Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Regional Office IX, Zamboanga Peninsula

12 Zest for Progress

Z Peal of artnership

DISS
First Quarter- Module 14:
Social Science Ideas:
The Role of Filipino Indigenous Ideas

Name of Learner: ___________________________

Grade & Section: ___________________________
Name of School: ___________________________
 Development Team of the Module
Writer/s: Dave A. Fuentes
Editor: Florence S. Gallemit
Evaluators: Perga A. Cadiente
Florence S. Gallemit
Dr. Jephone Yorong
Illustrator: Name of illustrator/Photographer
Layout Artist: Peter Alavanza, Name of layout artist
Management Team: Dr. Isabelita M. Borres, CESO III
Dr. Eugenio B. Penales
Sonia D. Gonzales
Dr. Ella Grace M. Tagupa
Dr. Jephone P. Yorong
Florence S. Gallemit
 Target
Good day students! Welcome to our new lesson in DISS 11. This
module is prepared for you to learn in defining culture and society from the
perspective of Social Science ideas upon following the instructions and doing
the activities on the succeeding pages.
After going through this module, you are expected to:

A. Evaluate the roles of Filipino indigenous social ideas to national

development
 Review
Before we proceed to our lesson, I want you to answer this activity.
TRUE/ FALSE
Direction: Write True if the statement is correct. If incorrect, write False.

_________1. Rizal provided a critique of colonial knowledge of the Philippines

and a theory of colonial society that explains the nature and
conditions of Filipino colonial society.
_________2. Jose Rizal’s annotation and re-publication of the Antonio Morga’s
Sucesos delas Islas Filipinas proves his awareness of the orientalist
schalorship in Europe during the 19th century.
_________3. Mabini believes men are nature evil and have no capacity to unfold
goodness and sense of justice to others.
_________4. For Mabini, a society should have a soul, an intellect, and will that
will make it work.
_________5. According to Recto, the prosperity of a country relies on foreign
industries.
_________6. Smooth interpersonal relations is acquired through
pakikisama only.
__________7. In contractual reciprocity, participants are aware and
knowledgeable of what is expected of them and their expectations of
others as well.
__________8. Utang na loob is characterized by the equal repayment with prior
agreement.
_________9. Sikolohiyang Pilipino introduced a movement that focuses on
identity and national consciousness, specially looking at the social
sciences as the study of humankind and diwa.
_________10. Pilipinolohiya studies the Philippines for itself and for its own
people’s interest through the use of its own conceptual categories
as the nexus of interpretation.

