DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

BUREAV OF EDUCATION
.-- IMMIMMIt

BULLETIN, 1924, No. 12

SECRETARIAL TRAINING
REPORT OF THE NATIONAL CONFERENCE HELD AT
THE tOLLEGE OF SECRETARIAL SCIENCE
OF BOSTON UNIVERSITY
OCTOBER 27. 1923
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Prepared by
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GLeEN LEVIN SWIGGETT

SPECIALAST IN COMMERCIAL EDUCATION
BUREAU OE EDUCATION `lb

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SECRETARIAL TRAINING.

The National Conference on Secretarial Training, called by the

United States Bureau of Education in cooperation with Boston
University, was held at the College of Secretarial Science Saturday,
October 27, 1923. The conference was attended by 120 delegates,
representing Massachusetts, Connecticut. Pennsylvania, Illinois,
New York, New ;Terse' y, Rhode Island, and District of Columbia.

'PROGRAM OF THE CONFERENCE.

CONFERENCE TOPIC: Prifctices and Objectives in Training of Secretaries.
Chairman of the conference: Glen Levin Swiggett, Znited States Buresil
of Education.

MoRNING SESSION:
Pre8iding: liarey L. Jacobs, president of Bryant and Stratton Colima,
e
Providence..
Topir: Secretarial Training in
Public High Schools.. Edward J. McNamara, administrative
assistant, Girls' Conimercial High School, Brooklyn.
Private Business Schools.H. E. Bartow, secretary, Peirce
School of Business Administration, Philadelphia.
Discussion by C. M. Grover. head of commercial department,
Boxbury High School, Bóston.
40
.

AFTERNOON SESSIoN: e

Presiding: Edward H. Eldridge, director, School of Secretarial Studies,

Simmons College, Boston.
Topic: Secretarial Training in Colleges and Universities.
W. R. Wagenseller, director, School of Business Administration,.
Airy

Drexel Institute, Philadelphia.

Mary B. Breed, director, Margaret Morrison Carnegie College,
.Caenegie Institute of Technology, Nttsburgli.
EdAstisti J. Kilduff, chairman, department of business English,
7 . School Of Commerce, Account* and Finance, New York -s

UnIversity. . J.

Ann Brewington, division of secretarial trainingt College ot H

Commerce and Business Administration, University of
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Chicago. , .
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egharrerM. Thonlpson, dean, Coltege of Commertitd Businesi .,

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 2 AECRETAR1AL TRAINING.

EVENING SESSION:
Presiding: Graph In *Stetson. president of Salem Trust ao., Salem.
Topic: Objectives of Secretarial Training.
Business.Arthur L. church. secretary. Baldwin Locomotive
Works, Philadelphia.
Business Organizations. Harold S. Buttenheim, president.,
American City Bureau, New York City.
, Educational and Social Organizations.Mina Kerr, executive
secretary, American Association of University Women, Wash-
ington. D. C.
Publi Life.---Charleliee Svbein, managing editor, the Gregg
Writer, (.:IiisAgo.

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 MORNING SESSION.
Harry L Jacobs, President Bryant and Stratton College, Providence,
presiding.

