Note: Check color markings on the right

side of each slide

Green: From Book (Section/Page #
. /Text/Equations/Fig will be given)

Red : Not from Book (help to explain the

subsequent/previous Text/Figures
topics)

Blue : Must Know to understand/relate

next/new topics
 V I /
Q
S

 P
T=1/ f
 Power Factor Real & Reactive Power

A Resistive load (=0) PF=cos0=1 Resistance

Consumes NO Reactive Power (VAR’s) sin0=0 V & I in Phase

Consumes only Real Power (Watts) P=VIcos

A Pure Inductive load (=90) PF=cos90=0

Inductive
Consumes NO Real Power (Watts) PF=cos90=0 V Leads I 90o
– Consumes only Reactive Power (VARs)

jQ = /90o

A Pure Cpacitive load (=90) PF=cos90=0

Capacitive
Consumes NO Real Power (Watts) PF=cos90=0
I Leads V 90o
– Consumes only Reactive Power (VARs)

-jQ = /-90o
2.3 (P-58-61) THE IDEAL TRANSFORMER (cont…..

Power in an Ideal Transformer

Real power P supplied to the transformer by the primary circuit
Pin  VpIp cos p
p   s  
Real power coming out of the secondary circuit
 Vp 
Pout  VsIs cos  s    
 aIp cos   VpIp cos   Pin

 a 
Thus, the output power of an ideal transformer is equal to its input power.

The same relationship applies to reactive Q and apparent power S:

 Is 
Qin  VpIp sin   aVs   cos   VsIs sin   Q out
a
Sin  VpIp  VsIs  S out
Impedance Transformation
(to simplify the circuit for calculations)

Animation
2.3 (P-58-61) THE IDEAL TRANSFORMER (cont…..

Impedance Transformation (to simplify the circuit for calculations)

VL VS Ip Is= IL
Load Impedance: ZL = =
IL IS
' VP ZL'  Vp Z L  Vs ZL
Primary Impedance: Z =
L
IP
VP IS N P
From = = = = a = turn ration
VS I P N S
IS
As VP = aVS and IP =
a
' VP aVS VS
2
Z =
L = =a
IP IS IS
a
Eliminated Magnetic '
'
Z = a ZL
L
2
Coupling – Simple Circuit
VP ZL'  a 2 ZL ZL
Example 1: For the iron core transformer of Fig: Find the input impedance of
the transformer (OR transform the 2k to the primary side)

Is= 100mA
Vs Ip
200 V
R   2k
Is 100 mA
VP=1600V R/ R Vs=200V R= 2k
VP
R 
/
IP

VP 1600
a   8  turns ratio (Transforma tion ratio )
VS 200
Ip

R/  a2R
VP=1600V R/ R/= 128k
 R /  82 x 2k  128k
1600 V IS 100 mA
Now IP   0.0125 A  12 .5mA OR IP    12 .5mA
128 k a 8
Example 2
Rsource=512 Isource Rsource=512 Ispeaker

V=120V
R/ R(speaker)=8 
V=120V R(speaker)=8  Source
Isource
8 :1
Source
NP
a  8 (8 : 1 ratio )
120 V NS
Isource   230 .8mA
512   8I R /  a 2R( spea ker)  82.8  512 
Re fered to the primary
2
Power to the spea ker isource R( spea ker)
Isource
Rsource=512
 (230 .8mA ) .8  0.43 W
2
R/ = 512 
V=120V

Source
2
Power to the spea ker isource R / ( spea ker) 120 V
Isource   117 .19mA
 (230 .8mA )2 .512   7.032 W 512   512 I
Example 3
A 100-kVA, 2400/240-V, 60-Hz step-down transformer (ideal) is used between a
transmission line and a distribution system.
(i) Determine turns ratio. (a=?)

Turns ratio, a = 2400 / 240 = 10

(ii) What secondary load impedance ( ZL? ) will

cause the transformer to be fully loaded (rated
load).
Is=?
Is= 100,000/240 = 416.67 A 240V ZL=? 100kVA

 ZL= Vs/Is = 240/416.7 = 0.576 ohm

(iii) what is the corresponding primary current (IP)?

Ip = Is /a = 416.67 / 10 = 41.67 A

(iv) Find the load impedance referred to the primary.

Load impedance Z’L referred to the primary: = a2 0.576 = 57.6 ohm

Assignment : Due next class – Make sure to write your
name and role number.

In Example 2
(a) Transform Primary side (source) impedance to the
secondary side.
(a) Transform the source to the secondary side.
(b) Find the secondary side (Ispeaker) current.
(c) Find the source current
(d) Why transformers rating (capacity) are given in VA (KVA)
Example 2-1 (P 64)
Example 2-1 (P 64)
Example 2-1 (P 64)
 Line
Losses?

Vload?
 V =480/0o

-37.8o

Iline =90.8/-37.8o
 V =480/0o

-0.9o

Vload =454/-0.9o
Do We consider
Load Losses???
Solution (b)
Solution (b)
Solution (b)
Solution (b)
Solution (b)
Solution (b)
 Without With
Transformer Transformer
Transmission 1484 Watts 16.4 Watts
Line Losses
Load Voltage 454/-0.9o V 479.7/-0.01o V

Load Current 90.8/-37.8o A 95.94/-36.88o I

What is the reason for low losses ????

 Real Single Phase Transformer

• The characteristics of a real Transformer approximate

the characteristics of an ideal transformer only to a
certain degree.

• Flux passing through each turn of a coil is slightly

different from the flux in the other turns, depending on
the position of the turn within a coil.

• Some of the Flux lines leave the iron core and pass
through the air are responsible for leakage flux.
Transformation: It is possible to match the
magnitude of a load impedance to a source
impedance simply by picking the proper turn ratio
(a=NP/NS)
jQ = /90o

-jQ = /-90o