Klbt Shacr

ihe
and

tellourg propextis
A tilbeutpace

a linea Space
a etof scalaru

dsit
Jl ceniut of a
a, b,c,
at ef ecfon
- cotrih satisty

coniitt of two cet of elemerle

9
and two algebiuie ules aJ
i set otvectorr and et
ot Acalart,
3 folouws vecte additn and scalor multiplicaiou.

Aoloitiu Rule- 3t has Hhe an abelian goup-

probettèr ot
¢ are vectors,ofa
space, Hhei aum 'p +¢, s
alo a
vecto of same pace.
Jt fotlows commutaliity sue ag P+o +9.
3t fallows anociati vihvule ag- (p+9*X = +(¢ +T).

P
Jhere existence of
there
a zeno on neutral vectan
mut exut a zexo vectos o.
- f eac vectoj

Fuch at O+ = p+o =9.

Jhene is existence of a symmetric or vete vecfoy- eac
eta must have a symmetrut vecta C-*).
that. +(-) =-4)+4 =o.
Maktippicatin Rule
- Jhe of by acalara
multiplicatiom vectors

Coan eal oconplea)

be there phoperttee -
has

Ihe toduct of sealan uih a vectas qies another

Ekaa diutibutvity
a (+¢)=
ha+ uwpect to adolitèu
a , a+b) p = Qtby.
vecton

Jt alo has ausociatvity witnerpect to multipliCatin of

Malaru-
abP)-@b)p,
 Teackele ment y hee mut exúta unutuy scalon T 'ano

as aReoAcalan 'o'S.+. T #I =¢ and op =po = o

he Acalan

Je
n
a

) delined scalan pxoduct

pioduct of an element
qeneral a complete number,
Comaler number.
Acala troruct satufies *he tollevoirg
that

y with
ústsutly
anothen

taopenti-
pesifue
elemet

C
+btp

as1+b )() a) =
antilinean witru pect to

) ll

is seharable
F
a
-4
( )+
b,°2) .anol
tbo,-
+b 4)
2o.,whene equali ty halds only fo =0.

Jhere eiut a Cauchy sequence, Pn E H(= t,24- -Such

tHat fo evexy p of H ad €y o, hene exut at Jeast
ne Pr of the sequence for hich,
p-Plle
Cd sis Conplete evey cauchy sequene Prn eR
Conveges to
an elemert ef ie fer any y , the elatán
im n-m=o
defne a unique Aimit y

Hilbed Apace is simply

hum
| -4n=o.
of t. cuo that,

a pace of tunctme, ot Continur

vauiables .
oliscete
1talles 6 prucisely cwite doun he projectin postulates
 Acala troduce(tbi®)- The secend focda p belsrng.r
to Hilbext xpoce t, utile cthe tout facto ¢, belngs to It
dual Hilbet
pace Hd.
the Acalan product u not cammutative,Hhen
Cc1)+(,®).
The atae of aayuttm is repaetd sn quatum
echanis by elenmends of a ilbet fbace ,
there elenmett ane
GoLtedState Vectoy?.

Dao Notalin-Dac derged He state vecto y by he

the
Symba, Ip ch ús caled a Ket Vectax
Ke belong to tilbet Spoce
There alo exut a dusl state vecta ,Called Ba,uepregerteol
pl. beleng to olual Hilbert Space.

Theorem- Prove athe expectaticu value of Hemitan

obeta u Real. and antheamitán is imaginay.

eof- 4et A be hermitàn. and Jet p be any skat at all,

hen,

f(*)"edz -(64"ydx

B hat,(R)
See
combairing
the begining
mut alau
and end of hat exhren n,se
be uak
ond Metod-
asing completenen
heoremn)

(pl Andn) n))

An n
19n> < dnl

Hea.
t real because the e'gen valuu
one all neal and
he
us aluoaystal.
value squaned of amy backet

.
.
absalute

No Censtdex,
an ant hermitian eperator B ie --B,
suppose B has eigenvalues bn
aritth

0
eigenvectars bn l

,
Blbn) bnlbo
bnl8 bbnl= bn18
Lom e4nO, we qut-
bnl8lbn) == bn bnlbn) = bn
ome4 (bn1® - bbn- 1.

