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Numerical investigation to study effect of loop inclination angle on thermal performance of nanofluid based single phase natural circulation loop View project
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Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications AUGUST 2019, Vol. 11 / 041006-1
Copyright VC 2019 by ASME
influence of loop inclination angle on thermal performance of the
NCL was investigated using ANSYS–FLUENT, and they reported that
lower inclination angles (less than 15 deg) can be preferable with-
out any noticeable effect on performance of the NCL. Misale
et al. [16] conducted experimental investigation to study the effect
of Al2O3 nanoparticle suspensions on the performance of the
mini-NCL in terms of overall heat transfer coefficient. They con-
cluded from their experimental data that the overall heat transfer
coefficient was enhanced with nanofluid, when compared to water
and also it was enhanced with particle concentration. Vajjha and
Das [17] experimentally investigated the effect of temperature
and particle concentrations on thermo-physical properties of dif-
ferent nanofluids and reported that both temperature and particle
concentrations strongly influence the thermo-physical properties
of nanofluid. Ho et al. [18] experimentally investigated the ther-
mal resistance of Al2O3–water nanofluid-based NCL with mini-
channel heat exchangers. They proposed a new correlation for
effective Reynolds number at 0–1% nanoparticle concentrations.
Doganay and Turgut [19] conducted experiments to study the
Fig. 1 Nanopowder and surfactant
effectiveness of single-phase natural circulation mini-loop which
was referred to an electronic chip cooling application. They
observed the enhancement of effectiveness of the NCL by using
the nanofluid in place of water. Koca et al. [20] experimentally
studied the performance of mini-NCL. For their study, Ag–water
nanofluid was used as working fluid. They concluded that the per-
formance of the nanofluid-based NCL was enhanced by 11%
when compared to water. Goudarzi and Talebi [21] employed an
entransy dissipation method used to estimate thermodynamic per-
formance of the NCL. In this work, different orientations of the
heater and cooler were investigated. They concluded that under
steady-state conditions, the horizontal orientation of the heater
and cooler leads to higher mass flow rates than other orientations.
From the aforementioned literature, use of nanofluid as working
fluid has been clearly established as an effective approach to
improve the performance of NCL. Based on the above compre-
hensive literature survey, it is also clear that experimental studies
are relatively scarce. Most researchers have concentrated on the
numerical approach. There is a definite need for reliable experi-
mental data to deeply understand the phenomenon of heat transfer
augmentation using nanofluids in NCL. The current study aims to
experimentally investigate the effect of different nanofluids as
working fluids on thermal performance of a NCL, by varying par- Fig. 2 Ultra sonicator
ticle concentration, power input, and cold fluid inlet temperature. 2 3
wnp
6 qnp 7
2 Nanofluid Preparation and Thermophysical particle volume concentration ð1Þ ¼ 6 7
6wnp wbf 7 100
4 þ 5
Properties of the Nanofluids qnp qbf
2.1 Nanofluid Preparation. Dispersion of nanoparticle in (1)
water will refine its thermophysical properties and these properties
are strongly influenced by particle concentration and uniform sus- 2.2 Thermo-Physical Properties of the Nanofluids. In the
pension of nanoparticles. However, preparation of homogeneous current study, three nanofluids called SiO2–water, Al2O3–water,
and stable nanofluid is a challenging issue. Therefore, nanofluid and CuO–water are used. The properties of water and bulk materi-
preparation is a pivotal stage and it is not just suspension of solid als used in this study are presented in Table 1. The density, spe-
particles in fluid medium. cific heat, and thermal expansion coefficient of the nanofluids are
The nanometer-sized (20–30 nm) particles of Al2O3, CuO, and calculated using empirical correlations available in open litera-
SiO2 (supplied by SRL, Mumbai) with 99.9% purity are dispersed ture. In natural circulation flows, among all thermo-physical prop-
in distilled water. The photographic view of the various nanoma- erties, the influence of thermal conductivity and viscosity is
terials used in current work is presented in Fig. 1. All the nano- predominant. Therefore, these two properties are experimentally
fluids are prepared by a two-step method. For the homogeneous measured for further analysis and used.
