SOCIETY OF PIH’ROLEUMENG~ERS OF AIME

6200 North Central Expressway k-. SPE 2544

Dallas, Texas 75206

THIS IS A PREPHNT --- SUBJECT TO CORRECTION

By

Amiel David* and Sullivan S. Marsden, Jr.,

Members AIME, Stanford U.

@ Copyright 1%9
AmerieanInstitute and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.
of Mining,Metallurgieel,
This paper was prepared for the bbth Annual Fall Meeting.of the Society of Petroleum Engineers
of AIME, to be held in Denver, Colo., Sept. 28-Ott. 1, 1969. Permission to copy is restricted to an
abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrationsmay not be copied. The abstract should contain
conspicuous acknowledgmentof where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after
publication in the J06RNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY o; ;he SOC~ETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JCURNAL is
usually granted upon request to the Editor of the appropriate journal provided agreement to give
proper credit is made.

Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the
Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and,
with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

ABSTRACT

Both experimental and theoretical analyses Foam is a gas-liquid dispersion in which

were carried out on the theological behavior
of foam. This foam was generated by simul-
taneously injecting compressed air and an aque-
oua solution of a commercial foaming agent into
a s’nortporous medium. It then f10we6 iiit~a
capillary tube viscometer having four inter-
changeable glass tubes of different radii. A
mathematical anaiysis was deveioped whereby
both the very pronounced effects of fluid slip-
page at the tube wall and the foam compres-
sibility were taken into consideration. The
..._...---*
-pp=~=i~ ..4----4*.. .... 4-A...-.?.-A
vABLuaALy Wum AALu=pc&&ucL,L
.-.-+
#.#4=
“L
....”
J.”sII!
quality but not of tube radius.
Bubble size and bubble size distribution
were measured under a microscope and the change
of bubble size with time studied through photo-
micrographs. Both the mean bubble diameter
and bubble size distribution were functions of
foam quality. The cumulative size distribution
as a function of a quality is represented by a
modified Weibull function.
Although the flowing foam behaved like a
pseudoplastic fluid, the static foam had a
measurable gel strength which increased with
foam quality.
1
the liquid is the continuous phase and the gaa
is the discontinuous phase. It occurs widely
nd is used in many industrial applications.
In the petroleum industry; foams are often en-
--..—
A---.
oun~erea iii gtlS-Oii S~p=~=tG~S (i) . -Jr’~eeer’~
times, aqueous foams have been used in several
il field applications such as removal of brine
F ,–..
..J .
from iow pressure gas weiia (2) and as a arulmg
nd completion fluid in low pressure, water sensi.
Itive reservoir rocks (3,4). Their use has also
een proposed to plug thief formations and to
POGa.1.
ea.1 r..l..-a”lr
lamb. A..u,.u=.~.”u..u,
4- .,”Aav**n,,na
GcLy.”bna.=*?s.= lm.tx,Ynl
........ g=~
storage reservoirs (5), and as a displacing agent
in conjunction with water floods (6). Some of
these applications are involved with foam flowing
through tubes or pipes whereas others are con-
cerned with the flow or retention of foam in
porous media.
The many physical properties of foam have
been described by scientists and engineera in
numerous papers and these are reviewed elsewhere
(7). The many papers concerned with the flow
properties of foam are particularly pertinent
to its use in petroleum production (8,9,10,11,12)
In these, foam is usually considered as a fluid,
which ia probably a valid assumption if the
Ibubblesize is small compared to the instrument’s

