Linkers & Connectors 1

Name: ________________________ Class: _________

LINKERS

Contrast

.     In spite of / Despite Link two contrasting ideas. Followed by a noun phrase. 
.     Although / (Even) though Link two contrasting ideas. Followed by a sentence. 
.     However / Nevertheless / Still / Yet / Even so / On the contrary / In contrast. Introduce a new
idea which marks a contrast with previously stated ideas. Introduced by a comma. 
.     On the one hand ... On the other hand. Links two contrasting ideas / paragraphs. 
.     In contrast to / Contrary to. Link two contrasting ideas. Followed by a noun phrase. 
.     Whereas Link two contrasting ideas. Not separated by commas. 

Reason and cause

.     Because / As / Since / Seeing that Introduce a sentence. Subordinate sentences introduced by

because always appear in final position. 
.     Because of / On account of / Owing to / Due to. Introduce a noun phrase. 

Purpose
 
.     In order to / So as to Introduce an infinitive of purpose.
.     In order that / So that Introduce a sentence. 

Consequence

    . Consequently / As a consequence / As a result / Therefore   

    . As a consequence of / As a result of Followed by a noun phrase. 
.     So Introduces a sentence. No commas.   

Addition

    . Moreover / Furthermore / In addition / Besides / What's more Used after a strong pause and

separated from the sentences. They are introduced by a comma. 
    . As well as / In addition to / Besides Used to add  one more piece of information. Followed by a
noun phrase. 

. Exemplification

      For example / For instance Introduces an example referring to previously stated ideas. 

.     Such as Introduces an example referring to the last idea.

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CONNECTORS

Contrast

. but / yet: followed by a noun phrase or a sentence. 

‘The book is short but / yet interesting’

. in spite of / despite: It is placed at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence.
‘He arrived on time despite / in spite of getting up late’

although / though/ even though / in spite of the fact that: followed by a complete sentence. They
can be placed at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence. If it is placed at the beginning we
need to use a comma after the clause.  
  ‘Although / though / even though / in spite of the fact that the pupils had not studied, they all passed
their exams’. 
  
. however, nevertheless, even so, on the one hand, on the other hand, on the contrary: 
‘He was quite ill however/ nevertheless/ even so, he went to school’
  
. while, whereas   
‘This film is very interesting, while/whereas that one is quite boring’  

Reason and cause

. because, as since, seeing that:  

‘Because / as / since / seeing that it’s late, we should go home’ 

. because of, on account of, owing to, due to: 

    ‘Because of / on account of / owing to / due to the weather, we stayed at home’

. in order to, so as to, to: 

‘She uses her video in order to / so as to / to record TV programmes’ 

Add information

. for example, for instance, such as: 

‘Vegetables are a good source of vitamins: for example / for instance, oranges have vitamin C’ 

. more over, furthermore, besides, in addition to: 

‘In addition to soul music, she likes rap’ 

. apart from, except for: 

‘Apart from English, she speaks French’.

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Succession

. - First of all / Firstly / To begin with / First …. 

 - Second / Secondly / Then … 
 - Third / Thirdly / After that...
 - The next stage … 
 - Finally / in short / to sum up / in conclusion / lastly / last but not least…  
  
 Result
. As a result of: 
‘As a result of his brave action, he was awarded a military medal. 

Therefore, as a result, consequently, for this reason: 

‘Consequently / for this reason, it always passes its annual road test’. 

Order
First paragraph
At first sight
First
First of all
In the first place
To start with

Second parragraph
In the second place
Second
Secondly
Third
Thirdly

Conclusion
Finally
In conclusion
Lastly
And eventually

Adding information
apart from
in addition
in addition to
What’s more
moreover
on top of that
besides
On the one hand
On the other hand
and eventually

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Contrast
all the same
however
instead of
in spite of / despite
nevertheless
on the contrary
whereas / while
though / although

Reason
because of + noun
due to + noun
due to the fact that + sentence
for this / that reason
owing to + noun
owing to the fact that + sentence

Result
as a result
because of
consequently
so
that's why
therefore

Expressing facts
actually
as a matter of fact
in fact
really

Expressing a personal opinion

as far as I am concerned from my point of view
I agree I disagree no in my opinion
in my view I think that
it is true that
personally
to be honest,
to tell the truth,

Explain
that is (to say)
in short
above all
all in all
at least
basically
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especially
essentially
in general in particular
more or less
on the whole
to a certain extent

