Chapter 14

Truss Analysis
Using The Stiffness Method
 Stiffness Method
• Fundamentals of the stiffness method
– There are essentially two ways in which structures can be analyzed using
matrix methods.
• Flexibility method
• Stiffness method

– The stiffness method can be used to analyzed both statically determinate

& indeterminate structures, whereas the flexibility method required a
different procedure for each of these cases.

– The stiffness method yields the displacements & forces directly, whereas
with the flexibility method the displacements are not obtained directly.
 Stiffness Method
– Application of this method requires subdividing the structure into a series
of discrete finite elements & identifying their end points as nodes.

– The force-displacement properties of each element are determined & then

related to one another using the force equilibrium equations written at the
nodes

– These relationships, for the entire structure, are then grouped together into
what is called the structure stiffness matrix K.

– Once the K is established, the unknown displacements of the nodes can

then be determined for any given loading on the structure.

– When the displacements are known, the external & internal forces in the
structure can be calculated using the force-displacement relations for each
member.
 Preliminary Definitions & Concepts
• Member & node identifications
– We will specify each member by a number enclosed within a square,
& use a number enclosed within a circle to identify the nodes.
– Also the ‘near’ & ‘far’ ends of the member must be identified, this will
be done using an arrow written along the member with the head of the
arrow directed toward the far end.
 Preliminary Definitions & Concepts
• Global & member coordinates.
– We will use two different type of coordinate systems, global or
structure coordinate system and local or member coordinate system.
– Global system x, y, used to specify the sense of each of the external
force & displacement components at the nodes.
– Local system x’,y’ used to specify the sense of direction of members
displacements & internal loadings.
 Preliminary Definitions & Concepts
• Degrees of freedom
– The unconstrained truss has two degree of freedom or two possible
displacements for each joint (node).
– Each degree of freedom will be specified on the truss using a code
number, shown at the joint or node, & referenced to its positive global
coordinate direction using an associated arrow.
• For example
– The truss has eight degree of freedom or eight possible displacements.
– 1 through 5 represent unknown or
unconstrained degree of freedom.
– 6 through 8 represent constrained
degree of freedom
Lowest code numbers will always be used
to identify the unknown displacements.
Highest code numbers will be used to
identify the known displacements
 Member Stiffness Matrix
• Case I
– Positive displacement d N on the near end
AE AE
q 'N  dN q 'F   dN
L L
• Case II
– Positive displacement d F on the far end

AE AE
q ''N   dF q ''F  dF
L L

• Case I + Case II
– Resultant forces caused by both displacements are
AE AE
qN  dN  dF
L L

AE AE
qF   dN  dF
L L
 Member Stiffness Matrix
– These load-displacement equations written in matrix form

q N  AE  1 1 d N 
q   L  1 1   d 
 F   F 
or

q  k 'd
where
AE  1 1
k '  1 1 
L  

The matrix, k` is called the member stiffness matrix.

It is of the same form for each member of the truss.
 Transformation Matrices
• Displacement & force transformation
– We will now develop a method for
transforming the member forces q and
displacements d defined in local coordinate
to global coordinates
xF xN
x  cos x 
L
yF  yN
y  cos y 
L

xF xN
x  cos x 
x F  x N    y F  y N 
2 2

yF  yN
y  cos y 
x F  x N    y F  y N 
2 2
 Transformation Matrices
• Displacement transformation matrix
– In global coordinate each end of the member can have two independent
displacements.
– Joint N has displacements DNx & DNy in global coordinate
d N  D Nx cosx  D Ny cos y
or
d N  D Nx x  D Ny y
 Transformation Matrices
– Also joint F has displacements DFx & DFy
d F  D Fx cosx  D Fy cos y
or
d F  D Fx x  D Fy y

– Displacements at N & F
d N  D Nx x  D Ny y
d F  D Fx x  D Fy y
 D Nx 
d N  x y 0. 0.   D Ny 
 
 d    0. 0. x 
y   D Fx 
 F 
 
or D
 Fy 
d  TD
where
x y 0. 0. 
T 
 0. 0. x y 
 Transformation Matrices
• Force transformation matrix
– Force qN applied to the near end of the member
Q Nx  q N cosx Q Ny  q N cos y
or
Q Nx  q N x Q Ny  q N y