I
References and illustrations at end of paper.
*Now with Gulf Research & Development Co.
dimensions or the size of the fluid conduit.
 THE RHEOLOGY OF FOAM SPE 2544
2
lhile the literature is not unanimous in its With some non-Newtonian fluids, there is a
conclusions,there does seem to be good reason ~uddenrather than a gradual change in the ve-
;O believe that most aqueous foams behave like .ocitygradient near the conduit wall and this
~seudoplasticfluids when they flow in tubes k known as slip. Mooney (13) has derived an
)r pipes. Apparently some foams exhibit a gel :quationfor the flow of an incompressible,non-
strengthor yield value and so the possibility lewtonianfluid when slip occurs. He defines
?xists that they may be Bingham plastic fluids. :he slip coefficient, B, as:
~y use of an approach proposed by Mooney (13),
Zaza and Msrsden (12) demonstrated that foam v = Ta$ (4)
Flowing in glass tubes did have the character- $
istics of pseudoplastic fluids, that is, a ?here V6 is the slip velocity at the shear stress
>arabolicvelocity distribution across the it the wall, Ta. The total velocity of the fluid
tube at low flow rates and a plug-like or semi- Ls the summation of the velocities due to slip
>lug-likeof flow at higher flow rates. Their tnd that due to fluidity, VV.
results indicated an unexpected dependence of
Flow properties on tube radius as well as a VT=VB+VV (5)
~ependenceon foam quality (ratio of gas volume
to total volume). They did not correct for md
Fluid slippage at the tube wall and for the
C&=-VT
compressibilityof the foam. (6)
dr
In the present work we have been able to vhere the fluidityv , is simply the reciprocal of
zorrect the experimental results for the semi- :he viscosity V. Using these several relation-
:ompressibilityof the-foam as well as for the ships,Mooney derived the following equation:
.14------
sAAppa&=
-* *’k.-
u!. bile
- ..L-..-11
Luu= waAA.
-r- .AA-1+.I.-.”
Au -UU.LL*WAA
+- -a-
s-w .=

Lating the theological behavior to the foam

quality, we have been able to relate it to
the foam texture (bubble size and bubble size
distribution)and the foam stability. Addi- o
tional results on the gel strength of the same
foams were also recorded. Sy introducing the foam compressibilitywe obtain
l-k-c-l1-...4..”.
L&&= AUAAUW4.LL6.
‘1
,-a

In order to get an equation which takes

4
into account both the semi-compressibility p ./’

of foam and the fluid slippage at the tube

wall, we must first get one for the foam com-
pressibility, cf. If we consider foam to be
a fluid, thev its compressibility is given by:
/. av.\
o J
3
Jhen this is differentiated with respect to ra,
tieobtain an equation which gives the flow com-
ponent which is due only to Slip:

aq
=~$ (9)
m:) 2cgrL
where: Vf = foam volume

P = pressure For foams of a given quality flowing in tubes of

constant length, L, a plot of the flow rate, q,
T = temperature. versus r~ should be a straight line. The co-
efficient of slip can be calculated from the
The foam volume is the sum of the gas volume, slope of this line and the slip velocity is then
v , which is compressible, and the liquid volume isolated by the use of Equations (4) and (5).
V!, which may be considered as incompressible. The remaining flow due only to fluidity may be
fie following ~ equivalent to,Equation (l):
obtained in the following manner:
g’1~
Cf ‘~,-F 3P r (2)
Let x.— % (10)
((] g 3
.. m ra
Since Vg/(Vg + VI) is the foam quality, r, and c 1’
the quantity in the brackets is simply the gas ~’.+ (11)
and
compressibility,c , we have:
g

=rc (3) Thus, 3D’x+D’Ta&T = Tav (12)