Hence the LH S Can be wuitten aj

bnl8 bn) =-b (bnlbn) z -br

Now Combairing ean 4 -
bn- bá whith is mly þoseible,
when bn is .
imaginany
Not
 2E n
bn 1ba) bn 14
be lmagunany
bn ,wwchmut
Sunce al thhe bn ane imastnary

value of a Hemitán
We see Hhat he éxpectatin is
an ant Hermitan
Hence, -
is always Meal and of
Obcta
imaqunay
=
Trace lAB) TracelE).
heoven Shothat.
an openatan, A is defheola
We th no
w Hhat ace of
= Elpi[A I4)
Tace

So, Tace (As )= E (*ilAš141)

aelaton
Now vsing Combletener

Tace ():
41+il{

aj1611Ê19;>

Tnece (A =Taace(6A
 eorem Show that Tace of Comm utatan is alway xeno.

roof dsetno that, The

Cemmutatin nelatn au
tuwro openabu ord sho

So,ie fuid he broce of the qwen Commufalor,ther,

T (AB-BA)
T
TA1)=
dJ) Tr(A)
= T« @A).
Tr (À )
d,we hno Hhat. Tr (Aoy
Tr (an)
-Tr(ân)
So, TADI)=

He
T3)
ae
o.
i always zeno
Hence, of commutator

l¢R)14>.
ProblenMatir Reprea entah ån of
Soluton- Jhe given
innen puoduct can be witen a

Now wing Completeneu selaton,

= nAnmAnm bm.
Thù iu he element of 4IÄI4
as-
Hence he matix Can be nepres ented
b
An A11
b2
A2 Aa bs
 blem- Caonaide the Jwo mabuces

1-f

C) Axe these Hemmituan?

he invene of ther mamces
( Caleulate
CC) Ave hese umitary he tme'o,
of n and B
ane of
C Venfy hat Hhe determi'na nth

Ftid the Ceneapamdi vaus ofo.

Solwhom Jhe qven matsuces a

1+i 1-i|
Ali) 21-i +i/
+
weftid ) ,
L+0 1-

-A
At
Hence, matux A i
B is not heymitian
Arti Hermi tta, So

(b). Tnvese of matucer A and B

IA
cofacta

adi A
ofR

adA
-i2) -

nl
) ) - (D1-

cofachoa

adj
Ttiyn

of 0 =

adad Li
-(-is]=i.2i
/ I+i
2

/1*i
-
1+

l-í
 de cee that , A and 8'.
Hence e matuies A and axe not unitany

d). toe
tid Hhe determunant of n ond ane 9vfn a,
IAl= ond (B1-27
e now hat,
Sin6 e0-e -io
and Coso eie-ío
ar 2.
eio-
Sin8
e ad Coso efo e*

eio +e-io
Coso
So, we can uwute,
IA eoe-o 01 elo-e-io
Sing
ceso
as, when we put0 =*/4
e' -iy
I81
A sin

e eeW; 81 e il4

Hene ehhe cawmu pondlne value of -/4

 oben Prove
Uncertaind Rulstin betven tooopet

ra ed,vecta state |p>, 1=1,

then
and

Nous AA A-LA>

( A A (A>2

A- LAD2+2 (A
A2-A
+ A? - (A

2(<A
- 2 A(A
A)
-
- 2 A(AS

(AA
similary, (aô)3 = 02 - <®.
Noo, ((AA
(Aâj) = <B2 - <ôy2
S
and,

AA (4A) =A
-A>2
AR ard AB ae alto
A and ,ae Hermitan then,
If
Hemitan A

At A and A0t AB

No Jet, I1)= AÂI¥, xl y lAA

and

S
 Na using
Schwava
intquality-
(7|x).(¢Io) |(x1p>2
So

No,

te m is bosi tve
EsinceHe foiut
iea numbtr]
4

iu the uncertanty selahim

between to operato.
Thu

Uncertaity Puincdple
-
Heicenberg
Tn geneal, he
-
tuincile statu that hene is uncentainty any pai fa
) cau
pondi'nq openatou do not

,
of obsevables cohose
Commue
Suppo A andR are any pa of obsenvablu ond the
Cavrupomelirg openases ae ard heo.
 k,suppose tha fuitobsevables us positin (A
-x )ad
the Aecond momercum( 4). To detemihe he
he
Commutaõ we we on abitrary
funchn fm) .