Discover

Lesson
THE ROLE OF FILIPINO INDIGENOUS SOCIAL IDEAS
2

Development of indigenous research methods

The impact of Sikolohiyang Pilipino was greatly felt in the area of social
research methods. In 1975, Carmen Santiago, a postgraduate student of
psychology at U.P., did a study on pagkalalaki(no equivalent in English, but
approximately, it means ‘‘masculinity’’,‘‘maleness’’, ‘‘manhood’’, or all of
these) for a class under Enriquez. This study was to be the turning point in
Philippine social research for it was in her articles (Santiago, 1975,1977) that
the pakapa-kapa(‘‘groping’’) approach was first introduced.
To many traditional researchers, her approach was avant-garde for she
believed that it is not necessary to have a clear-cut research design nor a
review of related literature before embarking on a research, especially if
existing written materials are foreign to the culture being studied. In a
subsequent paper, she and Enriquez discussed the loopholes of Philippine
social research, including the lack of relevance of research topics to the needs
of the people being studied, inappropriateness of (Western) methods to the
ways of the people, definitions based on Western theories, and overemphasis
on data rather than on the process.
As an alternative, they proposed ways of making research more Filipino,
which eventually became the backbone of indigenous research methods –
methods which are not imported nor invented, but are natural or existing
patterns of behavior (not methods), discovered and developed as research
methods. (Santiago & Enriquez, 1976)In searching for appropriate research
methods that are indigenous to Filipino experience, Filipino scholars have
learned to assume the pakapa-kapaperspective, ‘‘a suppositionless approach
to social scientific investigations. As implied by the term itself, pakapa-kapais
an approach characterized by groping, searching and probing into an
unsystematized mass of social and cultural data to obtain order, meaning
and directions for research’’ (Torres, 1982, p. 171).There are at least five basic
guiding principles relevant to the use of indigenous perspective in general,
and indigenous research methods in particular. First, the level of interaction
or relationship that exists between the researcher and the researched
significantly determines the quality of the data obtained in the research
process.
The levels of interaction are the same ones as the kapwa classifications
–Ibang-Tao(‘‘Outsider’’) and Hindi-Ibang-Tao(‘‘One-of-us’’). It is recommended
that the first level under Hindi-Ibang-Tao, which is pakikipagpalagayang-
loob(level of mutual trust, understanding, rapport) should be reached, at the
minimum, in order to be assured of good quality data.
The dichotomy of the ‘‘One-of-us’’ and the ‘‘Outsider’’ categories reflects
a value for defining membership in a group which determines the boundaries
or the extent of allowable behavior for a person. Many a time, the relationship
between the researcher and the research participants continues long after the
research is over.Second, research participants should always be treated by
researchers as equal, if not superior – a fellow human being and not like a
‘‘guinea pig’’ whose sole function is to provide data.
From this principle, certain behaviors on the part of the researcher are
prescribed. For example, in the method of pagtatanong-tanong(literally,
‘‘asking questions’’, marked by casualness when in fact, the researcher is
truly determined to get answers to his questions), the research participants
are free to ask the researcher as many questions as they want, therefore
acting much like a ‘‘researcher’’ themselves. These questions should be
accorded the same respect and not avoided (Pe-Pua, 1989). In many of the
research methods, research participants actually have an input in the
research process itself – in terms of time management, structure of the
questions, interpretation – without their being aware of it. Third, the welfare
of the research participants take precedence over the data obtained from
them. The goal of research is understanding, but not at the expense of the
very people from whom this understanding will spring.
The primary ethical responsibility of researchers should be to the
people and not to their institution or funding agency. For example, if the
publication of the research report will jeopardize the situation of the people,
then it should not be continued. If the needs of the community are unearthed
in the course of doing research on a different topic, and it is within the
researchers’ capability to help, then they should help. The research, aside
from being enlightening for the respondents, should also be empowering.
Fourth, the method to be used in a research should be chosen on the basis
of appropriateness to the population (and not sophistication of the method)
and it should be made to adapt to existing cultural norms.
For example, having somebody else butt in in the middle of an
interview session is not something to be upset over; one should go through
the process of getting to know each other first informally before asking
questions on topics that are not that common to people. Researchers cannot
expect people to adjust to the method; the method should adjust to the
people. And here is where pakikiramdam (sensitivity) is most needed – in
trying to figure out how the research method will work most effectively.
One essential ability that researchers must possess, whatever method
they are using, is pakikiramdam, a special kind of sensitivity to cues which
will guide them in their interaction with group members, especially with
Filipinos who are used to indirect and non-verbal manner of communicating
and expressing thoughts, attitudes, feelings and emotions. It is through
pakikiramdam that a researcher will know when to ask personal questions
and when not to pursue them; when it is time to leave; or how to interpret a
‘‘yes’’ or a ‘‘no’’. Fifth, the language of the people should be the language of
research at all times. If this is not possible, local researchers should be tapped
for assistance. It is in their own mother tongue that a person can truly express
their innermost sentiments, ideas, perceptions, and attitudes.
Some of the indigenous research methods that have been identified are
pagtatanong-tanong(improvised informal, unstructured interview) (Pe-Pua,
1989),pakikipagkuwentuhan(‘‘story telling’’ or ‘‘informal conversations’’)
(Orteza, 1997),ginabayang talakayan(collective indigenous
discussion),nakikiugaling pagmamasid(participant observation)(Bennagen,
1985),pakikisama(‘‘getting along with’’) (Nery, 1979),pagdalaw-
dalaw(‘‘visiting’’) (Gepigon & Francisco, 1978), and p anunuluyan(‘‘residing in
the researchsetting’’) (San Juan & Soriaga, 1985).