GLEN LEVIN SWIGGETT. This conference on secretarial

training is held in order that representatives of the several types of
business training sehools may help through *discussion in working out
a better coordinated, aiticulated, and motivated course of study re-
lating to the subject of the conference. Business practice is never the
same. Nevertheless, there must be some essential things in secretarial
practice conunon to every phase of this type of service; ther4must be
certain fundamental things which every secretary from stenograpjler-
secretary to executive secretary must know and should do. tooki
and,texts on this subject, as well as training in school arid college.
plainly show that the objectives of secretarial training are confused.
Every stenographer is not a secretaeg, but every secredry should
have use of stenography. Secretarial service in the last analysis is
mediating and c6iiingitinicating. Technique and information must
- function in -relation to thése two objectives, always Kesent, no
matter what the type or grade of service, whether representing indi -
. viduals, firms or corporations, associations. institutign, or organiza-
tions. Two million business firms in the United States to-day need
at least as many stenographer-secretaries, and thikre are only 615,000
stenugnphers. Çhain stores, small retail stores, have imperative
need for a composite service, the basis, of which isfehowever, secre-
tarial, a mediating service betweèn the proprietary interests and the
consuming piblic. This type of service will greatly lessen failures
so (ommon and needlessly wasteful among the latter tlass of stores.
Then there are, in additionb, the manufacturing establishments;
commercial, bank ingotpd shipping firms; professional and technical
service, all of which rieed trained secretaries, althóugh many may not
know it. The United States Government stands in a representative
and protective relationship to the American people. Executive de-
partments, boards,* commissions, etc., are organized to -carry on
pi:actically every kind of service that organized business 'or groùps
of men and women carry on privately. The Goveriiment .needs for
similar service the same superior tipe of gecretarial service which is
:
satis4ctor7 to business ana private" life. Again, sopial service, 'oppoisil
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 4 SECRETARIAL TRAINING.

for a new type of 5ecretaria1 service, the need for which will liecome
I more apparent in the next 10 years. .

Secondary as well as collegiate pha s 'of seci.etarial preparation

nlust 6e better understood iu trdvr to dete the relationship of
. one to the other and to see hOw articulation can best be imide: to
evaluate the one-year, two-year, and four-year courses: tò, consider
the- .degree to 'which this kind of prepa-ration is entitled; to show
that' the training of secretaries for business and trade organizations,
for all institutional and associated effort., is secretarial service of a
high order and is to become a part of the nation's secretarial train-
ing program. There are basic subjects on which to build and from
which to proceed in building.: a .ecretarial training sequence, giving
information, skill, judgment, and initiative necessary for medlikting
service of responsible secretaries. The committee to be appointed td
,
continue the work of the conference will 'endeavor to find out what
these subjects are.
HARRY LOEB. JACOBS. There is almo'st universal use of tlw
word ". secretary " instead of " stenographer." There is need for a
more accurate use of the term in justice to the schools that are really
giving a secretarial coúrse, and to the product of these schools. The
line of demarcation between stenographic and secretarial work- is
difficult to define. Nearly all stenographic work embritces some secre-
tarial work. There are gradations in the secretarial field from the
high-grade stenographer with some secretarial duties up to the con-
fidential and personal assistant with practically an executive rank.
I 'The span between can be materially shortened 14 professional train-
ing beyond stenographic work. The secretarial course practically
begins where the stenographic course ends, although in the former
much ()tale preparation for the secretarial work has already been
'done. There is just as much difference between stenographic and real
secretarial training as there is between bookkeepink and accountancy
training. A secretary's knowledge involves experience in many ac-
tivities, with highly specialized knowledge Alf others.
tasió subjects in the training öf a secretary and of a first-class
stenographer are shorthand typewriting, and gie English language.
The'niore capable the secretary is as a sherdrand writer, tile more
I his serytto are in demand and the better are his opportunities for
c.
advancernént: The student should be given thbe greatest possible
degree of skill in this subject and iftypewriting. These two sub-
:...: jects, with the English languagewhich he muskknow.its he knows
his shorthand, every detail of it, including literay appréciation
form* for purely stenographic work as complete an equipment teche 4

ideally as one can expect. These spbjects rilust 136, used over and .. .
1

over again; practically in labbratory work,, until the. te:chnique of

sir wie is Automatic.,qv During ihis wiod the student i made s
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 SECRETARIAL TRAINING. :5
first-class stenographer and is now ready for the higher training of
the secrettiry, to-whom tools are only. adjuncts..
, The student must be given a backgrdund and the
materials for ,

