 is a circular pipe
𝑛
Where:
Soil and Waste Stack Flow in stack:
v = velocity of flow in feet per sec. (fps)
Terminal Velocity:
n = a coefficient representing roughness of
pipe 𝑞 2/5
𝑉𝑇 = 3.0 ( )
𝑑
R = Hydraulic radius (hydraulic mean depth of
flow) 𝐿 𝑇 = 0.052 𝑉𝑇2

S = Hydraulic slope of Surface of flow, ft/ft Where:

VT = Terminal Velocity in stack in fps

2. The Quantity Rate of Flow LT = Terminal length below point of flow

entry (ft)
Q = AV
q = quantity rate of flow, qpm
Where:
d = diameter of stack in inches
Q = quantity rate of flow in cu. ft. per sec (cft)
The stack capacity
A = cross sectional area of flow in ft.2
q = 27.8 r5/3 d8/3
V = velocity of flow (fps)
Where:
By substituting the value of V from the
Manning Formula: q = capacity in qpm
1.486 2 1 r = ratio of cross - sectional area of the sheet
𝑄=𝐴 × × 𝑅 ⁄3 × 𝑆 ⁄2
𝑛 of water to the cross sectional
area of the stack
The Hydraulic mean depth of flow (R) called
the “Hydraulic radius” is the ratio of the cross d = diameter of the steel in inches.
sectional area of flow wetted perimeter of the
pipe surface.
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 Drainage System Sizing
𝑅=
𝑊𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 The rate of flow in a fixture drain should be the
For condition of half – full flow, the hydraulic same as the rate of flow at discharged at the
radius is: fixture outlet.

𝜋𝐷 2 𝜋𝐷 𝐷 The average rate of flow a fixture can be fairly

𝑅= ÷ = and accountably by the formula.
8 2 4

LACEA, GERALDINE QUINDAO BSCE 2-C

2 ICE 04 - PLUMBING

q = 13.17 d 2 h½ STEP 3 – TABLE 2

Where: J = sum of all branches connected to the

portion above the offset
q = rate of discharge in gpm

d = diameter of outlet orifice (inches)

J = A + B + C + D = 370 FU – 4”
h = mean vertical height of water surface
above the portion of outlet in inches Increase (1) one size to 5”

Stack Sizing STEP 4 – Size the portion of stack below offset

The permissible flow in the stack is 7/24 of the A + B + C + D + E + F + G + H + I = 1250 FU

total cross – sectional area stack = 6”

q = 27.8 r5/3 d8/3

LACEA, GERALDINE QUINDAO BSCE 2-C

3 ICE 04 - PLUMBING

STEP 3

C Stack P5
Note: A bathroom group consists of 1 WC, 1
Lav, & 1 bathtub or shower
In this case, there are eight bathroom group

8 bathroom group x 8 = 64 FU

8 BT x 2 = 16
80 FU

STACK P5 = 80 FU = 4”
C = 80 FU = 4”

STEP 1 STEP 4
A Stack P4 D=B+C
18WC x 6 FU = 108 D = 30 + 80 = 110 FU = 4”
4 UR x 4 = 16

18 LAU x 1 = 18 STEP 5
142 FU E=A+D
STACK P4 = 142 FU = 4” = 142 + 110 = 252 FU = 5”
A = 142 = 4”

STEP 6
STEP 2 F Stack P3:
B Stack P6 10 WC x 6 = 60 FU
Note: A bathroom group consist of 1 WC, 1 2 UR x 4 = 8
Lav, & 1 Bathtub or shower. 6 LAB x 1 = 6
In this case there are 3 bathroom groups 74 FU
3 bathroom groups x 8 = 24 FU STACK P3 = 74 FU = 4”
3 SH x 2 = 6 F = 74 = 4”
30

STACK P6 = 30 = 3” STEP 7
B = 30 = 4” G=E+F

LACEA, GERALDINE QUINDAO BSCE 2-C

4 ICE 04 - PLUMBING

G = 252 + 74 = 336 FU = 5” = 48 FU = 4”

(If piping had been stalled at a slope of ¼”/ft.