– Force qF applied to the far end of the member

Q Fx  q F cosx Q Fy  q F cos y
or
Q Fx  q F x Q Fy  q F y

– Rewrite in a matrix form:

Q Nx   x 0. 
Q   0.  q N 
 Ny    y 
Q Fx   0. x   q F 
   
 Fy   0.
Q y   x 0. 
 0. 
 
or where T T y

Q T T q  0.

x 

 0. y 
 Member Global Stiffness Matrix
• Stiffness matrix
– We will determine the stiffness matrix for a member which relates
the member’s global force components Q to its global
displacements D.
q k'd and d  TD q  k ' T D

Q T T q Q  T T k TD
'
Q  kD

k T k T T '

 x 0. 
 0.  AE  1 1 x y 0. 0. 
k  
y

 0. x  L  1 1   0. x y 
  0.
 
 0. y 
Member Global Stiffness Matrix

k T k T T '

N x N y Fx Fy
 x2 x y x2 x y  N x
 
AE  y x y2 y x y2  N y
k 
L  x2 x y x2 x y  Fx
 
 y x y2 y x y2  Fy
 Example 1
 Determine the structure stiffness matrix for the two-member truss
shown. AE is constant
Solution:
Establish the x, y global system
Identify each joint & member numerically.
Member 1:
Determine  x &  y, where L = 3ft
30 00
x  1 y  0
3 3
Nx Ny Fx Fy
 x2 x y x2 x y  N x
 
AE  y x y2 y x y2  N y
k 
L  x2 x y x2 x y  Fx
 
 y x y2 y x y2  Fy

Dividing each element by L = 3ft

1 2 3 4
 1
2
2
x
  0.333
 0.333 0. 0.333 0. 1 L 3
 0. 0. 0. 0. 2
k 1  AE  
 0.333 0. 0.333 0. 3
 
 0. 0. 0. 0. 4
Member 2:
Determine x & y, where L = 5ft
30 40
x   0.6 y   0.8
5 5
Nx Ny Fx Fy
 x2 x y x2 x y  N x
 
AE  y x y2 y x y2  N y
k 
L  x2 x y x2 x y  Fx
 
 y x y2 y x y2  Fy

Dividing each element by L = 5ft

1 2 5 6   0.8  0.6 
 0.096
5
 0.072 0.096 0.072 0.096  1
 0.096 0.128 0.096 0.128 2
k 2  AE  
 0.072 0.096 0.072 0.096  5
 
 0.096 0.128 0.096 0.128  6
 Structure stiffness matrix
K = k1 + k2
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
 0.333 0 0.333 0 0 0 1  0.072 0.096 0 0 0.072 0.096 1
 0. 0 0. 0 0 0 2  0.096 0.128 0 0 0.096 0.128 2
   
 0.333 0 0.333 0 0 0 3  0. 0. 0 0 0. 0.  3
K  AE    AE  
 0. 0 0. 0 0 0 4  0. 0. 0 0 0. 0.  4
 0. 0 0. 0 0 0 5  0.072 0.096 0 0 0.072 0.096  5
   
 0. 0 0. 0 0 0 6  0.096 0.128 0 0 0.096 0.128  6

 0.405 0.096 0.333 0. 0.072 0.096 

 0.096 0.128 0. 0. 0.096 0.128
 
 0.333 0. 0.333 0. 0. 0. 
K  AE  
 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 
 0.072 0.096 0. 0. 0.072 0.096 
 
 0.096 0.128 0. 0. 0.096 0.128 
 Example 2
 Determine the structure stiffness matrix for the truss shown. AE is
constant
Member 1:
Determine  x &  y, where L = 10ft
10  0 00
x  1 y  0
10 10
Nx Ny Fx Fy
 x2 x y x2 x y  N x
 
AE  y x y2 y x y2  N y
k 
L  x2 x y x2 x y  Fx
 
 y x y2 y x y2  Fy

Dividing each element by L = 10ft

 1
2
1 2 6 5
 0.1
 0.1 0 0.1 0  1 10
 0 0 0 0 2
k 1  AE  
 0.1 0 0.1 0  6
 
 0 0 0 0 5
Member 2:
Determine  x &  y, where L = 14.14ft
10  0 10  0
x   0.707 y   0.707
14.14 14.14
1 2 7 8
 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 1
 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 2
k 2  AE  
 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035  7
 