Cf g a
When X is plotted versus Tat the slope at any magnifications of 35 and 100 times. For some of
shear stress is measured and then the value of the work a Polaroid-Land Film holder was attached
to the microscope and photographs were taken.
the fluidity is calculated directly.
At the beginning of a run, foamer solution
APPARATUS, MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUE
and air were introduced into the foam generator
simultaneously. Flow rates were controlled by
The equipment consisted of a foam generating
system, a capillary tube viscometer and auxil- the needle valves shown in Figure 1 and as well
iary instrumentationfor measurement of quality as by varying the elevation of the foamer solu-
and texture. The arrangement of components is tion reservoir. The foam passed first through a
shown schematically in Figure 1. Construction 3.Omm. I.D. tube where the homogeneity could be
and assembly details are available elsewhere (7) checked visually and then it flowed into one of
the four interchangeablecapillary tubes. After
Since foam was required at the highest pos- stabilized flow had been established, pressure
Zn6 flO-w- ~iit~ --->>----
reuaAu~a
-------s....-2“...7*...
weze umaue aim yuuAALy b“~tl
sible pressure, a foam generator having only a
-—-,. pressure
——-------arop
>--- acrues
------ AL
JA ----A--2---2 measured.
sms~~ was aeu4~ueu =id
constructed. It consisted of a uniform bed of
crushed pyrex glass (150-250 mesh) 0.5 mm. thick For the study of foam texture and stability,
This was supported on nylon screen having open- the thin cell was connected to the system outlet
ings of 9.4 x 10-3mm. and contained in a lucite and quality readings were taken as the foam
tube. Both foamer solution and filtered, com- flowed. After the cell was removed from the flou
-----------L..Ll.l...
appaLuLu=, LIUVUA=
-4”- UADLL.LUULAUU.
DAfic
a-lm+..-.t4*”et4*”e
ru,:~e Al.-
““—
pressed air at 100 psi were introduced into the
top of the generator. tained by measuring the maximum diameters of at
least 100 bubbles at random for each quality
Aqueous solutions of a conuoercialfoamer setting. Any bubbles that had a diameter smellex
known as O.K. Liquid were prepared in tap water. than the thickness of the cell were seen at their
This foamer is a combination of an anionic com- natural size, but those with a diameter larger
than the gap were flattened when introduced into
ponent (CgH19 (CH2CH20)2 OS03NH4) plus nonion~c
the cell. The observed diameters of the latter
one (~1H23C ‘gN’g C2H40H). Fresh solutions were converted to true or undistorted diameters
through use of a plot calculated from geometrical
having a concentration of 1.00% by volume were principles. The few with diameters less than
prepared for each run. Prior to the initial 0.17 mm. were difficult to measure because of
run, foamer solution was passed through the experimental limitations but those with diameters
generator to achieve adsorption equilibrium on of 0.16 mm. were added to the numbers with this
the crushed glass. diameter. For the stability study, the Polaroid
camera was used for selected portions of foam at
The viscometer consisted of precision bore progressive times.
capillary tubes of various diameters and fixed
length (30.0 cm.) together with pressure drop The gel strengths of fresh samples of foam
and flow rate measuring instruments. The aver- were measured in a Stormer viscometer using the
--- -.2*..--c -’....’L
..4=
*L- s-... -“-al?---- ~.ti~e~ ......- —
Us= LUULUZ! UL eUGll UL LALC LUUL procedure normally used for aru~xng muds.
GU~LLAULy