Exemplifying
and so on
for example
for instance
such

Summarizing
all in all
in brief
in conclusion
in short
on the whole
to sum up

Sequencing
after that
all of a sudden
Finally
First of all
in the end
in the meantime
meanwhile
next
suddenly
then

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Practice 1

1. ______ his ability to play the piano well, James was sent to the conservatory for training.
A. Since
B. As
C. As well as
D. Because of

2. ______ hard he tries calling, the dog refuses to come out from under the truck.
A. However
B. As
C. After
D. So

3. Tracie is not attending the ceremony______ she needs to look after her sick mother.
A. but
B. so that
C. as
D. yet

4. Jerry has to improve his attitude, ______ his coach will not choose him for the next game.
A. since
B. because
C. or else
D. so that

5. The team had a great time ______ they lost the game.
A. still
B. until
C. however
D. although

6. Hillary slept early ______ she would not be sleepy the next day.
A. because
B. so that
C. however
D. although

7. The villagers were poor, ______ they were willing to share their food with the lost travelers.
A. although
B. since
C. whereas
D. yet

8. Rita studied for the tests ______ late into the night.
A. since
B. before
C. until
D. although

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Practice 2

1. Darren waited ______ his mother came home before he went to bed.
A. for
B. until
C. although
D. while

2. He fell ______ climbing the steep hill behind his house.

A. as
B. after
C. when
D. while

3. Nadine worked hard ______ save money for a trip to Paris.

A. so that
B. to
C. for
D. as

4. Together, Ali ______ Ahmad will compete in the race.

A. but
B. with
C. and
D. yet

5. Africa experienced drought ______ there was no rain for the past three months.
A. until
B. before
C. yet
D. because

6. ______ you do anything else, clear up this mess first.

A. Before
B. After
C. While
D. Unless

7. Lions like to eat meat ______ they are carnivores.

A. although
B. yet
C. unless
D. since

8. Mother will not allow you to play ______ you finish your chores first.
A. if
B. because
C. since
D. unless

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Practice 3

1. No one trusts him again ______ he lied.

A. when
B. after
C. unless
D. although

2. The special package for Rita has not arrived ______.

A. since
B. yet
C. until
D. before

3. Sit ______ you like; the show is starting soon.

A. unless
B. since
C. if
D. wherever

4. He had to walk all the way to school ______ he missed the school bus.
A. if
B. until
C. unless
D. since

5. Farah will be late ______ she hurries.

A. if
B. unless
C. when
D. before

6. The lights went out ______ Berry was having a shower.

A. Because
B. However
C. So
D. While

7. ______ I heard the phone ringing, I was too sleepy to answer it.
A. As
B. While
C. Although
D. When

8. Please get me some eggs ______ you are going to the shop.
A. since
B. before
C. after
D. while

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Practice 4

1. We have not heard from Henry ______ he left for London.

A. until
B. because
C. before
D. since

2. He was never caught ______ we knew he had cheated a few times.

A. since
B. for
C. because
D. although

3. Mr. Lim was one of the richest men in the world ______ he was not happy.
A. since
B. because
C. and
D. yet

4. We have to wait another 15 minutes ______ the next bus arrives.

A. since
B. and
C. after
D. before

5. Dinah went to school yesterday ______ she was feeling unwell.

A. although
B. because
C. since
D. as

6. Henry will not be able to finish the project on time ______ he gets some help.
A. since
B. although
C. unless
D. if

7. It hasn't rained ______ so we can still stay outdoors.

A. because
B. however
C. since
D. yet

8. Jill wanted to donate some money to the beggar ______ she had no money.
A. as
B. but
C. when
D. until

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Practice 5

1. The baby falls asleep ______ her mother sings her a lullaby.
A. unless
B. until
C. whenever
D. although

2. Our school choir sang the school song ______ the school flag was raised.
A. before
B. as
C. after
D. until

3. ______ Kelly likes to sing, her twin sister prefers to dance.

A. As
B. Although
C. Since
D. While

4. They have not been home ______ last Thursday.

A. by
B. for
C. until
D. since

5. The teacher wants to know ______ we will be interested in a trip to the museum.
A. since
B. whether
C. wherever
D. for

6. All students will be allowed to leave the school hall ______ 11 o'clock onwards.
A. since
B. from
C. until
D. at

7. The floor was so slippery after the rain ______ many students slipped and fell.
A. because
B. so
C. that
D. until

8. We have no choice but to wait ______ the rain stops.

A. until
B. as
C. when
D. since

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