 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035  8
Member 3:
Determine  x &  y, where L = 10ft  x2 x y x2 x y 
 2 
00 10  0 
AE  y x   2
     y 
x   0. y  1 k y y x
10 10 L  x2 x y x2 x y 
1 2 3 4  2 
 
 y x    2
y  
y x  y 
0 0 0 0 1
0 0.1 0 0.1 2
k 3  AE  
0 0 0 0 3
 
0 0.1 0 0.1  4
Member 4:
Determine  x &  y, where L = 10ft
10  0 10  10
x  1 y   0.
10 10
3 4 7 8
 0.1 0 0.1 0  3
 0 0 0 0 4
k 4  AE  
 0.1 0 0.1 0  7
 
 0 0 0 0 8

Member 5:
Determine  x &  y, where L = 14.14ft  x2 x y x2 x y 
 2 
10  0 0  10 
AE  y x   2
     y 
x   0.707 y   0.707 k y y x
14.14 14.14 L  x2 x y x2 x y 
3 4 6 5  2 
 
 y x    2
y  
y x  y 
 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035  3
 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 4
k 5  AE  
 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 6
 
 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035  5
Member 6:
Determine  x &  y, where L = 10ft
10  10 10  0
x   0. y  1
10 10
6 5 7 8
0 0 0 0 6
0 0.1 0 0.1 5
k 6  AE  
0 0 0 0 7
 
0 0.1 0 0.1  8

Structure stiffness matrix  x2 x y x2 x y 

 
AE  y x y2 y x y2 
K = k1 + k2 + k3 + k4 + k5 + k6 k
L  x2 x y x2 x y 
 2 
 
 y x   2
y  
y x  y 
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
 0.1 0 0 0 0 0.1 0 0  1
 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
 
 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
 
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
K  AE 
 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
 
 0.1 0 0 0 0 0.1 0 0  6
 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
 
 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
 0.035 0.035 0 0 0 0 0.035 0.035 1
 0.035 0.035 0 0 0 0 0.035 0.035 2
 
 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
 
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
 AE 
 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
 
 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
 0.035 0.035 0 0 0 0 0.035 0.035  7
 
 0.035 0.035 0 0 0 0 0.035 0.035  8
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0.1 0 0.1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
   
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0.1 0 0 0 0.1 0 3
   
0 0.1 0 0.1 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
 AE   AE 
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
   
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0.1 0 0 0 0.1 0 7
   
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8

1 2 3 4 5 7 8
6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
   
0 0 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0 0  3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
   
0 0 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0 0  4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
 AE   AE 
0 0 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0 0  5 0 0 0 0 0.1 0 0 0.1 5
   
0 0 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0 0  6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
   
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0.1 0 0 0.1  8
 1 2 3 4 57 8 6
 0.135 0.035 0 0 0 0.1
0.035 0.035 1
 0.035 0.135 0 0.1 0 0 0.035 0.035 2
 
 0 0 0.135 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.1 0 3
 
0 0.1 0.035 0.135 0.035 0.035 0 0 4
K  AE 
 0 0 0.035 0.035 0.135 0.035 0 0.1  5
 
 0.1 0 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.135 0 0 6
 0.035 0.035 0.1 0 0 0 0.135 0.035  7
 
 0.035 0.035 0 0 0.1 0 0.035 0.135 8

 0.  0.  0.1  0.  0.035  0.  0.135

 0.  0.  0.  0.  0.035  0.  0.035
 Application of Stiffness Method
• Truss analysis
– The global force components Q acting on the truss can be
related to its global displacements D using
Q  KD
Q k   K 11 K 12  D u 
Q  =  K K  D 
 u   21 22   k 
Qk, Dk = know external loads & displacements. The
loads here exist on the truss as part of the
problem
Qu, Du = unknown loads & displacements. The loads
here represent the unknown support reactions
K = structure stiffness matrix
Q k  K 11Du  K 12 D k
Qu  K 21Du  K 22 D k
 Application of Stiffness Method
– The member forces can be determined using
q  k 'TD
 D Nx 
q N  AE  1 1 x y 0. 0.   D Ny 
 
q   L  1 1   0. x 
y   D Fx 
 F   0.
 