was determined by noting the weight of a mea-

sured length of mercury column within the cap-
illary tube. Pressure drops were measured with
a diaphragm type transducer together with indi-
cator and a strip chart recorder; this was
calibrated with a dead-weight tester. Flow rate
at atmospheric pressure was measured by noting
the time required to fill a known volume in a
25 ml. pipette. Foam quality was determined
through weighing this filled pipette on ana-
lytical balance.
In a supplementarystudy of the relation-
ship between bubble size, bubble size distri-
bution, stability and quality, foam coming out
of the viscometer was introduced into a thin
cell constructed of microscope slides separated like flow and a slope greater than unity would
by a gap of 0.34 mm. and sealed on the edges
with epoxy resin. Separation was determined by
filling this cell with mercury, weighing it,
and measuring the area of the mercury-glass
contact. Foam in this cell was observed under
a microscope by transmitted light and with
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Rheology
In the analysis of theological data pro-
posed by Mooney (13), the logarithm of the shear
stress is plotted versus the logarithm of the
shear rate. The slope of the resultant line is
indicative of the type of flow in the corres-
nondinc
,---——--= range of shear stresses and shear rates.
A slope of unity indicates a parabolic velocity
distribution characteristicof Newtonian fluids,
whereas a slope of less than unity is indicative
of the semi-plug like type of flow. A slope of
zero would presumably indicate a purely piston-
presumable be indicative of a dilatant fluid.
Pseudoplastic fluids usually are represented by
a line with slope of unity at low shear rates
followed by a transition to another line of S1OPC
less than unity. At very high shear rates there
is another transition to a line of slope unity
4 THE RHEOLI i’OF FOAM
when the fluid goes into turbulent flow (14).
~,e d=t= f~r the four capillary tubes and
the different foam quality ranges have been
plotted in Figures 2 and 3. The results strongi
support those of Raza and Marsden (12) for tubes
of larger diameter and again indicate that these
aqueous foams behave like pseudoplastic fluids,
even in these relatively small diameter capillar
tubes. Since for a given shear stress the shear
rate increases as the tube diameter decreases,
slip at the tube wall is a significant factor.
In order to evaluate the actual apparent vis-
cosity of the fluid, the slip has to be deter-
mined first. Flow rates are plotted as a
function of the tube radius ciibedat Vazicus
shear stresses in Figures 5 and 4. The slopes
of the lines for the low quality foam were
appreciably greater than those for the high
quality foam which indicates that at the same
shear stress, the slip coefficient data, was
higher for the wet foam. Figure 6 clearly
shows this phenomenon. The shape of the curves
ind$cates an accelerating increase of slip with
shear stress. The drier foam does not have the
available free liquid to wet the surface of the
glass that the wet foam does and therefore the
liquid layer is probably thinner. After cor-
rection for slip, the shear rates due only to
fluidity are .......
-l~+tQA _
sc -
n .
flu~.cti~n of
the shear
stress for the dry and wet foam in Figures 7
and 8. The corresponding logarithmic plots are
aiso given in Figures 9 aid 10. In
FQttre
a change in slope comparable to that shown in
Figure 2 is evident although it occurs at a
lower shear stress. On the other hand this
change in slope is not evident in Figure 10 but creases. Since all of these foams were produced
it is possible that it occurred at a lower shear by the same sand packing in the foam generator,
rate than those measured here. In all cases,
the slopes of the lines are still less than
unity so that even with the slip corrections
the flow behavior is still non-Newtonian.
A comparison of Figures 9 and 10 shows that significant ones.
the lines for both the wet and dry foam ranges
are almost coincident for each tube. This
suggests that once the correction for slip is
made, the shear stress-shear rate relationship
is independent of the quality. This justifies
taking an average VdUe fGi the fimm q’uelity
the calculation of the slip coefficient.
The intercepts of the tangents drawn at
various shear stresses were found in Figures 7
and 8, and then substituted in Equation (12) to
obtain the apparent viscosity. Figures 11 and
12 are plots of the apparent viscosity as a
function of the shear stress. For the dry foam
the apparent viscosity decreased from about
9.0 to 0.5 Cp. and for the wet foam from 8.7 to
0.6 cp. for the same range of shear stresses.
One would expect the apparent viscosity of the
foam to be independent of the tube diameter
which is not indicated by Figures 11 and 12.
SPE 2544
It is possible that bubble size and bubble size
distribution were responsible for this phenomeno
as was suggested by Becher for the case of emul-
sions (i5).
B. Bubble Size and Bubble Size Distribution
When foam goes through a porous medium such
as that used here as a foam generator, we would
expect the bubble sizes to be related in some
way to the pore sizes of the porous medium. If
the porous medium was uniform throughout, we
might get a foam which had a uniform bubble size
However, porous media made of a range of grain
sizes will inevitably have a range of pore sizes
and we would in turn expect these to lead to a
range of bubble sizes. The frequency of ths~s
bubble sizes measured for foams of six different
qualities are shown in Figure 13. As has been
noted earlier, the diameters of the smallest
bubbles could not be measured, and so the dashed
lines have been drawn as an extrapolation of the
curve to the origin. Only in the case of the
driest foam, (r = 0.93), did the experimental
points go through a maximum; in the other five
cases the curves peaked at or below the smelles
size of bubbles measured.
Even with the lack of data for very small
bubbles, there are several features of these
curves which are worth iiotiiig,
the Skewless of
the curves and the sharpnees of the “peak” both
increase with a decrease in quality. The same
9
is true for the uniformity of the foams. As
the quality increases both the average bubble
size and the range of bubble sizes also in-
other factors must be influencing the bubble
size and size distribution. It is probable that
those leading to foam instability such as mem-
brane rupture and transport of gas from the
smaller bubbles to the larger ones are the most
Various attempts were made to correlate the
bubble size frequency distribution shown in
Figure 14. Plotting on probability paper indi-
:ated that the distributionwas not normal, and
Pearson’smethod of smoothing frequency curves
i~
ras not applicable (i6j. The Weibuii diSt~i-
bution (17) was found to be easily adapted to
Lhis type of distribution. If the distribution
Eunction is D(d) then:
D(d) = l-exp ~(d)] (13;
zhere G(d) is a non-decreasing function of the
variable. This distribution function can also
be written as:
Y
(1
D(d) = l=exp - ~
i
(14:
where Y is a constant anu u a function of foam
quality. This relationship was found to fit the
SPE 2544 A. David and S. Marsden, Jr. 6
.
data best when u = 0.344rmm. and Y = 2.1. The short transfer time from foam generator to
agreement between experimental points and the capillary tube exit. This same change of bubble
calculated curve is shown in Figure 14 for two size with time has a negligible effect on the
foam qualities. Comparisons for other qualities bubble size distribution measurements made over
are available elsewhere (7). the course of a few minutes.

