Dfcf ? Gfljc Ufcfagfdf

 DMC ? 68;66;9;6;;;7:
Cftf Lu`ifg ? Qjbri Fludtfdsi

Igfptjr 1 Fludtfdsi Mdtjrdfsibdf`

J^MAJDIJ BJ MDQJUDFQMBDF@ AMJJJUJDIJY MD FIIBZDQMDH [UMBU QB UJIJDQ

YQFDAFUAMYFQMBD MDMQMFQM^JY

Efdyfl djhfrf (tjrcfsul Fustrf`if afd djhfrf-djhfrf ai Zdi Jrbpf) tj`fg cjci`ig udtul
cjdhfabpsi stfdafr fludtfdsi yfdh ailj`ufrlfd b`jg MFYE. Dfcud, udtul cjcfgfci
 efhficfdf fturfd fludtfdsi ejrefhfi djhfrf tj`fg cjdyjefelfd efdyfl gfsi`-gfsi` fludtfdsi
yfdh ejrejaf sjej`uc upfyf-upfyf stfdafraisfsi.

[faf sjeufg pjdj`itifd yfdh ai`flulfd sjej`uc pjdhfabpsifd MNUY efru efru idi, auf brfdh
 pjdj`iti ejrdfcf Dbejs afd [frljr (5;;1, p. 1) cjcefdaidhlfd gfsi` afri sjjuc`fg pjrusfgffd
cu`tidfsibdf` ejrefsis Jrbpf yfdh cj`fpbrlfd gfsi` cjrjlf sjsufi ajdhfd rjhu`fsi fludtfdsi
djhfrf fsf` cjrjlf afd fturfd fludtfdsi FY. Gfsi` pjrefdaidhfd cjrjlf cjdudjullfd
 pjrejaffd. Ljtilf cjdhhudflfd fturfd idhhris, `fef pjrusfgffd ejrjuc`fg £ =:56,
sjcjdtfrf ljtilf cjdhhudflfd stfdafr ZY, `fefdyf cjdifpfi £ 5=8;8. Qjdtu idi
cjrupflfd pjrejaffd yfdh sfdhft sihdinilfd.

[jrejaffd sihdinilfd fdtfr ljauf rjhu`fsi juhf aieultilfd b`jg pjdj`itifd sjrupf yfdh ai`flulfd
 pfaf tfgud 5;;> ai pjrusfgffd Fstrf_jdjif. [jdj`itifd cjdudjullfd efgwf `fef sjejsfr $ >;19
 jutf yfdh ejrfsf` afri pjdjrfpfd MNUY ejruefg cjdjfai sjejsfr $ 19=5 jutf ljtilf aigitudh
ajdhfd fturfd fludtfdsi FY lf`fu pfaf ibdtbg sje`ucdyf pjrejaffd cjdifpfi 565 pjrsjd, lf`i
idi pjrejaffddyf sjdi`fi 58 pjrsjd.

Afri pjdj`itifd idi litf afpft cjcpjrticefdhlfd fpflfg pjrejaffd yfdh iulup sihdinilfd idi
cjrupflfd f`fsfd efdyfl djhfrf cjdhfabpsi stfdafr fludtfdsi yfdh ailj`ufrlfd b`jg MFYE.2

 jj`fs, jilf ejrefhfi

ai`fpbrlfd djhfrf
ai ejrefhfi cjdhfabpsi
djhfrf fludtfdsi yfdh sfcf, pjrejaffd fdtfrf gfsi` yfdh flfd
flfd gi`fdh.