 D Fy 

 D Nx 
D 
AE
y  
Ny 
qF   x  y x
L   D Fx 
 
D
 Fy 
 Example 3
• Determine the force in each member of the two member truss
shown. AE is constant.
Structure stiffness matrix: from previous example
 0.405 0.096 0.333 0. 0.072 0.096 
 0.096 0.128 0. 0. 0.096 0.128
 
 0.333 0. 0.333 0. 0. 0. 
K  AE  
 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 
 0.072 0.096 0. 0. 0.072 0.096 
 
 0.096 0.128 0. 0. 0.096 0.128 

Displacements and loads

Q  KD
Q1   0.405 0.096 0.333 0. 0.072 0.096   D1 
Q   0.096 0.128 0. 0. 0.096 0.128  D 2 
 2   
Q 3   0.333 0. 0.333 0. 0. 0.   D 3 
   AE   
Q 4   0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.   D 4 
Q 5   0.072 0.096 0. 0. 0.072 0.096   D 5 
    
Q 6   0.096 0.128 0. 0. 0.096 0.128   D 6 
The known external displacements are D3 = D4 = D5 = D6 = 0.
The known external loads are Q1 = 0., Q2 = -2k
Rewrite the matrix
0  0.405 0.096 0.333 0. 0.072 0.096  D1 
 2   0.096 0.128 0. 0. 0.096 0.128  D 2 
    
Q 3   0.333 0. 0.333 0. 0. 0.   0 
   AE   
Q 4   0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.   0 
Q 5   0.072 0.096 0. 0. 0.072 0.096   0 
    
Q 6   0.096 0.128 0. 0. 0.096 0.128   0 
Determine the unknown displacements by
0 0.405 0.096   D1  0 
 2  AE 0.096 0.128  D   0 
    2  
0  AE  0.405D1  0.096D 2  4.505
D1 
2  AE  0.096D1  0.128D 2  AE
19.003
D2 
AE
The support reactions are now obtained by
Q 3   0.333 0   4.05  0 
Q   0 0   AE  0 
 4   AE    
Q 5   0.072 0.096   19.003  0 
     
Q 6   0.096 0.128  AE  0 

Q3  0.333(4.505)  1.5K
Q4  0
Q5  0.072(4.505)  0.096(19.003)  1.5K
Q6  0.096(4.505)  0.128(19.003)  2.0K

The force in each member obtained by

 D Nx 
D 
AE
y  
Ny 
qF   x  y x
L   D Fx 
 
D
 Fy 
Member 1:
x  1 y  0 L  3ft
 4.505 
 AE 
 

 1 0 1 0  AE   1.5k
AE 19.003
q1 
3
 0 
 
 0 

Member 2:
x  0.6 y  0.8 L  5ft
 4.505 
 AE 
 

 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.8  AE   2.5k
AE 19.003
q2 
5
 0 
 
 0 
 Example 4
• Determine the support reactions and the force in member 2 of
the truss shown in figure. AE is constant
 Example 4
• The Stiffness matrix has been determine in Example 2 using the
same notation as shown.
 Example 5
 Determine the force in member 2 of the assembly if the support at joint 1
settles downward 25mm. AE = 8103 kN
 Members Forces
Member 1: x  0, y  1, L  3m
 0 
 0.0025 
8000
q1  0 1 0 1    8.333kN
3 0.00556 
 
 0.021875

Member 2: x  0.8, y  0.6, L  5m

 0.00556 
 0.021875
8000
q2  0.8 0.6 0.8 0.6    13.9kN

5 0
 
 0 

Member 3: x  1, y  0, L  4m
 0 
 0 
8000
q3   1 0 1 0    11.11kN
4 0.00556 
 
0.021875
 Nodal Coordinate
If the support is an inclined roller
The zero deflection cannot be defined using single horizontal and
vertical global coordinate system