the size would be 5”)
STEP 12

L=J+K
STEP 8
L = 12 + 48 = 60 FU = 4”
H Stack P7

4 WC x 6 = 24 FU
STEP 13
4 Lav x 1 = 4
M=I+L
28 FU
M = 366 + 60 = 426 FU = 6”
Stack P7 = 30 FU as considered main size of
stack serving water closet is min = 3”
STEP 14
H = 30 FU = 4”
N Stack P10

30 WC x 6 = 180 FU
STEP 9
6 UR x 4 = 24
I=G+H
8 SH x 2 = 16
I = 336 + 30 = 366 FU = 5” (¼”/ ft. slope)
220 FU
Stack P10 = 220 FU = 4”
STEP 10
N = 220 = 5”
J Stack P2
6 Sk x 2 = 12
STEP 15
Stack P2 = 12 = 2”
O Stack P8
J = 12 3” – STD
10 Sk x 2 = 20 FU

Stack P8 = 20 FU = 2”
STEP 11
O = 20 FU = 3”
K Stack P1

6 WC x 6 = 36 FU
STEP 16
2 UR x 4 = 8
P Stack P9
4 Lav x 1 = 4
12 Lav x 1 = 12 FU
48 = U
Stack P9 = 12 FU = 2”
Stack P1 = 48 FU – 3” (Limited of 6 WC is not
exceeded) P = 12 FU = 3”

LACEA, GERALDINE QUINDAO BSCE 2-C

5 ICE 04 - PLUMBING
STEP 17
Q=O+P
Q = 20 + 12= 32 FU = 4”
STEP 18
R=N+Q
= 220 + 32 = 252 FU = 5”
STEP 19
S=M+R
S = 426 + 252 = 678 FU = 6”
(If pipe stalled at ¼”/ ft. store S = 6
THEORY
 The primary consideration in the design of
a venting system is the flow of air – for the
ventilation of the piping and protection of
the fixture trap seals of a sanitary drainage
system.
 The physical properties of air are of special
interest. The most pertinent to this subject
are density, viscosity, and compressibility.
 Since air is of such primary importance, it
is essential that the Plumbing Engineer be
familiar with the above mentioned
physical characteristics that are pertinent
to its behavior in a plumbing system.
A. Density of any substance is its mass per
unit volume, which is weight per unit
volume. Density is affected by
temperature, moisture content, and
pressure. The density of air at standard
condition 68.4 °F is equal to 0.075lbm/ft3
with the rise in temperature, density of air
decreases and with lowering of the
temperature its density increases.
The moisture content of air in the plumbing
system has a negligible effect on the density
and can be disregarded in all calculation.
Specific weight of the fluid is not an absolute
property, but depends upon the local
gravitational field (Gravitational acceleration
on earth is g = 32.2 ft. /sec2) and the
properties of the fluid itself. Commonly called
“density” when concerning gravitational force,
the numerical value of specific weight is (#f/
ft3) is equal to density (lbm/ ft3).
Elasticity is the ability of the substance to
assume its original characteristics after the
removal of a force that has been applied. Air is
a perfect elastic substance.
When air is compressed it is due to pressure.
In plumbing system, there is clearly an
extremely small change in pressure which can
be tolerated. For a pressure of 1” of H2O
column (0.036 psi). The volume of air will be
compressed by 1/400 of its original volume.
Assuming an original volume of 400 ft3 of air
in the atmosphere pressure and the
application of a pressure of 1” of water
column, the air will be compressed by 400 x
1/400 = 1ft.3. And this very small change in
volume can be easily because the accepted
design limitation of ± 1” of pressure to be
exceeded with the consequent danger of
destroying the trap seals.
The vent piping must be designed to permit
the air to flow freely without compression or
expansion except for the small amount
necessary to overcome friction.
Static Head is the pressure exerted at any point
by the weight of the substance above that
point. The pressure can be stated in the point
of the substance, example of the substance is
water. The static head is in feet of water or of
the substance is air, is feet of air.
To convert from feet of head to pounds – force
per sq. inch
LACEA, GERALDINE QUINDAO BSCE 2-C
6 ICE 04 - PLUMBING

𝑟ℎ 144𝑃 maximum rate of discharge in practice is

𝑃= ,ℎ =
144 Ɣ expressed as:
𝑞0 = 𝐶𝐷 𝑞1

Where: Where:

P = pressure #f / in2 𝑞0 = Actual quantity of discharge gpm

Ɣ = specific weight substance, #f/f3 𝑞1 = ideal quantity of discharge

h = static head, st 𝐶𝐷 = coefficient of discharge

Air and suds are fluid, and produce pressure or Utilizing the formula q = AV + substitute
head of submerged point, in accordance with
qD = CD ( 2.448 do 2V1)
the overweight of overlying fluid, just as in the
case of water. do = outside diameter inches
However, as the density of water, air and sud, V1 = Ideal velocity, fps
are different, the amount of pressure
produced by 1 ft. head or column of each of
these fluids are not the same. For equal
𝑞𝐷 = 𝐶𝐷 (2.448𝑑02 √2𝑔ℎ)
pressure, the proceeding formula may be
arranged to express equivalent statistic head = 𝐶𝐷 (19.65𝑑02 √ℎ)
for water, air and suds.
1⁄
𝑞𝐷 = 13.17𝑑02 ℎ 2)
144 P = Ww hw = Wa ha = Ws hs
Where:
Velocity = 2gh
P = pressure, psi
g = accelerate due to gravity
Ww = density of water, # per cu.ft.
h = height or (head) of air column
Wa = density of air, H per cu.ft.
Ws = density of suds, #/ft.
STATIC AIR PRESSURE
hw = static head or column of water in ft.
𝑤ℎ
ha = static head or column of suds in ft. 𝑃=
144
Ɣ𝑤 ℎ 𝑤 Ɣ𝐴 ℎ𝐴
𝑃= =
RATE OF FLOW FROM OUTLETS 144 144

The velocity of which air flows out of an outlet

to the atmosphere (at the roof terminal of the
stack) is due to the total pressure available in
the vent pipe in the outlet. This pressure is the
flow pressure at which is equal to the static
pressure less the pressure lost in friction. The
Ɣw = specific weight of water #f/ ft.3
hw = static head of water, ft
ƔA = specific weight of air #f/ ft.3
hA = static head of air –ft.

LACEA, GERALDINE QUINDAO BSCE 2-C

7 ICE 04 - PLUMBING

Transposing: Using 1” of water column D = diameter of pipe ft.

Ɣ𝑤 ℎ𝑤 62.4 (1⁄2) V = velocity of air ft. / sec.
ℎ𝐴 = =
Ɣ𝐴 .075 (𝑎𝑡 70°𝐹)
g = acceleration of gravity 32.2 ft. / sec2

ℎ𝐴 = 69.23 𝑓𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛

AIR FLOW IN STACK

Vent stack must be large enough to permit the

This means that a column of air 69.23 ft. will
exact the same pressure as a column of water
1” high. In another way the static head of 1”
water will support a column of air 69.23 ft.
high.
maximum quantity of air dragged down the
drainage stack to discharge through at and to
the atmosphere without exceeding ± 1” of
water fluctuation.

The rate of discharge of air from a vent outlet

can now be determined when the pressure at DESIGN VENT SIZING
the outlet is 1” of water or 69.23 ft. of air. 𝑓𝑙 𝑣 2
ℎ= – Darcy Equation
2𝐷𝑎

q = 2.448 d2V
𝑞
𝒗=
2.448𝑑 2

Substitute Darcy Equation

𝑓 𝐿 𝑞2
ℎ=
(𝑑/12) (64.4) ( 2.448)2 (𝑑 4 )

FRICTION HEAD LOSE

ℎ𝑑 5 2226 𝑑 3
When the air flows in a pipe, there is a 𝐿= =
0.013109 𝑓𝑞 2 𝑓𝑞 2
pressure lose when occurs due to friction
between the air and pipe wall.
Formula:

𝑓𝑙 𝑣 2 L = length of pipe (equivalent)

ℎ=
2𝐷𝑔
d = diameter of pipe in inches

h = friction head lose of air column in ft.

f = coefficient of friction
f = coefficient of friction

l = length of pipe ft. q = quantity of flow, gpm

LACEA, GERALDINE QUINDAO BSCE 2-C

8 ICE 04 - PLUMBING

SIZING RELIEF VENT

Relief Vent should be the same size as the vent

stack or drainage attack whichever is smaller.

Developed length of vent stack is measured

from connection to soil stack at base point of

connection to soil Header.

LACEA, GERALDINE QUINDAO BSCE 2-C