• Quoting, Paraphrasing, &

Summarizing,
• The APA 7th Edition Style

Instructor
LO 2.1: Enhanced skills in writing texts using appropriate
structures
LO 2.2: Improved ability in writing a summary and paraphrase
LO 2.3: Developed ability in using APA/IEEE documentation
style
• reproduce the source exactly
• Give credit to your source by
naming the author and including
parenthetical documentation at the
end of your sentence
• (in-text citation)

• when the original words express an

idea in a distinctive way
• when the original is more concise
than your summary could be
• when the original version is well-
known
Ellipses
“Scout … every lawyer gets at least
one case in his lifetime that affects
him personally. This one’s mine… You
might here some ugly talk about it at
school, but… hold your head high and
keep those fists down… Try fighting
with your head for a change” (Lee 101,
2015).
Bracket
“Influenced by [her father, William]
Godwin, Mary Shelley developed a
lifelong habit of deep and extensive
reading and research.”
Stephen Bailey
(Academic Writing: A Handbook for
International Students)

7
• restate information from a source
in your own words and sentence
structure
• changing the wording of a text so
that it is significantly different from
the original source, without
changing the meaning
• it demonstrates your understanding
of a source
• “Paraphrase when the source
material is important, but the
original wording is not.”

(e.g., ‘industrial revolution’ or

‘eighteenth century’)
(a) Changing vocabulary by using
synonyms:
argues > claims/ eighteenth century >
1700s/ wages > labor costs/

(b) Changing word class:

explanation (n.) > explain (v.) / mechanical
(adj.) > mechanize (v.) / profitable (adj.) >
profitability (n.)

(c) Changing word order:

. . . the best explanation for the British
location of the industrial revolution is found
by studying demand factors.
> A focus on demand may help explain the
UK origin of the industrial revolution.
Paraphrased statements:

The growth of the car industry parallels the

development of modern capitalism.

The rise of the automobile industry matches

the progress of contemporary capitalism.

10
Paraphrased statements:

In the 1920s Alfred Sloan’s management

theories helped General Motors to become the
world’s dominant car company.

In the 1920s, with help from the managerial

theories of Alfred Sloan, General Motors
dominated the world’s car companies.
11
Paraphrased statements:

At the same time, trades unions became

increasingly militant in defense of their
members’ jobs.

At the same time increasingly militant trades

unions defended their members’ jobs.

12
• condensing lengthy sources into a
concise form
• putting main idea into your own
words including only the big
pictures
• need to use the main ideas of a
larger, more detailed text
Stages of Summarizing

14
7 th Edition
APA (American Psychological
Association) Style
• is most commonly used to cite sources within
the social sciences.
• It establishes standards of written
communication concerning:
• the organization of content;
• writing style;
• citing references; and
• how to prepare a manuscript for publication in
certain disciplines.
PURPOSE
provide readers with cues they can use to follow your
ideas more efficiently and to locate information of
interest to them
allow readers to focus more on your ideas by not
distracting them with unfamiliar formatting
establish your credibility or ethos in the field by
demonstrating an awareness of your audience and their
needs as fellow researchers.
Types of documenting
in the text of the paper when a source is
quoted, paraphrased,or summarized (in-text
citations or internal referencing)

in an alphabetical list at the end of the paper

or full bibliographic referencing
(references).
In-text citation
• Cite only works you read and
ideas you incorporated into
your paper.
• Paraphrase sources in your
own words whenever possible.
• Cite appropriately to avoid
plagiarism, but do not repeat
the same citation in every
sentence when the source and
topic do not change.
• Write author–date citations according to 7th edition
guidelines: Include the author (or title if no author) and
year. For paraphrases, it is optional to include a
specific page number(s), paragraph number(s), or
other location (e.g., section name) if the source work
being paraphrased is long or complex.
– One author: Use the author surname in all in-
text citations.
– Two authors: Use both author surnames in all
in-text citations.
– Three or more authors: Use only the first
author surname and then “et al.” in all in-text
citations.
• Use either the narrative or the parenthetical citation
format for in-text citations.

• Parenthetical citation: Place the author name

and publication year in parentheses.
(Sanchez, 2019, p.9).

• Narrative citation: Incorporate the author name

into the text as part of the sentence and then
follow with the year in parentheses.
According to Sanchez (2019)
In-text citation: two authors
• use an ampersand (&) in parenthetical in-text citations:
(Guirrez & Castillo, 2020)
• When examining potential climate threats, “Understanding the occurrence and
impacts of historical climatic hazards is critical to better interpret current hazard
trends” (Depietri & McPhearson, 2018,p.96).

• use the word “and” in narrative in-text citations:

Guirrez and Castillo (2020)
– According to scientists Depietri and McPhearson (2018),“Understanding the
occurrence and impacts of historical climatic hazards is critical to better interpret
current hazard trends” (p.96).
In-text citation: three or more
• List the name of the first author plus “et al.” in every citation.
Lin et al. (2019) examined how weather conditions
affect the popularity of the bikesharing program in
Beijing.
One study looked at how weather conditions affected the
popularity of bikesharing programs, specifically the Beijing
Public Bikesharing Program (Lin et al., 2019).

In et al., et should not be followed by a period.

In-text citation: unknown author
• Use the source’s full title in the narrative citation.
• Cite the first word of the title followed by the year of publication in the
parenthetical citation.

According to “Here’s How Gardening BenefitsYour Health” (2018)

(“Here’s,” 2018)

Titles:
Articles and Chapters = “ ”
Books and Reports = italicize
In-text citation: organization as author
– when citing an organization, mention the organization the first time you
cite the source in either the narrative citation or the parenthetical citation,
separated by a comma.
“The data collected by the Food and Drug Administration
(FDA, 2019) confirmed…”

• If you first mention the group in a parenthetical citation, list the

abbreviation in square brackets, followed by a comma and the
year of publication.
(Food and Drug Administration [FDA],2019).
In-text citation: The same last names
• Use first initials with the last names.

(B. Davis, 2018; Y. Davis,2020)

In-text citation: two or more works by the same
author and published in the same year
•Use lower-case letters (a, b, c) after the year of
publication to order the references.

Chen’s (2018a) study of bird migration…

… (Chen, 2018a).
In-text citation: two or more works in
the same parentheses
• when your parenthetical citation includes two or
more works, order them the same way they appear
in the reference list, separated by a semi-colon.

(Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 2013)

In-text citation: personal communication
• When citing interviews, letters, e-mails, etc., includethe communicator’s
name and the date of communication.
Narrative citation:
B.E.Anderson (personal communication, January 8,2020) also claimed
that many of her students had difficulties with APA style.
Parenthetical citation:
One teacher mentioned that many of her students had difficulties with
APA style (Anderson, personal communication, January 8,2020).

• Do not include personal communication in the reference list.

Citing indirect sources
If you use a source that was cited in another source, name the original source
in your signal phrase. List the secondary source in your reference list and
include the secondary source in the parentheses.
Moore (as cited in Maxwell, 2009, p.25) stated that…
Moore argued that... (as cited in Maxwell, 2003, p.102).

Note: When citing material in parentheses, set off the citation with a comma, as above.
references
APA Citation 7 th Edition
Let’s check on the changes.
• Introduction for Final Paper
• Prelim Deliverables
• Midterm Exams
Will be accessible from March 24-March 31
“You don’t start out writing
good stuff. You start out
writing crap and thinking it’s
good stuff, and then gradually
you get better at it.”
-Octavia E. Butler

Instructor
PRC License No. 1862340
Contact: 0939 301 7573 | @thejadeoraa