University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

CE-117: Engineering Mechanics

MODULE 9:

Equilibrium of Coplanar,
Composite Rigid bodies system
1
 Structures

 A structure is an assemblage of components which are

connected in such a way that the structure can withstand the
action of loads that are applied to it.

 These loads may be due to gravity, wind, ground shaking,

impact, temperature, or other environmental sources.

2
 Structures
 Examples of structures employed in civil infrastructure are
buildings, bridges, dams, tunnels, storage tanks, and
transmission line towers.

 Non-civil applications include aerospace structures such as

airplane fuselages, missiles; naval structures such as ships,
offshore platforms; and automotive structures such as cars
and trucks.

3
 Structural Components
 Those members that are interconnected in such a way so as to constitute a
structure are called Structural Members/Components. Structural members
are usually classified according to the principal stresses induced by loads that the
members are intended to support.

 Axial-force members (Ties or Struts) are those subjected to only tension or

compression. A Column is a member that may buckle under compressive loads
due to its slenderness.
 A Beam supports loads that produce bending moments.
 A Beam-column is a member in which both bending moment and compression
are present.
 Torsion members, or Shafts, are those subjected to twisting moment, or torque.4
Structural Components

5
 Structural Components

Circular Shaft

6
Structures classified by function

7
Structures classified by composition of members

8
Structures classified by composition of members

Truss

Frame
9
Structures classified by composition of members

10
 Static determinacy and indeterminacy

Statically determinate body. For a statically determinate body, the

equilibrium equations of statics are sufficient to determine all
unknown forces and/or other unknowns that appear in the
equilibrium equations.

Statically indeterminate body. For a statically indeterminate body,

the equilibrium equations of statics are not sufficient to determine all
unknown forces and/or other unknowns.

11
Constraints & Static Determinacy

12
Constraints & Static Determinacy

13
Constraints & Static Determinacy

14
 Improper constraints
Having the same number of unknown reactive forces as available equations of
equilibrium does not always guarantee that a body will be stable when
subjected to a particular loading.

1: Reactions are concurrent at A.

No moment is produced by
reactions about point A but
applied force P try to rotate
support at A as MA ≠ 0

I1: Reactions are parallel to y-axis

but beam try to slide along x-axis
as ∑Fx ≠ 0

15
Analysis of Composite bodies

16
 Analysis of composite bodies
 Up till now we have considered “one-body” problems. We were
concerned primarily with calculating external reactions, each
problem required the use of only one FBD and the solution of 1
set of equilibrium equations.

 We now begin a study of the forces that act at connections that

are internal to the body, called internal reactions. The calculation of
internal reactions often requires the use of more than one FBD
and the solution of more than 1 set of equilibrium equations.

17
 Problem 9.1
1. Referring to Figure a ,draw the FBD for
the entire frame and for each of its
parts, neglecting the weights of the
members
2. Determine the total number of
unknowns and the total number of
independent equilibrium equations,
assuming that the force P and couple C0
are known.

18
 Problem 9.1 (Solution)
Part 1
The force system on each of the FBDs is described below.

19
Problem 9.1 (Solution)

FBD of Member ABD

FBD of Member CDB
Ax , Ay , NB ,Dx ,Dy (5 unknowns)
ΣFx ,ΣFy ,ΣM =0 (3 Equilibrium eqns.) Cx ,Cy (2 unknowns)
ΣFx ,ΣFy ,ΣM =0 (3 Eq. eqns.)
20
Problem 9.1 (Solution)
Part 2

 Available Equilibrium eqns, E= 6 ( 3 each for ABD and CDB)

 No. of unknowns, U = 7 (Ax , Ay , NB ,Cx ,Cy ,Dx ,Dy)
 Determination of 7 unknowns requires 7 equations. It means
the structure is short of 7-6=1 equation. Hence Structure is
Statically Indeterminate by 1o (S.I= U-E)

21
Problem 9.2

22
Problem 9.2 (Solution)

FBD of member AC FBD of Pulley

(Ax , Ay , Cx’ ,Cy’ )= ? (Dx ,Dy ) = ?
ΣFx ,ΣFy ,ΣM =0 (3 Eq. eqns.) ΣFx ,ΣFy =0 (2 eqns.)