F[FLFG EJDFU-EJDFU CFYF@FG OMLF DJHFUF ]FDH EJUEJAF

CJDHHZDFLFD CJQBAJ FLZDQFDYM ]FDH EJUEJAF2

H`bef`isfsi pfsfr cbaf` tj`fg cjdhgfsi`lfd pjdidhlftfd pjrcidtffd flfd idnbrcfsi ljufdhfd
 ejrluf`itfs tidhhi yfdh afpft aiefdaidhlfd sjifrf idtjrdfsibdf`. Aipjr`ulfd pjdidhlftfd
stfdafrisfsi fludtfdsi fhfr pfrf idvjstbr afpft cjcfgfci `fpbrfd ljufdhfd tjrsjeut. Yj`fid itu,
ajdhfd fafdyf stfdafraisfsi idi, pjrusfgffd flfd `jeig cuafg udtul cjdafntfr ai eursf jnjl.
lfrjdf ajdhfd f`fsfd pjr`iaudhfd idvjstbr abcjstii, rjhu`ftbr ai djhfrf tjrtjdtu cudhlid
jdhhfd udtul cjdhizidlfd sfgfc pjrusfgffd udtul aipjrafhfdhlfd ai eursf jilf pjrusfgffd
itu
tiafl cjdhgfsi`lfd `fpbrfd ljufdhfd yfdh cuafg aiefdaidhlfd ajdhfd `fpbrfd ljufdhfd
sjcuf pjrusfgffd `fid yfdh sfgfcdyf aipjrafhfdhlfd ai eursf itu.

HFCEFUFD ZCZC YMDHLFQ AFUM MFYE AFD FLQM^MQFY H@BEF@MYFYMD]F

6.  [JUFD ZDM JUB[F AF@FC YQFDAFUMYFYM FLZDQFDYM H@BEF@

F`fsfd utfcf efhi ZJ udtul tjr`ieft af`fc rjhu`fsi fludtfdsi ai tidhlft ZJ (afripfaf
cjdyjrfglfddyf ljpfaf djhfrf-djhfrf fdhhbtf idaiviau) faf`fg efgwf pridsip pjdairi ZJ
faf`fg ljejefsfd ejrhjrfl ai af`fc ZJ afri brfdh, efrfdh, afd cbaf` ai ZJ. sjgidhhf
 pjdajlftfd ZJ udtul fludtfdsi gfrcbdisfsi sjifrf gistbris tj`fg cj`f`ui udafdh-udafdh.
Zdafdh-udafdh idi tjrutfcf af`fc ejdtul frfgfd ZJ tjdtfdh udafdh-udafdh pjrusfgffd,
yfdh gfrus aisjtujui b`jg ZJ afd ljcuaifd aiicp`jcjdtfsilfd af`fc udafdh-udafdh abcjstil
cfsidh-cfsidh djhfrf fdhhbtf ZJ.

5.  FZYQUF@MF CJDHFAB[YM MNUY

afri pjrtjdhfgfd 6==;-fd Fustrf`if cjdhfabpsi ljeijflfd gfrcbdisfsi. [rbsjs idi cjdhfrfg
 pfaf rjvisi stfdafr fludtfdsi Fustrf`if yfdh sfdhft sjefdaidh ajdhfd yfdh ailj`ufrlfd b`jg
MFYI cjslipud eulfd stfdafr fludtfdsi Fustrf`if sfcf. [faf tfgud 5;;5, sjtj`fg rjvisi idi
gfcpir sj`jsfi afd efdyfl stfdafr fludtfdsi rjvisi tj`fg aitjreitlfd, ljputusfd aieuft b`jg
Ajwfd [j`fpbrfd Ljufdhfd (NUI) efgwf Fustrf`if flfd 'cjdhfabpsi' stfdafr fludtfdsi yfdh
ailj`ufrlfd b`jg MFYE afd tiafl faf pjrejaffd itu afpft aitjricf (yfitu, faf pjrhjsjrfd afri
gfrcbdisfsi lj stfdafraisfsi). Gf` idi cjdyjefelfd sjpjrfdhlft stfdafr fludtfdsi yfdh `fid
airi`is, udtul fp`ilfsi pfaf tfgud 5;;:.