To solve this problem

A set of nodal coordinate system x’’, y’’ located at the inclined
support will be used
 Nodal Coordinate

The Nodal Displacements

 D Nx 
d N  x y 0. 0.   D Ny 
 
 d    0. 0. x '' 
y ''   D Fx '' 
 F 
 
D
 Fy '' 

The Nodal Forces

Q Nx   x 0. 
Q   0.  q N 
 Ny    y 
Q Fx ''   0. x ''   q F 
   
 Fy ''   0.
Q y '' 
 Nodal Coordinate
The Stiffness Matrix

k T k T T '

 x 0. 
 0.  AE  1 1 x y 0. 0. 
k  
y

 0. x ''  L  1 1   0. 0. x y '' 

   ''
 
 0. y '' 

N x N y Fx '' Fy ''
 x2 x y x x '' x y ''  N x
 
AE  y x y2 y x '' y y ''  N y
k 
L  x x '' y x '' x2 '' x ''y ''  Fx ''
 
 x y '' y y '' x ''y '' y2 ''  Fy ''
 Nodal Coordinate
The Member Forces
– The member forces can be determined using

q  k 'TD
 D Nx 
q N  AE  1 1 x y 0. 0.   D Ny 
 
q   L  1 1   0. 0. x 
y ''   D Fx '' 
 F    ''
 
D
 Fy 
''

 D Nx 
D 
y ''  
AE Ny 
qF   x  y x ''
L   D Fx '' 
 
D
 Fy 
''
 Example 6
• Determine the support reaction for the truss shown
Members Forces
Member 1: x  1, y  0, x  0.707,
'' y  0.707, L  4 m
''

 0 
 
EA 1  0 
q1   1 0 0.707 0.707    22.5kN
4 EA 127.3
 
 0 

Member 2: x  0, y  1, x  0.707, y  0.707, L  3 m

'' ''

 352.5 
 
EA 1  157.5
q2  0 1 0.707 0.707   22.5kN
3 EA 127.3
 
 0 

Member 3: x  0.8, y  0.6, L  5 m

 0 
 
EA 1  0 
q3   0.8 0.6 0.8 0.6  
 37.5kN
5 EA 352.5
 
 157.5
Thermal Changes and Fabrication Errors

Thermal Effects
If a truss member of length L is subjected to a temperature
increase T, The member undergo an increase in length of
L  TL

Then

q N 0  AE T
q F 0  AE T
Transforming into global coordinate
Q Nx 0 
 0. x  x 
Q Ny 0  y  0.   1 
 
   AE T
 1  AE  T  y 
 Q Fx 0   0. x     x 
   0. 
y 

 

 Q Fy 0    y
Thermal Changes and Fabrication Errors

Fabrication Errors
If a truss member is made too long by an amount L, then the force
q0 needed to keep the member at its design length L

AE L
q N 0 
L
AE L
 F 0
q  
L
In global coordinates
Q Nx 0 
   x 
Q Ny 0  AE L  
   y 
 Q Fx 0  L  x 
   
 
  Fy 0 
Q  
y
 Thermal Changes and Fabrication Errors
Matrix Analysis

Q  KD  Q 0
Q0 : is the column matrix for the entire truss of the
initial fixed-end force caused by the temperature
changes and fabrication errors of the members
defined in previous equations

Q k   K 11 K 12  D u  Q k 0 

Q  =  K     
 u   21 K 22  D k  Q u 0 
 Thermal Changes and Fabrication Errors

The Member forces

q  k TD  q 0
'

 D Nx 
D   AE T
AE  Ny 
qF   x y x y    q F 0
L  D Fx 
   AE L
 D Fy  L
 Example 7
• Determine the force in member 1 and 2 of the pin-connected
assembly if the member 2 was made 0.01m too short before it
was fitted into place. Take AE=8(103)
 Example 8
Member 2 of the truss shown is subjected to an increase in temperature
of 150 F. Determine the force developed in member 2. E=29(106)lb/in2.
Each member has across sectional area of A=0.75 in2
 Springs Structures