c. Foam Stability D. Gel Strength

Since foam is a two-phase system possessing While a study of gel strength was not a
a considerable emount of interracial area, it major purpose of this investigation, it was
possesses a significant amount of surface free desirable to know something about gel strengths
energy. Decomposition of the foam into its two of the foams studied here in order to see if it
constituent phases results in a decrease of this might have a significant influence on the theo-
surface free energy and hence is a spontaneous logical properties. Thus the gel strength mea-
process. This decrease can take place suddenly sured with the Stormer viscometer were intended
as happens when a film is ruptured either mechan to give an order of magnitude rather than accu-
ically or spontaneously,or it can take place rate values. These were made on foams of dif-
------ _.._1JAi-- --s AL-
Lerenc quulLLAea =UU Lll= L=SULLS
---..7-- --- --1-**-A 4-
slowly through the diffusion of gas from smaii UL= ~LUCL=U .I.L1

bubbles through the solution membrane into Figure 16. Here the results are given in the
larger bubbles. The latter process occurs both usual units of grams for this instrument and
because of the higher capillary pressure of the also in terms of atmospheres. Although there is
---1 1 --
alUU.LL=L
L..LL’I --
UUUU.L=a
&L.-
LUa&l
a-
ALA
*L... 1 . . . ---- ~.d~~~e~
Lk&= J.aA~GA
.-a
a&.u
g ~~ight i~.~rea~eof ~--
u-l ~trenoth
-.--.-=--- with aualftv
~-—-—-, :
also because the ratio of surface area to surfac it is important to note that the maximum values
volume decreases with increasing diameter. obtained are smaller by several orders of magnit-
DeVries (18) has presented a relationship be- ude than the minimum shear stress used in the
tween the initial radius of a bubble r. and the capillary tube flow measurements. ThUS this
radius at any time rt in terms of the diffusion minor gel strength did not significantly influ-
coefficient of the gas and liquid D, the vol- ence the latter.
ubility of the gas in the liquid S, the surface
tension of the liquid u, the atmospheric pres-
sure PO, the film thickness @ and the time t. CONCLUSIONS