[JUFD FCJUMLF YJUMLFQ AF@FC YQFDAFUMYFYM MDQJUDFYMBDF@ BJ

FLZDQFDYM LJZFDHFD

Ai Fcjrilf Yjrilft, ljtjrhfdtudhfd cfsig aitjcpftlfd pfaf stfdafr fludtfdsi yfdh

ailj`ufrlfd b`jg NFYE, eulfd pfaf stfdafr yfdh ailj`ufrlfd b`jg MFYE. Frtidyf, tiafl sjpjrti
efdyfl djhfrf `fid, Fcjrilf Yjrilft ej`uc cjdhfabpsi MNUY. Cjdhidhft efgwf Fcjrilf
Yjrilft cjwfli`i pfsfr cbaf` utfcf audif, dbd-ljtjr`ieftfddyf cjrupflfd eftfsfd yfdh
sihdinilfd af`fc pjdjricffd h`bef` MNUY. Fcjrilf Yjrilft, sj`fcf ejrtfgud-tfgud, sfdhft luft
af`fc tjlfadyf udtul tiafl cjdhfabpsi MNUY, pjrifyf efgwf stfdafr ejrefsis pjrfturfd `jeig
udhhu` afripfaf stfdafr MFYE 'ejrafsfrlfd pridsip.

F[FLFG YQFDAFUMYFYM FLZDQFDYM GFUZY CJDHMLZQM YQFDAFUMYFYM

[UFLQML FLZDQFDYM MDQJUDFYMBDF@

Eulti yfdh aiejrilfd b`jg Lvff` afd Dbejs (5;6;) cjdudjullfd efgwf ai cfdf cfsig faf
n`jlsiei`itfs af`fc bpsi yfdh aisjaiflfd b`jg MNUY afd MFY idaiviau, pjrusfgffd af`fc djhfrf
yfdh ejrejaf ijdajrudh cjci`ig bpsi yfdh cjdijrcidlfd pjrsyfrftfd af`fc pjrfturfd
fludtfdsi dfsibdf` cjrjlf sjej`ucdyf (prf-MNUY). Ajdhfd ajcilifd, Lvff` afd Dbejs (5;6;,
g`c. 689 ’1  ) cjdudjullfd efgwf cjslipud stfdafraisfsi idtjrdfsibdf` aicflsualfd b`jg
fabpsi MUNY yfdh cj`ufs, pjrejaffd dfsibdf` cfsig ejrtfgfd afd cjceftfsi lbcpfrfei`itfs
idtjrdfsibdf` afri `fpbrfd ljufdhfd yfdh aieuft b`jg pjrusfgffd ai ejrefhfi Djhfrf.

faf sjjuc`fg f`fsfd cjdhfpf stfdafraisfsi stfdafr fludtfdsi tiafl sj`f`u cjdhfrfg pfaf
stfdafraisfsi af`fc prfltil, yfitu pjrejaffd sistjc pfjfl, pjrejaffd pjdhfrug jlbdbci afd

 pb`itil tjrgfafp `fpbrfd ljufdhfd, cbainilfsi yfdh aieuft udtul MNUY ai tidhft dfsibdf`,
 pjrejaffd af`fc icp`jcjdtfsi, pjcfdtfufd, afd pjdjhflfd.

[JDOJ@FYFD CJDHJDFM [JUEJAFFD FLZDQFDYM

Efdyfl sjefe ejrejaf tj`fg ailjculflfd. Dbejs (6==7) cjdidjfu `itjrftur afd
cjdjhfslfd
 efgwf ejrefhfi f`fsfd tj`fg aifjulfd udtul cjdjj`fslfd pjrejaffd tjrsjeut, tjrcfsul?

   Yinft ljpjci`ilfd eisdis afd sistjc pjceifyffd

   Xfrisfd ib`bdif`
   Mdvfsi
   [jrpfjflfd


•
   Mdn`fsi,tidhlft pjdaiailfd
Zsif afd ulurfd prbnjsi fludtfdsi
   Qfgfp pjcefdhudfd jlbdbci, sistjc guluc
   Euafyf
   Yjjfrfg
   Hjbhrfni
   Efgfsf
   [jdhfrug tjbri
   Yistjc pb`itil
   Ml`ic sbsif`
   Fhfcf