dispersion of nanoparticles and to control the agglomeration,
nanofluid is sonicated using probe type ultra sonicator (Electro- 2.2.1 Density Measurement. Vajjha et al. [26] developed an
sonic Industries, India), which is shown in Fig. 2, and C-TAB empirical relation to estimate the density of nanofluids by using
(cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide) surfactant is added to further mixture rule and it is given in the following equation:
suppress the agglomeration rate of nanofluid. Initially, distilled
water is sonicated for 5 min and after C-TAB surfactant is dis- qnf ¼ ð1 1Þqbf þ 1qnp (2)
persed in that water and sonicated for 15 min. Finally, the meas-
ured quantity of nanopowder is dispersed in that mixture and
sonicated for 90 min. It is observed that all the nanofluids are per- 2.2.2 Specific Heat Measurement. Xuan and Roetzel [27]
fectly stable for 72 h without any settlement when undisturbed. developed a relation to estimate the specific heat of nanofluids by
Material/liquid [Reference] Density (kg/m3) Specific heat (J/kg K) Thermal conductivity (W/m K) Thermal expansion coefficient (K1)
Fig. 5 (a) Thermal conductivity analyzer and (b) 7552 Kapton sensor
Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications AUGUST 2019, Vol. 11 / 041006-3
Fig. 6 Variation of thermal conductivity with temperature
3 Experimental Details 12.7 mm internal diameter is chosen for loop pipe based on
numerical study of Bejjam and Kiran Kumar [31]. To prevent heat
3.1 Experimental Setup. Figure 7 shows the line diagram of leak from or to ambient, the entire loop is insulated with 4 mm
the experimental facility. The photographic view of the experi- thick asbestos rope. The geometrical specifications and operating
mental test rig is presented in Fig. 8. The system consists of heater parameters are given in Table 2. The temperatures of the loop
at bottom and tube-in-tube cold heat exchanger at top. These two fluid (T1–T4), external fluid (T5 and T6), and heater wall surface
are connected by two parallel legs called riser and downcomer. A (T7–T10) are measured by using resistance temperature detectors
smooth stainless steel tube with 15.1 mm external diameter and as shown in Fig. 7. These resistance temperature detectors are
Parameter Value
Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications AUGUST 2019, Vol. 11 / 041006-5
Fig. 9 Comparison of experimental results with published data
Fig. 11 Variation of mass flow rate with power input
Lt
NG ¼ (14) concentration of 1%, the net specific heat of the CuO–water,
d Al2O3–water, and SiO2–water nanofluids is reduced by 5.29%,
3.09%, and 1.80%, respectively, when compared with water. This
Figure 9 shows the comparison of experimental outcomes of cur- decrement in specific heat gives large temperature rise in the fluid
rent study with the analytical approach of Vijayan’s correlation for a given power input. The temperature rise gives large increase
and notice that the analytical approach is underestimating the in density gradient between the heater and cold heat exchanger
Reynolds number; however, this deviation is within the allowable sections which causes for increasing the steady-state mass flow
limits of less than 615%. rate in loop. Furthermore, thermal expansion coefficient also
influences the mas flow rate. Thermal expansion coefficient is
5.2 Transient Response of the Natural Circulation Loop enhanced by dispersing nanosized particles in water and it
for Different Working Fluids. Figure 10 shows the temperature improves the driving force [32]. At a given power input, the
difference of various loop fluids with time at heater. It is observed CuO–water nanofluid has higher mass flow rate than Al2O3–water
from Fig. 10 that the transient response of NCL with water and and SiO2–water nanofluids due to its higher thermal expansion
nanofluids have similar trend. As shown in Fig. 10, the steady- coefficient and lower specific heat. It is concluded from Fig. 11
state reaching time for water, SiO2–water, Al2O3–water, and that the mass flow rate of loop fluid is enhanced by 10.95%,
CuO–water nanofluids is 25.33, 22.17, 20.41, and 18.40 min, 7.51%, and 4.05% for CuO–water, Al2O3–water, and SiO2–water
respectively. Particularly, NCL operated with CuO–water nano- nanofluids, respectively, when compared with water at power
fluid quickly reaches steady-state condition when compared with input of 2500 W.