The following conclusions apply to aqueous

(15) foams made with a commercial foaming agent,
(O.K. Liquid), but are believed to be appli-
cable as well to other similar foams:
where R is the gas constant and T is the2tem-
1. Pronounced foam slippage occurs at the tube
perature. This suggests that plots of r versus
walls, but a method is presented here for
time, t, should be straight lines. Experimental
-..-..1
*- c-...
L..LLIA..
a- -4=~ = n 09 “-.
taking into account both this and the foam
Lcau.1.LD J.UL uuuu.L=a AL1 s fmiii UJ. u.7& aLG SC
compressibility,in interpretationof the
plotted in Figure 15. The expected change of
flow results.
radius with time is apparent. If we assume that
air has the same volubility in and diffusivity
2. Although the uncorrected apparent viscosity
through the foamer solution as it does through
changes with foam quality, that corrected
water, then the film thickness data can be cal-
for both slippage and foam compressibility
culated from Equation (15). The film thickness
*s- -lam h- r.sIle,,ln+aA------
is independent of foam quality.
----- -*-” “... *-*-M .f?rwn.
-----

3. The slip coefficient increases with shear

(16) stress but the apparent viscosity, cor-
rected for slip, still increases with tube
diameter.
where ~ and ~ are the average volume and average
surface area, respectively. Considering the
4. The corrected apparent viscosity decreases
assllmnticms
-.-—= ------ ~~.d annroximations
—==--.-——-— .... inVOIVed in thf2
as t-hes’nearstress increases. 13nefour-
derivation of both equations, the calculated fold increase in shear stress causes a
values of film thickness by the two equations reduction by half in the apparent viscosity
are in reasonable agreement.
of the foam.
Among other things this stability study 5. These foams behaved like PseudoPlastic
shows that the spontaneous decay of foams fluids with a very low gei strength.
through gas transfer from the small to the
large bubbles has no significant effect on the
bubble size distribution during the relatively
6 THE RHEOLOGY OF FOAM SPE 2544

6. The gel strength increases slowly with )- fluidity, Cp-l

quality.
7 . surface tension, dyne - cm-1
7. A bubble size frequency distribution is
assymetrical, resembling a x2 distribution, T= shear stress, atm
but approaching a normal distribution at
high foam quality. This distribution fits v= dimensionlesss
a modified Weibull distribution function.
.
The arithmetic mean bubble diameter is pro- J function of quality
portional to foam quality.

8. The change of bubble diameters with time, Subscripts

leads to a bubble-membrane thickness which
is in reasonable agreement with that cal- % = tube radius
culated from material balance.
E = fluid

NoMENcLAm 3 = gas phase

c= compressibility,atm-~ 1 = iiquid phase

D= diffusion coefficient, cm2/sec D = initial

D? = defined by Equation 11, atm-1 t = time

D(d) = function of diameter 3 = slip

d . diameter, cm d = fluidity

G(d) 6
function of diameter

L .
length, cm ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

P 5
pressure, atm Acknowledgementis made to the donore of
the Petroleum Research Fund, administered by
q .
flow rate, cm3/sec the American Chemical Society, for partial sup-
port of this research.
R =
gas constant

r .
radius, cm
REFERENCES
s .
volubility, moleslliter
1. Worley, M.S., Laurence, L.L., “Oil and Gas
3 .
average surface area, cm2 Separation is a Science,” J. Pet. Tech.
(1957) ~no. 4.
T s=
temperature, ‘K
2. Eakin, J.L., Echard, W.E., “Foams Purge
t .
time, seconds Well Bore and Formation Waters,” Petroleum
Engineer (July 1966) pg. 71.
v .
volume, cm3
3. Anderson, G.W., Harrison, F.F., Hutchison,
v .
average volume, cms So., “The Use of Stable Foam as a Low Pres-
sure Completion and Sand Cleancut Fluid,”
v .
velocity, cmlsec Paper presented at the Spring Meeting of the
Pacific Coast District, API (May 10, 1966).
x =
defined by Equation 10, see-l
4. “Stable Foam Circulating Fluid,”
(3 =
slip coefficient, cm-sec-1 - atm-1 World Oil (1966) 163, 6, 85.

