RESEARCH

 The systematic investigation and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new
conclusions.

 Meaning of Research:

 Word ‘Research’ is comprises of two words = Re+Search.

It means “to search again”.

So, research means a systematic investigation or activity to gain new knowledge of the already existing facts.

Research is an intellectual activity. It is responsible for bringing to light new knowledge. It is also responsible for
correcting the

 Present mistakes,

 Removing existing misconceptions and

 Adding new learning to the existing fun of knowledge

WHAT IS RESEARCH? • Research is systematic, because it follows certain steps that are logical in order.

These steps are:

1. Understanding the nature of problem to be studied and identifying the related area of knowledge.
2. Reviewing literature to understand how others have approached or dealt with the problem.
3. Collecting data in an organized and controlled manner so as to arrive at valid decisions.
4. Analysing data appropriate to the problem.
5. Drawing conclusions and making generalizations.

INTRODUCTION:

Research is an essential and powerful tool in leading man towards progress. Without systematic research there
would have been very little progress.

John W. Best has rightly said,

“The secret of our cultural development has been research, pushing back the areas of ignorance by discovering
new truths, which, in turn, lead to better ways of doing things and better products.”

Scientific research leads to progress in some field of life.

 New products,

 new facts,

 new concepts and

 new ways

Above all of doing things are being found due to ever-increasing significant research in the fields of the
psychological

 physical,

 the biological,

 the social and

 the psychological physical

 the biological,
  the social and

What is methodology of a research?

Research methodology is the specific procedures or techniques used to identify, select, process, and analyze
information about a topic.

In a research paper, the methodology section allows the reader to critically evaluate a study's overall validity and
reliability.

Essential steps in research

Whether it is basic research or applied research, the general steps necessary to characterize a biological research
as a creditable one are the following:

1.Selection of subject, field topic and specific problem of the research.

2. Formulate your question.

3. Get background information.

4. General survey of the field to understand the problem of the research.
5. Specific survey of the relevant literature ( already existing published knowledge).

6. Defination of the problem, including differentiating, defining and classifying its components.

7. Determining the parameters required to be studied towards the solution of the problem.

8. Choosing the methodology to study the parameters.

9. Standarazing the methodology and testing its suitability for the specific

problem.

10. Systematic classification, tabulation, presentation, analysis and

interpretation of the collected data.

11. Reporting all the above in the form of thesis, dissertation or paper.
Types of Research:

Descriptive verses analytical

 descriptive research consists of surveys and fact-finding enquires of different types.

 The main objective of descriptive research is describing the state of affairs as it prevails at the time of
study.
 The term ex post facto research is quite often used for descriptive research studies in social sciences and
business research
 The most distinguishing feature of this method is that the researcher has no control over the variables
here.
 He/she has to only report what is happening or what has happened.
 Majority of ex post facto research projects are used for descriptive studies in which the researcher
attempts to examine phenomena, such as the consumers preferences, frequency of purchase, shopping
etc.
 Despite the inability of the researchers to control the variables, e post facto studies may also comprise by
them to discover the causes of the selected problem
 The method of research adopted in conducting descriptive research are survey methods of all kinds,
including co-relational and comparative methods.
 Meanwhile, in the Analytical research, the researcher has to use the already available facts or information
and analyses them to make a critical evaluation of the subject

Applied verses Fundamental

 Research can also be applied or fundamental in nature.
 An attempt to find a solution to an immediate problem encountered by a firm, an industry, a business
organization, or the society is known as applied research.
 Researchers engaged in such researchers aim at drawing certain conclusion confronting a concrete social
or business problem.
 On other hand fundamental research mainly concerns generalization and formation of a theory.
 Likewise, studies focusing on human behavior also fall under the category of fundamental research.

Quantitative verses Qualitative

 Quantitative research is particularly is particularly significant in the context of behavioral sciences, which
aim at discovering the underlying motives of human behavior.
 Quantitative research relates to aspects that can be quantified or can be expressed in terms of quantity. It
involves the measurement of quantity or amount.
 On other hand Qualitative research is concerned with qualitative phenomena, or more specifically, as
aspects related to or involving quality or kind.
 Example an important type of qualitative research is “Motivation research”. Which investigates into the
reason for human behavior.

Conceptual verses Empirical

 The research relates to some abstract idea or theory is known as conceptual research.
 Generally, philosophers and thinker use it for developing new concepts.
 Empirical research, on the other hand, exclusively relies on the observation or experience with hardly any
regard for theory and system.
 Such research is data based, which often comes up with conclusions that can be verified through
experiment or observation.
 Empirical research is also known as experimental type of research, in which it is important to first the facts
and their sources, and actively take steps to stimulate the production of desired information.
MATERIALS AND METHODS

We might have indicated in the title, what material used and what steps of methodology adopted and probably
justified their choice in the introduction.
In materials and methods section, the details of all the materials and methods used and if necessary.
The details of the specific techniques.
method, technique, procedure and protocol

Tittle:

 it should be precise. (words)

 it should be clear (conceptual)
 it should be specific. (scope)
 it should be catchy. (attractive)

…………………………..examples

Review of literature:

 it is an extensive survey of all available past studies relevant to the filed of investigation.
 It give us knowledge about what others have found out in the related filed of study and how they have
done so

Purpose of review:

 To gain a background knowledge of the research topic.

 To identify the concepts relating to it.
 To identify data sources used by other researches.
 To learn how others structured their reports

Source of literature:

 Books and journals

 Electronic data base
 Internet
 Research desertions/ thesis

Objective:

1. To Study was planned to diagnose the newly cases of diabetes mellitus in our rural, under-developed
area.
2. To established observational study to get data of prevalence about Diabetes Mellitus type I and II.
3. To Determine Diabetes Mellitus describes metabolic disorders of multiple etiologies characterized by
chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrates, protein and fat metabolism resulting
from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both.