secretarial problems that will develop technical Ability. Such sub-

jects include the following: Elen9dary, intermediate, and secreta-
rial bookkeeping; business arithmetic, rapid calculation, advanced
business mathematics; business writing, commercial lettering, com-
mercial law.; shorthand theory, diOation, and secretarial practice;
elementary, advanced, and special typewriting apd transcription;
business English, spelling and word study, and business correspond-
ence and composition; office practice and machines, actual office ex-
peribnce, office management, business organization; business ethics
and decorum, and secretarial technique; economics and.commerce
and industry. In connection with the coursó in secretarial technique,
whioh offers problems that develop secretarial power, business sub-
jects are handled whenever possible. The student not only acquires
facility in the use of tool subjects but is given background for the
solution of problems that will be encountered when he enters .busi-
oss life.
Secretarial positions are different, depending upon thse kind 15f
oi.ganization or man the secretary serves. Nevertheless, the me-
chanics of business are pretty much the same. In consequence the
secretarial cotirse should include subjects that are of practically uni-
versal application. The secretary must know about *the technique
of telephoning; business papérs that relate to the records of a busi-
ifess; bills, invoices, statements, forms of remittance; transportation
of both goods and products; banking as it relates to the secretary's
contact with it; *office appliances, business and legal papers, alpha-
betizing, and filing; business literature,,the business library, refer-
ence books and sources of information; business. graphs, postal in-
formation, AttrActive forms of business letters; handling dictation :

efféctively, organizing transcription effectixo haridling of corre- .

,

spondence, receiving and giving instructions, directing the wOrk of

stenographers, editing dictated matter, briefing; interviewing callers,
organizing memoranda., office örganization, .business orgailization.
Problems revolving around all these activities, drawn from actual
experience and presented for solution by the secretarial student,
develop judgment and the secretarial techntque that carrles over
into any position. Furthérmore, the AubjecA natufe of histruction '
'should be so offered as to aivelop secretaris,1 matter and personal .

quAlities that 'contribute to sticceski. Tio-sécretarial course shou*

beinanized with the pture business gttOvth of the student in view.'
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 o SECRETARIAL TRAINING.

.EDWARD J. McNAMARA. Secretarial accomplislu.nent in usi-

ness, business organizations, educatiatal and social organizations,
. and in public life offers wonderful Opportunities for training young
men and women to- play a -very'important part in the wórhi of
affairs. The high school does not look upon the secretarial position
as one that can be gained as a'result of technical efhcieney of the -.

highest orderthe -ability to take dictation And transcribe letters,

to take care of office routine, etc. but seés it wi One in which ail bl

e.
the objectives of a high-school education are functioning. Tilegf,
objectives are: (a) Education in general, (h) echnical efficiency,
(0 character, (d) attitude toward work amt employer.
The educational objective is tile knowledge of literature, economics,
science, history, etc., which enables the. secretary to undeNt and and
interpipi his environment inbusimiss, and to impress others with
the fact that he is intelligent iind well-informed.. Technical efficiency
consists in training in stenography, typewriting, 'accounting. pnd
business practice in all its elements from a secretarial point of viow
in a superior degree. A secretary often owes advancement to quali-
ties of initiaiive, service, reliability, .good milliners, and a high code
of ethics. His attitude is closely. related to the characteristics he 73
develops and displays in business; an attitude governed and con-
t.rolled .by business principles, giving and begetf 4 2...con fiden ce . He
serves faithfully and cheerfully, develops enthus4:-.4:m and interest in
the aims of the organization as. a whole, and is .conscious of its . 9

business responsibility.
As to general education the content of the com'se of study for
secretarial work in high schools compares favorably with that of
tile academic course. The 'lour years of English work is in must
schools just as exacting and. just. as broad. In economics there is a
growing tekidency to do much more .than is &Hie in the general
course; in history and science, .commercial courses hohl their own.
Tlw outline that appeared in BillIetin, 1916, No. 55, issued- by the
United States Bureau of Education, has formed. the foundation for
moA of the secretarial training courses off4111 in the high schools.
The success with which the schools have organized their work mid
the emphasis placed .upon the various details of the outline N.nry.
In very few courses 'does. one find a proper balance. *or emphasis.
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The business man's.dis5atisfaction with the pkoduct of the schools
.