r .
quality, fraction 5. Albrecht, R.A., Marsden S.S., “Sealing Gas
Storage Reservoirs with Foam,” Paper pre-
e =
film thickness, cm sented at the Eastern Regional Meeting of
the AIME (Nov. 7, 1968).
u .
Viscosityy Cp
 A. David and [ S. Marsden, Jr. 7
SPE 2544

6. Fried, A.N.$ “The Foam Drive Process for

Increasing the Recovery of Oil,” U.S.B.M.
Report of InvestigationNo. 5866 (1961).

7. David, A.,”The Rheology of Foam” Ph.D.

Dissertation Stanford University (Novem-
L--
LJ~E
ln<O\
L7C)OJ .

8. Sibree, J.O., “The Viscosity of Froth,”

Trans. Farad. Sot. (1934) —30, 325.

9. Penney, W.G., Blackman, M., “The Mechan-

ical Properties of Foam and the Flow of
Foam Through Pipes,” Ministry of Home
Security (Britain),Note 282 (1943).

10. Grove, C.S., Jr., Wise, G.E., Jr., Marsh,

woc., Gray, J.B., “Viscosity of Fire
Fighting Foam,” Ind. Eng. Chem. (1951)
~, 1120.

11. Wenzel, H.G., Stelson, T.E., Brungraber,

R.J., “Flow of High Expansion Foams in
Pipes,” J. Eng. Mech. Proc. of ASCE
(Dec. 1967) ~, 153.
n——– an.,
H . naza, “ ,. marsaen,
...——----r.-
a.a., II-t–@---..-4--
1ne aLLetuuALLg
Potential and the “Weology of Foam,” Sot.
Pet. Eng. J. (1967) ~, 4.

~~ ● ~QQp.$y,M
.. . ,
l!~vml+eit
. . ..y. . . -----
Fo?l’n,,lzye
. . . . .. . . .
fnr
. . .
slip

and Fluidity,” J. of Rheology (1931)

~, 210.

14. Streeter, V.L., Handbook of Fluid Dynamics,

McGraw-Hill Co., N.Y. (1961).

15. Becher, P., Emulsions: Theory and Prac-

tice, Reinhold Pub. & Co. N.Y. (1965).

~~. ~e~ds~~, E., Th,a

. ..=
AAX,.-.--A
=U.-...-.=u
Th,ativ.,
. ..=”..
-G
“*
C+.t4.-
“.-.*=

~, Vol. 1, London, (1952).

17. Weibull, W., “A Statistical Distribution of

Wide Applicability,” J. App. Mech. (1951)
—18.
18. DeVries, A.J., “Foam Stability,” Rubber-
Stichting, Deift, CommunicationNo. 326
(1957).
 AIR FILTER 3
AIR PRESSURE REGULATOR
2

FOAMER
SOLUTION

FOAM
!!Ji!J GENERATOR

w&-lmTil.*.,.
INDICATOR —
------ .. .. . .
I WPOTENTIOWER 2XI0-4
1A # + 0.4 I

vOLTAGE CSVIOER 3 571X10423 571xIOS23

SHEAR RAT14 y, SEC-l

FIGURE I-SCHEMATIC FLOW DIAGRAM

FIGURE 2- SHEAR STRESS VERSUS SHEAR
RATE FOR 1.0% O.K. LIQUID, 0.90 <r< 0.96

3.5 I I I 1
CU=AD
“.,---- CTDI?CC
-. ..-”-, ‘/””’
ATM. x 10-3
3.0 0 2.0 /0’
❑ 1.5/0
8 t b i.o
31 T I 1 I I I , I ~? 2.5 + 0.8
I
V 0.6
E
● 0,4 n~~
: 2.0
w
.o-----
U- 1