FBD of Entire Frame FBD of member EC FBD of Joint C

(Cx ,Cy , NE) = ? T1 = ?
ΣFx ,ΣFy ,ΣM =0 (3 Eq. eqns.) ΣFx , ΣFy =0 (2 eqns.)
23
 Problem 9.2 (Solution)
Part 2
 Available Equilibrium eqns, E= 10 ( 3 each for two bars, 2 each
for the pulley and Pin C)
 No. of unknowns ,U= 10 (Ax , Ay ,Cx ,Cy , Cx’ ,Cy’ ,Dx ,Dy , NE and T2)
 10 unknowns can be determined by solving 10 equations. Hence
Structure is Statically Determinate (S.I= U-E = 10-10 = 0)

24
 Exercise 9.1
(a) Draw the free-body diagrams for the entire assembly (or structure) and each of its
parts. Neglect friction and the weights of the members unless specified otherwise. Be
sure to indicate all relevant dimensions. For each problem, (b) Determine Static
indeterminacy of assembly.

25
Exercise 9.1

26
 Problem 9.3

Compute the tension in the cable BD when the 165 lb man stands 5 ft
off the ground, as shown. The weight of the stepladder and friction may
be neglected.

Solution : See details on next slide

E= 2*3+2=8 ( 3 equations each for members AC
and CE + 2 equations for Joint C)
U = 4+4 (RA, TBD, Cx,Cy for AC, RB,Cx’ ,Cy’ for CE)
S.I= U-E = 0o

27
 Problem 9.3 (Solution)
165 lb
ΣME =0
RA*4-165*(4-AB ʹ) =0
ABʹ/5=2/7.5 or ABʹ = 1.333 B ʹʹ
B
 RA= 165*(4-1.333)/4 or RA= 110 lb

ΣMA =0
RB*4-165*1.333=0 => RB= 55 lb
Bʹ

Check: ΣFy =110+55-165= 0 RA RB

28
 Problem 9.3 (Solution)
C Cx
ΣMc =0
110*2-T*3-165*(2-ABʹ) =0
B ʹʹ Cy
or 110*2-T*3-165*(2-1.333)= 0 T
 T = 36.64 lb

Results check: ΣMA = 0 or not

Cx=T =36.64 lb and Cy = 165-110= 55 lb by equilibrium
Bʹ
ΣMA =- 36.64*7.5 - 55*2 + 165*1.333 +36.64*4.5 = 0.0745≈ 0
 Results are correct. 110 lb

29
 Problem 9.4
Determine the force P that will keep the
pulley system in equilibrium.
Neglect the weights of the pulleys and
friction with ropes

30
 TA
Problem 9.4 (Solution) TA TA
P
P P

P
ΣFy =0 (Pulley A)
-TA+3P = 0 ΣFy =0 (Pulley B)
TA
TA= 3P 3TA-1800= 0
3*3P -1800 = 0
P = 200 lb 31
 Problem 9.5
Determine the contact force between the smooth 200-lb ball B
and the horizontal bar, and the magnitude of the pin reaction at
A. Neglect the weights of the bar and the pulley

Solution : See details on next slide

E= 1+3+2 =6 (1 eqn for contact point of body B with
beam, 3 eqns for beam and 2 eqns for Pulley )
U = 2+2+2= 6 (T, NB at B; Ax , Ay in Beam and Dx , Dy
in Pulley)
S.I= U-E = 0o
32
 T NB = 200-T
Problem 9.5 (Solution)
T Ax B

Ay

WB=200 lb ΣMA =0
-7*T+NB*9 = 0 or -7*T+(200-T)*9 = 0
 T = 112.5 lb

NB ΣFy =0
Ay+T- NB = 0 or Ay+T- (200-T) = 0
ΣFy =0  Ay = 200 – 2*112.5 = -25 lb
T+NB-200 = 0 What does –ve
ΣFx =0 sign indicate ?
NB= 200- T
Ax= 0 33
Problem 9.5 (Solution) T=112.5 lb
NB = 87.5 lb
Verification of results Ax B

Ay

ΣMc = Ay*7+NB*9
(-25)*7 + (200-112.5)*2 = 0
 Calculated values of reactions are correct

Why –ve sign was used though

moment is clock wise ?

34
 Exercise 9.2

9.2a Determine the force required to hold the 1000-lb

weight in equilibrium

Ans: 125 lb

9.2b
Two beams are connected together by the short
link BC. Determine the components of reaction at the
fixed support A and at pin D
Ans: Dy = 5 kN, Ay = 17 kN and MA = 32 kN.m
(C.C.W)

35
 Exercise 9.2
9.2c
The window washers A and B support themselves and the
30-lb uniform plank CD by pulling down on the two ropes.
Determine (a) the tension in each rope; and (b) the
vertical force that each man exerts on the plank.
Ans: (a) TA = 68.9 lb, TB = 126.1 lb;
(b) NA = 101.1 lb, NB = 63.9 lb
9.2d

Ans: 1416 N

36
 Exercise 9.2
9.2e

Ans: (a) Ax = 1962 N, Ay = 981 N;

(b) Dx = 981 N, Dy = 0

9.2f

Ans: 7200 lb

37