Sikolohiyang Pilipino in the realm of universal and world

psychology
We put forward now that what is generally considered as ‘‘universal’’
psychology is based on the psychology of industrialized and developed
countries of the West. This psychology aims to be a science comparable to
that of the natural sciences, thus approximating the laws of universality.
Influenced by logic o-positivist thinking to a large extent, this psychology
emphasizes what is directly observable, measurable and quantifiable. It has
set some kind of ‘universal’’ standard that has come to be accepted widely
among the social sciences.
 Sikolohiyang Pilipino recognizes the demands of universal science but
‘‘it likewise appreciates the value of affirming the peculiarity and
distinctiveness of man as a socio-cultural being’’ (Enriquez, 1992, p. 27). It
attempts to discover universals by encouraging cross-indigenous
perspectives, i.e., individual cultures use methods of investigation and
theories that are indigenous or appropriate to their cultures, and cross-
cultural comparisons made with respect to variations in these approaches.
However, ‘‘this does not mean that one has to set aside and ignore the specific
aspects of man associated with his culture’’ (p. 27).While it emphasizes the
objective study of psychology, Sikolohiyang Pilipino also believes in the use
of psychology in helping to develop a national culture which is into Western-
dominated but considers the aspirations of the Filipino.
Through the discovery and use of indigenous concepts and methods,
Sikolohiyang Pilipino is contributing to a truly universal psychology which is
based on a new set of principles: diversity and equality. Diversity because it
is a psychology that is drawn from the experiences and particularities of
various countries and cultures, and equality because it respects these various
psychologies as equally valid, important and relevant and does no attempt to
impose its ideas on others. Such a universal psychology is perhaps more of a
vision than a reality.

Analyze
Direction: Using the concepts learned from what you have read above, answer
the following question;
WHAT IS THE ROLE AND FUNCTION OF INDIGENOUS SOCIAL SCIENCE
IDEAS IN RESEARCH , CULTURE & HISTORY ?
 Enrichment
ACTIVITY PHOTO ANALYSIS
Direction: Examine the given photo below and answer the question that
follows;

-A Metro manila Development Authority signage-

GUIDE QUESTIONS:

1. What are the hidden messages of the conspicuous signage?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. What sort of behaviour, attitude, and consciousness are promoted in
those signage?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. What role does the state/ institution play in shaping the people’s
consciousness?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. How do people interpret and decide upon those signage and what do they
do that contribute to the shaping and reshaping of rules and regulations
in the society?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5. What is the impact of the rules and ordinances in regulating human
behaviour and its effect to nation building?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
 Activity
ACTIVITY 1. Argumentative Essay
Directions: Analyze the situation below and present your views, insights or
arguments on the issue.
Pambansang Photobomber is what they call in the buiding serving as
unwanted backdrop to the iconic monument of the national hero, Jose Rizal.
Located at the Luneta Park in Manila, the condominium building seems to distract
viewers and distorts the immaculate and post-card worthy scenery of the Rizal
Shrine.
 Remember

v Through the discovery and use of indigenous concepts and methods,

Sikolohiyang Pilipino is contributing to a truly universal psychology which
is based on a new set of principles: diversity and equality.
v Indigenous social science ideas focus on the study of ethnicity, society and
culture and the application to history and psychological research and practice
through the use and application of indigenous knowledge and rooted from the
Filipinos ethnic heritage and consciousness.

Evaluation
Multiple Choice:
Choose the letter that best corresponds your answer.
1. Which of the following is NOT being focus on the Indigenous Social Science
Ideas?
A. Filipino heritage C. Cultural Appreciation
B. Irrelevant researches on society D. Indigenous research methods

2. Which is being emphasized as pakikipagpalagayang-loob?

A. level of mutual trust C. understanding
B. rapport D. insecurity

3. Which of the following is identified as an indigenous research methods?

A. Pagtatanong-tanong C. Pakikipagkuwentuhan
B. Pagdalaw-dalaw D. All of these

4. Which of the choices below emphasized a collective indigenous discussion?

A. Pagtatanong-tanong C. Ginabayang talakayan
B. Pagdalaw-dalaw D. Pakikipagkuwentuhan

5. Which statement below do not support the idea being emphasized in

Sikolohiyang Pilipino?
A. Sikolohiyang Pilipino appreciates the value of affirming the peculiarity
and distinctiveness of man as a socio-cultural being.
B. It attempts to discover universals by encouraging cross-indigenous
perspectives and neglect your own.
C. Sikolohiyang Pilipino is contributing to a truly universal psychology
which is based on a new set of principles: diversity and equality.
D. It believes in the use of psychology in helping to develop a national
culture which is into Western-dominated but considers the aspirations
of the Filipino.
For nos. 6-10, identify the corresponding indigenous research methods being
emphasized. Choose the letter of your correct answer from the box.