di

So
Accodings, op*2 (*)
.
Thi's is the onigual teisenber Unertaunty binuible

Theovem.0)f»n a hemitian
opendon ,alo f
ih eLgen valu
Oe eol. ard e'gen vectau (a epondlin9 to dHferent
es'gen values ane athogmal

e Kna hat, Adn) =an|on

|
Kon
S
S ml n) = anml dn) D
and
m RT-
S, 4ml Atldn)
adm
No,
No eno and,we get,
subtkachiy
an mln - 4mln) =(m| 1¢a) -mA*16
Shce the fact, A a Hermitan thon ,R =a.
S
 an-am) a1o)=o
Thene ane two CaCe a se
amI Ifm=n, then (¢nlDn > o, So On 0n
Hence the
eigenvalues an muut be ital.
Cae0 1f m#n, n general, an4and, S we muut
StnCe
have
ave
Othogmra
mn)=o,tthatis, [¢m) and 4¢ must be
Hence faa Her muhian sbeata, alU of it egenvaluu ane
Meal ond che
eigenvectau cooespmolin4 to different
egenvalue ane athogona.
4 3oo hevmihàn operatos Commute and
A and
A
4
has

no degenenafe eigenvalues,then each egen vecoy of

can comtuct
us also an eigen vectoofn'. In additm te
he aut
a Comman oxthogona!nanmal basis.i.o. 'maole of

egen vecko of and 0

with no degennate eigen value
Ssluchin Snce, A is hemitan ne egenveckr
to each value, thene iu Carures pmdling anly
and eigen
Now Consider he ean
A lbn anldn).-
qven ond commwe, hen, Aî - A.
So
A (816n>) = on(î1td)
A with eigenvalue ao.
Her,(BI6o7)is an eigenvectan of
But a
fon A ,
dhene is coJvnu pandiy mly
ome eigenvectorn

is ad the ke+ (¢» must alto

So, cthi eigenvecan unique.
be on eigen vecta of ? e.
 Sihce,
eoch
eigenvecfo of Ä d also an eigenvectan of ard vice ves4.|
So. Bosthof these oberadas have common bac.
This bass a
unqu Iitis made of the jotnt eigenvecta of and B
a A 1b on lcbn

B ldn bnldn
Hhen jont eigen basu
dn 16 |n =b'n <dolan| n
n AIdn) = b'n an ldnldn

nltnd = i.

anti heumitian are either pwely imagena

9.y The eigenvalue of
equal Jorero. So,
that cthe operalan is ant-hemittan.
orteef-de guien

an openato A, whuch iianth- hermitan

Jet
f-e At A
No A|¢n) =an|Gn) ldml®| dn) = an ml
and
nA m |*|4n) =a(bml
No Substractng
he ean o and 16»)
-am mlbn) (m)Rl®n)-
anemn)
(an- am)
= (tm]Ê 1dn)-m|^*|0,)
m n)
iu ant hexmitan ie. A = A
Since A
So
emen)(an- am) & <¢m | |Dn) 2 am|®n)
 n-m)tmlOn)= 2 an (tm)0n)-
Casel m=n hen ltn1dn - 1, S 20
an Qm
Qn am,tas is
imoginary
m4, then (tml¢-o, then uo nHity
Cae
Qn o is puney
Hence, The eigen value of anti- hermitan openasa
imagirary of equal to zeno

i) The ei genualuu of unitay oberatos ave Complex rummbend o

modul1, the eigen vectou of a onitay openado thaf has
o degenenate eigen valus, then they
ill be mutual
othogral
olshon

We

as,
et19>
A with eigen values
Can toite

AA
and [dm) be eigenvectas
an Ord am nesþechvey

((4ml A) (Ê1n))

=i ,So, the equah en

Ldm n
= a an (4m dnd
= h anltml
Can be wutenas
.
to the unitay operažs

1(om n) = am an (om|dn)
(ahn-1)(om |¢») =o-
The above
Caset =n=m,
Hence,
ear. will

(9=i
ha tuo coyes-

Sine¢m)¢n) o ,the n
aa9n an2=11
1an =

that lom ad
Cace n# mn the onuy possibiLity in ttis case,

ane outhogoral, dmn> =o.