Audience Appeals

Summary/response essays outline

Audience appeals
Organizing summary/ response
and rhetorical analysis essays
Four common outlines for summary/response essays
follow.
 Summary/ Response with
Focus on the Text
Introductory Summary Your response Concluding
paragraph(s) paragraph(s)

Introduce the Summarise the A. Point 1 Wind up your

text text B. Point 2 response,
C. Point 3, emphasizing
etc. your main point
Summary/ Response with Focus
on the Issues
Introductory Summary Your response Concluding
paragraph(s) paragraph(s)

Introduce key Summarise the A. Point 1 Wind up your

issues text B. Point 2 response,
C. Point 3, emphasizing
etc. your main point
Integrated Summary/ Response
Introduces the issue and/or the text, gives a brief overall idea of the
text, and then summarizes and responds point by point.

Introductory Point 1 Point 2 Point 3 Concluding

paragraph(s) paragraph(s)
Introduce key Summarise the Summarise the Summarise the Wind up your
issues and/ or text’s Point 1 text’s Point 2 text’s Point 3 response,
texts emphasizing
Respond to the Respond to the Respond to the your main
text’s Point 1 text’s Point 2 text’s Point 3 point
 Rhetorical analysis
appropriate especially for rhetorical analyses of a text.

Introductory Summary Thesis Rhetorical Rhetorical Concluding

paragraph(s) statement feature / feature / paragraph(s)
appeal 1 appeal 2, etc.

Introduce key Summarise the State the Analyse the Analyse the Wind up your
issues and/ or text’s rhetorical effectiveness of effectiveness of effectiveness of response,
texts features and the text for its Rhetorical Rhetorical emphasizing
appeals audience, feature 1 feature 2, etc. your main point
context, purpose
PEER RESPONSE - Summary/response essay
Writer’s name: …………. Peer reviewer’s / Reader’s name: .....................

• Writer: Before you exchange drafts with another reader, write out the
following information about your own rough draft.

1. On your draft, label the parts that are summary and the parts that are your
own response.
2. Underline the sentence(s) that signal to the reader that you are shifting from
objective summary to personal response.
3. Indicate your purpose, intended audience, and any special genre features
such as graphs or images.
4. Explain one or two problems that you are having with this draft that you
want your reader to comment on.
 PEER RESPONSE - Summary/response essay
• Reader: Without making any comments, read the entire draft from start to finish. As you reread the
draft, answer the following questions. Please make sure that you are respectful and your comments are
as helpful as you can make them. Remember to provide a range of praise, questions, and suggestions.

1. Review the guidelines for writing summaries.

• Does the writer introduce the title of the article (in “quotations”), the author’s first and last name, the date it was written, and
where it was published (in italics)? Is this formatted correctly? Make any necessary comments about how the writer could
improve this information.
• Does the writer introduce the thesis of the article? Is the thesis accurate, complete, and clearly stated? Can you clearly
understand the main ideas of the article? If you see any ways this could be improved, write some comments.
• Does this introductory section flow well? Can you make any suggestions about how this could be better organized?
• Does the writer describe all of the key points? Does the summary omit any key ideas? If the writer has missed some points,
please advise them to look for other points.
• Are the key points accurate? If you think some sections could be improved, indicate this.
• Do you notice any problems with paraphrasing? Check the reading and underline any issues that you see.
• Do you see any details that you think are extra and should not be included? Mark these.
• Has the writer remained objective in his or her summary? Do you see any words or phrases that could be interpreted as
opinion? Make a note of these.
• Does the writer use frequent and varied author tags? How could these be improved?
• How is the summary organized? Does it flow together well? Could ideas be connected more with transitions?
• Is the summary written in language appropriate for the intended audience?
 PEER RESPONSE - Summary/response essay
2. Review the guidelines for writing responses.
• Does the writer include the rest of the rhetorical situation, e.g genre, purpose, and audience?
• Is it clear HOW the writer has determined the audience based on the features of the text and/or its publication?
• What type(s) of response is the writer using? In the margin, label the types. Is this response addressed appropriately to the
audience?
• Are there any parts that are unclear? Underline these and write “unclear” in those sections.

3. In your own words, state the main idea or the focus that organizes the writer's response.
4. Write out your own reactions to the writer’s response. Where do you disagree with the
writer's analysis or interpretation? Explain.
5. Answer the writer's questions in number 4, above.
Audience Appeals

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The Argument’s Rhetorical Situation

Text

Purpose

Author Audience
context
Rhetorical – Audience Appeals
□ Ethos
□ Pathos
□ Logos
❖ Effective arguments generally use a
combination of all 3 appeals

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Audience Appeals

□ Aristotle’s "ingredients for persuasion"

□ Known as "appeals" – ethos, pathos,
and logos.
□ Means of persuading others to take a
particular point of view.

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Meanings
□ Ethos - an appeal to ethics
■ is a means of convincing someone of the
character or credibility of the persuader.
□ Pathos - an appeal to emotion
■ is a way of convincing an audience of an argument
by creating an emotional response.

□ Logos - an appeal to logic

■ is a way of persuading an audience by reason.

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Ethos
□ Appeal to credibility
□ Ways to build your ethos
■ Use evidence from credible sources
■ Acknowledge + respect opposing points/views
■ Keep an open mind
■ Proofread
□ Impact on an audience – ethical appeal
(you are as good as the sources you use)

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Pathos
□ Appeals to emotion
□ Greek for ‘suffering’ or ‘experience’
□ Pathos appeals to the audience’s
needs, values and emotional
sensibilities

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Logos
□ Appeal to reason
□ Greek for ‘word’ – English for ‘logic’
□ Logos refers to the internal consistency
of the message
■ The clarity of the claim
■ The logic of the reasons
■ The reliability and effectiveness of the
evidence

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The Argument’s Rhetorical Situation
All those things have a relationship
Logos – how things are organised
Text

Purpose
exigence

Author Audience
ethos - credibility pathos - emotion
context
Audience - stakeholder

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Stakeholder

□ A person, organization, institution

that has a vested interest in an
issue because they somehow or
another have something at stake.
(i.e., something to gain or lose)

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Importance of Stakeholders

□ Gives a better sense of what people

are saying about the topic
□ May help you find a direction for your
future paper
□ Knowing the opinions of others will
help you to incorporate, address,
and/or refute them in a future
argument

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 Questions for Consideration as we
gather perspectives
□ What have you found out about the context?
□ Who else is interested/affected by the topic?
□ Who would you single out as the most important stakeholder
on this issue?
□ What kinds of publications are addressing this issue?
□ Which academic disciplines are researching this topic?
□ What are the different ways of expressing the problems
within the topic?
□ Are some of the ways the topic is addressed at odds with one
another?
□ What is your current position on the issue?
□ Who needs to hear your claim?
□ Who will disagree with your claim?

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