ks
q  k 'd
ks q2
q1

 1 1 d1 d2
k '  ks  
 1 1 
Where:
k s :is the spring stiffness
Example 9

3 1 2 4
1 2 3

Given: For the spring system shown,

K1 = 100 N/mm, K2 = 200 N/mm,
K3 = 300 N/mm
P = 500 N.
Find:
(a) The global stiffness matrix
(b) Displacements of nodes 1 and 2
(c) The reaction forces at nodes 3 and 4
(d) The force in the spring 2
 Solution
(a) The global stiffness matrix
 100 0 100 0  1
 0 2
 100 100  3  0 0 0

k1    
 100 100  1  100 0 100 0  3
 
 0 0 0 0 4

 200 200 0 0 1
 0 0 2
 200 200  1  200 200 
k2    
 200 200  2  0 0 0 0 3
 
 0 0 0 0 4

0 0 0 0 1
 0 300  2
 300 300  2 0 300 
k3    
 300 300  4 0 0 0 0 3
 
0 300 0 300  4
 Solution
The global stiffness matrix
3 1 2 4
K = k1 + k2 + k 3 1 2 3

 100 0 100 0  1  200 200 0 0  1 0 0 0 0 1

 0 0 0 0  2  200 200 0 0  2 0 300 0 300  2
K      
 100 0 100 0  3  0 0 0 0  3 0 0 0 0 3
     
 0 0 0 0 4  0 0 0 0  4 0 300 0 300  4

 300 200 100 0 1

 200 500 0 300  2
K  
 100 0 100 0 3
 
 0 300 0 300 4
 Application of Stiffness Method
– The global force components Q acting on the Structure can
be related to its global displacements D using
Q  KD
Q k   K 11 K 12  D u 
Q  =  K K  D 
 u   21 22   k 
Qk, Dk = know external loads & displacements. The loads
here exist on the truss as part of the problem
Qu, Du = unknown loads & displacements. The loads here
represent the unknown support reactions
K = structure stiffness matrix
Q k  K 11Du  K 12 D k
Qu  K 21Du  K 22 D k
 Q  KD
 Q1   300 200 100 0   D1 
Q   200 500 300   D2 
 2  0
 
 
Q3   100 0 100 0   D3 
Q4   0 300 0

300   D4 

(b) Displacements of nodes 1 and 2

D3 = D4 = 0., Q1 = 0 and Q2 = P = 500
 0   300 200 100 0   D1 
500   200 500   D 
   0 300
  2 
 
 Q3   100 0 100 0  0 
 Q4   0 300 0

300   0 
10 
 300 200   D1   0.   D1   11 
 200 500   D   500     
  2    D2  15 
 11 
(c) The reaction forces at nodes 3 and 4
10 
 300 200 100 0   11   0   1000 
  
 200 500 0 300  15  500  Q3   11 
         
 100 0 100 0   11   Q3   4  
Q 4500 
  0    11 
 0 300 0 300   Q4 
0
 

(d) The force in the spring 2

 k2  k2   d1   q12 
 k      2
 2 k2  d 2  q2 
10   1000 

 200 200   11   q12   q12   11 
 200 200  15    2    2   
    q2   2  
q 1000 
 11   11 
 Space Truss Analysis
xF xN xF xN
x  cos x  
L x F  x N    y F  y N   z F  z N 
2 2 2

yF  yN yF  yN
y  cos y  
L x F  x N    y F  y N   z F  z N 
2 2 2

zF zN zF zN
z  cos z  
L x F  x N    y F  y N   z F  z N 
2 2 2

x y z 0 0 0
T 
0 0 0 x y z 
 Stiffness Matrix
 x 0
 0
 y 
 0  AE  1 1 x y z 0 0 0
k  z   1 1   0
0 x  L   0 0 x y z 
0 y 
 
0 z 

Nx Ny Nz Fx Fy Fz
 x2 x y x z x2 x y x z  N x
 
 y x y2 y z y x y2 y z  N y
AE  x z y z z2 x z y z z2  N z
k   
L  x2 y x x z x2 x y x z  Fx
 x y y2 y z x y y2 y z  Fy
 
 x z y z z2 x z y z z  Fz
2
 Stiffness Matrix

 C xyz C xyz 
k 
 C xyz C xyz 

 x2 x y x z 
AE  
C xyz   x y y2 y z 
L
 x z y z z2 