": : is not so much lyith technical inefficiency,.but rather in the lack of

to
101isiniss ideals, in lack of business character. Secretaries
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hav'e suc?eeded without stenographic' ability, extensive. vocabutlarieli,

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and ofticieney wthods, . but .none have succeeded on 'merit

'intelligent initiative. reliabinty. and. a .proper sense retpon.si lity.
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 SECRETARIAL TRAINING. 7
and to arrange in their instruction 'situations in which these habits
can funetiob. Emphasis in our pedagogy has lieefi more upon the
intellectual than upon the character side. We have not yet reached
the stage where our teachers feel a personal obligation in this respect.
But for the system of dòuble session and part time which breaks
down the personal vontact between pupil and teacher, Inuch more
could and would be done on the habit formation side.
High schools have tried to give this training by changing the
ciassroon4 into a business office. The teacher has acted as employer
Or office manager. Students perform tasks similsr to those exa'cted
in business! and their perforniances are judged by business stlindards.
Wtv find great difference in these laboratory methods. Some
teachers have developed a high degree of organization in their
classes. but the work has remained largely imaginative. Experience
drawn from *reality rather than imagination is the best. teacher.
In the laboratory work of our profèssional schools the student
,

works with the tools and the actual materials of his profession froin
the beginning. Somil of our higb-school classes attempt to secure
the same results' by introducing projects. Real assignments are
given to the class. Business transactions are followed out step by
step in their usual sequence. Mulch study and experimelitation will
have.to-he given to secretarial projects before they are satisfactory.
Students should be as.5igned to make verbatim or outline reports of
school asqembly talks and evening lectures: to .write and send letters
t'o-graduates of the.school: to make graphs to be included in replorts
for the principal etc.: be given opportunity -to receive visitorsoft-
tend .to the correspopience of the principal and heads of depart-
ments. keep 'the files of the school "in good, order, arrange card
catalogues. etc. Thee young people can do more and are worth
more than the averakis sienographer. Business men must not expect.
to.obtain their services for $10. M. or $15.a week. In ordet that
this training may he effective, the teacher must know business. pro-
cedure. Teachers' associations in New York City are meeting with
suceas in sending their membifs to business esta-blishmellito obtain
information concerning.cletical work,,pf their 'employees. 1

H. E. BARTOW. In file. consideration of strictly cultural subjects , ,

the school may determine what constitutes culture and hów it may
. be acOired, but it can not dictate the qualification's which the
particular worker should `possegs. It moat 'inquire regarding the
training the task demandi. The problem of secretarial training,
therefore.. can be solved only when we know Oat those Who. employ..
secretaries expect. - ..,s business continues to e anI the. du iet of
,theytecrotitry wilt alto !3econie.-nuire complo....
,
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 8 SECRETARIAL TRAINING. 4.
{#1
A somewhat arbitrary classificition of secretaries embraces
stenographic, executive, social secretaries, and secretaries to public
.
men. The four groups will overlap, as regards preparatory train-
,
ing. Me qualifications of the stenoeaphic secretary rest princi-
pally upon efficiency. in stenography and typewriting and thorough
,
English Preparation. It is unfortunate that the term " secretary"
should have been applied to this gr.oup. When necessary and pos-
sible, 'school men must insist upon a good English foundation.
Stenographers lose their positions due to lack of it. In every com-
mercial school the teacher of stenogilphy and the techer of English
should be in every sense oworkers.
For this particular 'type of secretary I am more co'ncerned about
education. Education will teach one how, but not when, to do; will
teach one how, not where, to go. Only culture will do the latter.
,Educittion will produce a stenographic secretary who does well what
.she is told to do, but culture added to education *will make the .