A. Pakikipagkuwentuhan C. Ginabayang talakayan

B. Pagtatanong-tanong D. Nakikiugaling Pagmamasid

_________6. Participant observation

_________7. Improvised informal

_________8. Informal conversations

_________9. Collective Indigenous discussion

_________10. Unstructured interview

 Additional Work
ACTIVITY 1. Comparative Study
Directions: Compare the foreign social science ideas from the Filipino
social science concepts.

Foreign Ideas Philippine Ideas

Social Social
Science Science
Concept Concept
Soul Kaluluwa

Civilization Kabihasnan

Power Gahum

Revolution Himagsikan

Family Mag-anak

Place Pook
Rubric to be Use:
Satisfactory Excellent (5
Poor (2pt) Good (4pts)
(3pts) pts)

Organization
shows
Well organized
Some relations of
Serious and logical in
lapses in terms, few
errors in all areas,
organization lapses in
Organization organization, concepts and
that effect organization
difficult to links are easy
coherence but overall it
follow to follow and
and unity is easy to
understand
read and
understand

shows well
ideas are
developed
pertinent,
Ideas are ideas (terms
Ideas are extensive,
somewhat and
minimal, establish
Ideas random, concepts),
inappropriate purpose and
minimal, or enough to
or random show all
repetitious establish
elements of
purpose of
the topic
concept map

terms and
concepts are
with very few some linked
terms are
multiple connections showing
linked to
Connections connections that link multiple
multiple
to relate multiple relationships
other terms
terms ideas between
concepts and
ideas

shows a solid
knowledge of shows
shows some the topic, extensive the
shows very
knowledge some minor topic - links
little overall
Knowledge of the topic, gaps in show an
knowledge
gaps are knowledge, excellent and
the topic
evident missing or comprehensive
misconnected data
terms
References

A. Enriquez, V.G. (1976). Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Perspektibo at direksyon

(Filipino psychology:perspective and directioon). In L.F. Antonio, E.S.
Reyes, R.E. Pe and N.R. Almonte (Eds.),Ulat ng Unang Pambansang
Kumperensya sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Proceedings of the First National
Conference on Filipino Psychology)(pp. 221–243). Quezon City:
Pambasang Samahan sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino.

B. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1467-839X.00054

C. Dela Cruz, Arleigh Ross, et. Al. Discipline and Ideas in the Social
Sciences,pp. 121-175, Phoenix Publishing, house, Inc. 2016.
 Region IX: Zamboanga Peninsula Hymn – Our Eden Land

Here the trees and flowers bloom
Here the breezes gently Blow,
Here the birds sing Merrily,
The liberty forever Stays,
Here the Badjaos roam the seas
Here the Samals live in peace
Here the Tausogs thrive so free
With the Yakans in unity
Gallant men And Ladies fair
Linger with love and care
Golden beams of sunrise and sunset
Are visions you’ll never forget
Oh! That’s Region IX
Hardworking people Abound,
Every valleys and Dale
Zamboangueños, Tagalogs, Bicolanos,
Cebuanos, Ilocanos, Subanons, Boholanos,
Ilongos,
All of them are proud and true
Region IX our Eden Land
Region IX
Our..
Eden...
Land...

The Footprints Prayer Trees by Joyce Kilmer

One night I had a dream. I dreamed I think that I shall never see
that I was walking along the beach A poem lovely as a tree.
with the LORD.
A tree whose hungry mouth is prest
In the beach, there were two (2) sets Against the earth’s sweet flowing
of footprints – one belong to me and breast;
the other to the LORD.
A tree that looks at God all day,
Then, later, after a long walk, I And lifts her leafy arms to pray;
noticed only one set of footprints.
A tree that may in Summer wear
“And I ask the LORD. Why? Why?
A nest of robins in her hair;
Why did you leave me when I am sad
and helpless?”
Upon whose bosom snow has lain;
And the LORD replied “My son, My Who intimately lives with rain.
son, I have never left you. There was
only one (1) set of footprints in the Poems are made by fools like me,
sand, because it was then that I But only God can make a tree.
CARRIED YOU!