=,.-iL
,“

Ido’ 2 3
SHEAR
571x1052357
RATE, y, SEC-l
0 10203040606070
r3- 10
-6
, cm
3

FIGURE 3- SHEAR STRESS VERSUS SHEAR

FIGURE 4- FLOW RATE VERSUS r3,
RATE FOR 1.0% O.K.LIQUID, 0.81 <r< 0.89
0.90 <r< 0.96
 0.25 I
1

E 0.20 QUALITY, r
& A o.e14r~o.89
u!
0 0 o.90. r.o.96
N’
E 0.15 a
u /
AA
Q-
l-- /
-*A
2.
# 0.10

C
u.
w
o

0 0.05 : /:
a
2
i
u’

o~
o 0.5 I .0 1.5 20 2.5

SHEAR STRESS, T, ATM x 10-3

. ~m
o 10203040
-6
r3 x 10 . cm’ FIGURE 6-SLIP COEFFICIENT
VERSUS SHEAR STRESS
FIGURE 5- FLOW RATE VERSUS r3
0.81 ~1’< 0.89

SHEAR RATE, q-irr’. sEc”’ x 104

2.0,
0 0.4
I
0.8
I
1.2
!
16
1
2.0
I
24
1
28
1
3.2
I ‘“’”~’

.~
o Lo 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8..3
SHEAR RATE, q, krs, SEC-l 8 104

FIGURE 8- CORRECTED SHEAR STRESS VERSUS

FIGURE 7- CORRECTED SHEAR STRESS VERSUS SHEAR RATE FOR 0.81 <r< 0.s9
SHEAR RATE FOR 0.90< 1’~0.96
 , ,
3
[ TUBE DIAMETER 1

a 5
u

21
, 1 I 1 i , I z~ 23 2357
23 5 ? IXI04 2 3 571-52345
SHEA; RA:E, y:, S7EC !?
SHEAR RATE, +-, SEc-’

FIGURE 9- SHEAR STRESS VERSUS SHEAR RATE FIGURE IO-SHEAR STRESS VERSUS SHEAR RATE
CORRECTED FOR SLIP FOR 0.90~ I’< 0.86 CORRECTED FOR SLIP FOR 0.80’PO.89

2.5 1 I 1 # t
TUBE OIAMETER ]

2.0 t
TuBE DIAMETER
mm
~ 0 0.8
1.5 ❑ 07
“i ‘“. ‘“10
i A 06
‘iA “\n + 0.4
;
1.0
‘\+ ‘KA ‘~ 00 ~

\
0.5 kbyo. 0
\ ~

o~
‘\

0123456 769
0123456 7e910
VISCOSITY, p, CP
VISCOSITY p , CP

FIGURE II -SHEAR STRESS VERSUS VISCOSITY FiGu RE i2 -SHEAR STRESS VERSUS V! SCOS!TY
FOR 0.90< r<0.96 FOR 0.81 ‘r’ 0.89
50 Loo
I OUALITY, r

075

0. !)0 OUALITY, r

~,& } EXPERIMENTAL
CALWLATEO

0.25

I
1) 0-
0 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.60 0 a20 0.40 0.60 0.60
o 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 Q60 0.70
BUflELE OIAMETER, d, mm
BUBBLE DIAMETER, d,mm

FIGURE 13-BUBBLE SIZE FREQUENCY POLYGONS FIGURE 14-CUMULATIVE BUBBLE

SIZE DISTRIBUTION

30r —-’---1451’

!kYL__l 07214060001W
TIUE, l, UIN
fi=*o
o OL
FOAM
~o

QUALITY, r,
a60
FRACTIONAL
0.95 100
:
-

FIGURE 15-BUBBLE RADIUS SQUARED

FIGURE 16- STORMER GEL STRENGTH OF
VERSUS TIME O.K. LIQUID FOAM