Bicol University

College of Nursing
Rizal St., Albay Dist.,
Legazpi City

Name: Abegail V. Listanco Section: BSN 1D

EXERCISE NO.11 Cestodes

I. Fill out the table below with appropriate answers.

Parasite Source of infection Mode of Transmission Characteristic
Mnifestation

Taenia saginata Small intestines -Ingestion of Taeniasis

improperly cooked or
raw beef containing the -Diarrhea, abdominal
infective larva pain, loss of appetite
with resultant weight
loss, and body malaise

Taenia solium Small intestines -Ingestion of Taeniasis -

improperly cooked or Cysticercosis
raw pork meat
containing the infective -Muscle pain
-In the brain – seizures,
larva
headache, and vomiting
-Ingestion of food or
water contaminated
with human feces that
contain the eggs of
parasite

Diphyllobothrium Intestinal mucosa - Ingestion of Diphyllobothriasis

latum improperly cooked or
raw fish containing the -Diarrhea and
abdominal discomfort
plerocercoid
-Adult worm attaches
itself to jejunum and
ileum, the patient may
develop deficiency of
vitamin B12

Hymenolepsis nana As the person ingested - Accidental ingestion Hymenolepiasis

it. of the eggs of the
parasite due to -Nausea, weakness,
loss of appetite,
 ingestion of fecally- diarrhea, and
contaminated food or abdominal pain
water -In children, anal
- Touching one’s itchiness may occur
mouth with leading to headaches
contaminated fingers or due to difficulty
through ingestion of sleeping.
contaminated soil
- Ingestion of rice or
flour beetles containing
infective larvae
-Rodents may also be
another source of
infection

Echinococcus Intestines and migrate -Ingestion of eggs from Echinococcosis,

granulosus through the food and water Hydatid cyst Disease,
bloodstream to contaminated by dog Hydatid Disease,
different tissues in the feces or through Hydatidosis
body, particularly the contact with
liver and the lungs. contaminated dog feces -Patients with lung
involvement may
manifest cough, chest
pain and shortness of
breath
-Liver involvement
may result in
obstructive jaundice.

II. Answer the following:

1. What is cysticercosis? How is it treated?

Cysticercosis is a parasitic tissue infection caused by larval cysts of the tapeworm Taenia solium. These
larval cysts infect brain, muscle, or other tissue, and are a major cause of adult-onset seizures in most
low-income countries. Cysticercosis can be treated with medications, including anthelmintics,
corticosteroids, and anticonvulsants, while some patients may require surgery
2. What is hydatid cyst disease? What complication/s can occur?
Hydatid cyst disease is caused by infection with the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus, a ~2–7-
millimeter-long tapeworm found in dogs (definitive host) and sheep, cattle, goats, and pigs (intermediate
hosts). Complications of hydatid cyst of the liver. Echinococcal cysts of the liver can cause complications
in about 40% of cases. The most common complications in order of frequency are infection, rupture to
the biliary tree; rupture to the peritoneal cavity; rupture to the pleural cavity.

III. Fill out the table with the necessary information.

Parasite Common Name Infective Form Intermediate Host

Taenia solium Pork Tapeworm Infective larva called Pigs

cysticecus cellulose
Humans (can be
definitive host)

Taenia saginata Beef Tapeworm Infective larva called Cattle

cysticecus

Diphyllobothrium Broad Fish Tapeworm plerocercoid larvae 1st – Crustaceans

latum
2nd - Fresh water fish

Echinococcus Dog tapeworm or Hydatid cyst Sheep, cattle, goats,

granulosus Hydatid Tapeworm and pigs

Hymenolepsis nana Dwarf Tapeworm Cysticercoid larvae Doesn’t need

intermediate host

Exercise 13: Nematodes

I. Fill out the table below comparing the various nematodes.

Parasite Source of infection Mode of Transmission Characteristic

Manifestation

Ascaris lumbricoides Small intestines; larvae Ingestion of eggs from Ascariasis

through lungs fecally contaminated
soil or food -Allergic reactions,
manifests as asthmatic
attacks accompanied by
eosinophilia (Loeffler’s
syndrome)

Trichuris trichiura Cecum, colon Ingestion of eggs from Trichuriasis

fecally contaminated
-In children it manifests
 soil or food ulcerative colitis
-May include chronic
dysentery, severe
anemia, or growth
retardation

Strongyloides Small intestines; larvae Larvae in soil penetrate Strongyloidasis

stercoralis through skin, lungs skin; autoinfection (Cochin China
(rare) Diarrhea)
-Presence of numerous
adult worms in the
intestines leads to
diarrhea and abdominal
pain
-Some allergic
reactions leading to
urticaria and eosiphilia

Hookworms Small intestines; larvae Larvae in soil penetrate Hookworm infection

through skin, lungs skin
-Adult worms in the
intestines manifests
nausea, vomiting, and
diarrhea
-Hypochromic anemia
to iron-deficiency
anemia

Capillaria Small intestines; female Eating improperly cook Intestinal Capillariasis

philippinensis worms may produce ed or raw freshwater
larvae that re invades fish; autoinfection -Abdominal pain with
gurgling stomach and
intestinal mucosa
chronic diarrhea

Trichinella spiralis Adults in small Eating undercooked, Trichinosis,

intestines for 1-4 infected pork or other Trichinellosis
months; larvae animals
encysted in muscle -intestinal phase -
Diarrhea, abdominal
tissue
pain, and vomiting
-invasion phase -
Symptoms periorbital
and facial edema,
conjunctivitis, fever,
muscle pain, splinter
hemorrhages, rashes,
and peripheral
eosinophilia
 - convalescent phase –
none

Wuchereria bancrofti Adult worms in lymph Bite of mosquitoes Filariasis

nodes, lymphatic ducts transmit larvae
-Asymptomatic stage -
Presence of thousands
of microfilariae in the
peripheral blood.
-Acute stage - Fever,
inflammation of lymph
nodes, epididymitis,
orchitis, retrograde
lymphangitis, and
localized inflammation
of the arms and legs
-Chronic filariasis –
chronic edema and
repeated acute
inflammatory episodes

Brugia malayi Adult worms in lymph Bite of mosquitoes Filariasis

nodes, lymphatic ducts transmit larvae
-Asymptomatic stage -
Presence of thousands
of microfilariae in the
peripheral blood.
-Acute stage - Fever,
inflammation of lymph
nodes, epididymitis,
orchitis, retrograde
lymphangitis, and
localized inflammation
of the arms and legs
-Chronic filariasis –
chronic edema and
repeated acute
inflammatory episodes

II. Answer the following:

1. What is Loeffler’s syndrome? This condition is associated with which nematode?
Löffler (Loeffler) syndrome is a rare, transient, self-limiting, and benign pulmonary eosinophilia lasting
less than one month (usually 6-12 days). The syndrome is characterised by pulmonary infiltrates on X-
ray, elevated blood eosinophils and an acute onset of potential symptoms of mainly cough, dyspnoea and
wheeze. The associated nematode is Ascaris lumbricoides.

2. Which among the nematodes are transmitted by skin penetration?

Strongyloides stercoralis and Hookworms are the nematodes that are transmitted by skin penetration.
3. Which of the nematodes have a lung phase in their life cycle?
Strongyloides stercoralis, nematodes that have a lung phase in their life cycle. Filariform larvae penetrate
the skin, enter blood vessels and undergo heart and lung migration.

4. Differentiate Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi infection clinically.

Malayi microfilaria can be found in the blood during the day, while microfilaria of W. bancrofti is found
at high levels at night. The time variation in microfilarial levels is known as periodicity.