other working fluids, due to its higher thermal conductivity than Figure 12 shows the variation of mass flow rate with particle
other fluids. From Fig. 10, it is concluded that the steady-state concentration. The mass flow rate is gradually increasing with the
reaching time can be reduced by 12–27% with different nanofluids particle concentration. As particle concentration increases, the
compared to water. specific heat decreases. Hence, with the same heat flux, nanofluid
with increased particle concentration will induce high-density gra-
5.3 Influence of Particle Concentration and Power Input dient between different sections of the NCL. This leads to increase
on Steady-State Mass Flow Rate. Variation of the mass flow in mass flow rate. It is concluded from Fig. 12 that the mass flow
rate in NCL with power input and for different working fluids is rate is increased by 3.92%, 4.17%, and 4.02% for CuO–water,
described in Fig. 11, and it shows that the loop fluid mass flow Al2O3–water, and SiO2–water nanofluids, respectively, by varying
rate increases with power input. For a given power input, the mass the particle concentration from 0.5% to 1.5% at 2000 W power
flow rate of any nanofluid is higher than the water. At particle input.
Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications AUGUST 2019, Vol. 11 / 041006-7
Fig. 17 Variation of average Nusselt number at heater with Fig. 19 Variation of pressure drop with power input
power input
power input. It is seen that the inlet temperature of cold water has Greek Symbols
much stronger effect on average Nusselt number. When the power b ¼ thermal expansion coefficient (/K)
input to heater is kept constant, and by decreasing the inlet tem- l ¼ viscosity (Ns/m2)
perature of the cooling water, mass flow rate of the working fluid q ¼ density (kg/m3)
increases, which increases the convective heat transfer rate as Ø ¼ particle volume concentration
well as average Nusselt number.
Subscripts
6 Conclusions
avg ¼ average
In this study, the influence of power input, particle concentra- bf ¼ base fluid
tion, and cold fluid inlet temperature on heat transfer and fluid c ¼ cold heat exchanger
flow behavior of the natural circulation loop is experimentally cs ¼ cross section
investigated. For this study, three water-based nanofluids such as lf ¼ loop fluid
SiO2, Al2O3, and CuO are used at different particle concentrations nf ¼ nanofluid
and results are compared with pure water. np ¼ nanoparticle
(1) Thermo-physical properties of the nanofluids are strongly ss ¼ steady-state
influenced by temperature. t ¼ total
(2) Natural circulation loop operated with nanofluid quickly
reaches steady-state condition compared to water. The steady- Abbreviations
state reaching time is reduced by 12–27% by using various CHE ¼ cold heat exchanger
nanofluids. NCL ¼ natural circulation loop
(3) The steady-state mass flow rate increases with power input. SRL ¼ Sisco Research Laboratory
Also, the fluid flow rate is further enhanced by adding
nanoparticles to the working fluid.
(4) Thermophysical properties of the working fluid influence
the Rayleigh number. The nanofluids possess favorable Appendix: Uncertainty Analysis
thermophysical properties, which improve the Rayleigh To find the errors associated with experimentation, uncertainty
number. Rayleigh number is further increased with the par- analysis has been carried out based on the procedure suggested by
ticle concentration due to more buoyancy. Kline and McClintock [33]. The maximum uncertainties of
(5) Average Nusselt number increases with particle concentra- steady-state mass flow rate, average heat transfer coefficient,
tion and power input. and average Nusselt number are estimated and presented in
(6) As expected, with decrease in cooling water inlet tempera- Table 3.
ture at CHE, the mass flow rate and average Nusselt num-
(1) Power input, Qheater
ber of working fluid increase.
(7) Nanofluids possess higher viscosity and density than water;
Qheater ¼ V I;
therefore, the loop operated with nanofluid has more pres- sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
sure drop when compared to water. 2 2 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
UQheater UV UI 2 2
¼ þ ¼ ð0:28Þ þ ð0:15Þ
Qheater V I
Acknowledgment
¼ 60:3176%
The financial support offered by DST-MHRD, India, is grate-
fully acknowledged. (2) Steady-state mass flow rate, m_
Funding Data Qheater
m_ ss ¼ ;
Cp ðT2 T1 Þ
DST-MHRD (Funder ID: 10.13039/501100001409). sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Um_ ss UQheater 2 UðT2 T1 Þ 2
¼ þ
Nomenclature m_ ss Qheater T2 T1
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
A ¼ area (m2) 2 2
Cp ¼ specific heat (J/kg k) ¼ ð0:3176Þ þ ð0:232Þ ¼ 60:3934%:
Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications AUGUST 2019, Vol. 11 / 041006-9
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