executive secretary who needs not to be told what to do. The

latter conies in the second group. He is a stenographer with the
kriowledge of rhetoric and literatuire. He knows how to prepare
a brief and amplify an abstract. He can write a letter that has
lifeand spirit and personality: He must have a practical knowl-
edge of business procedure and understand general banking
practices; have adtbquate knowledge of commercial law and ele-
mentary accounting. Since an important part of his work is often
the prepaiation of- financial statements for his employer, he must
.. be familiar with modern office.appliances, filing systems, loose-leaf
records, duplicating and calculating machines, and devices for han-
dling mail; must possess a trained mein667;. and know how to aceive
instructions from his chief and pass them on to his subordigates.
A banker has said that a private jaecretary to the head of ti great
corporation, a lawYer, or a man at the head of a partnership should
be alert, well educated, prompt in his attention to the desires ant
witnts of his principal, and be ablik to frame a proper letter in re:'
sponse to all inquiries. He should bi tactful and resourceful, and
. gnder no circums.tances whatever should he betray the confidence of

his principal.
The sociai secretary requires almost as thorough commercial train-
I.

ingiiss the executive secretary. She will often disburse thousands

of dollars a year for charities in .which6her employer is interested,
and. from the funds of organitations in which her principal is
active; will keep household aii4 persorial .accounts; understand in-
vestaent and banking prócedure; and' know how to keep twec6rds
of investment returns.:--. She will have to4epen4, more upon her own
..
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 SECRETARIAL MAI N I Nb. 9
1
business man, for her principal knows less about such matters than
the man of affairs. She must know in addition the ixaditions,*cus-

- toms, and rules of society, and have a speaking knowledge of one

or two foreign languages and some exf erience as a traveler. A
social secretary .of considerable experience has stated that the wonlan
should first of all be a gentlewoman; know the various 'kinds of
formal and informal invitations and the replies suitable to etteh;
.be able tio arrange an attractive luncheon or (firmer table, to take
the aetail of entertaining, and tactfully to step into situations to
save the hostess possible embarrassments; should understand the
care of personal and social correspondence. The matter of cheêk
books and accounts and sborthand and typewriting, of course, are 1
taken 'for granted.
Secretaries to public men form the last group. They should be
men of strong physique, upon. whom long journeys, little rest, and
irregular meals have little effect; should be thorough business men
and .póliticiaiis and masters of themselves. Their knowledge of
psychology 'and human nature makes them adepts in handling men
individually or in crowds.
The outline of secretarial courses offered by the Peirce School in-
cludes, in addition to shorthand and typewriting, such subjects as
English, arithmetic, elementary accounting, commercial la*, corre-
spondence money and finance, investments, office managtment, eórn- .

merce, and transportation. The subjects of such a course should be

taughf by those specially prepared for their work by trainiiig and
experience. .--i .
.

The qualifications of secretaries are such that the talk of pre-

p41 .'' f! them is neither easy nor simple.
N is indeed doubtful
hethe it should be regarded as the task of the public high schoOl.
The tau; high-school commercial course, with two yenta in aeademic
?
subjects nd two yearsin commercial studies, is certainly not suf-
ficen preparation. Ntither is the+igh-school graduate at the
, age
of 1:k eat's mature enough to fill such a position. Commercial train- .,
ing in the high school should be regarded as preparatory to addi- . .

,
tionar training either in a mere advanced school of commerce or
,... in actual business. We admit the necessity of high-school,
,
college,
and technical traijAng,for the professions.
,
..,,
Why not therefore time' pi .

at least itigh-scit.00l with two years' subsequent techniCal training

. ,

for the- profeision of secretary/ The task of the high sch 1 should' .. -

be to lay a foundation in thoiough training in basic §ubjects. ,...:*,,- .' .

.....:T...
,

:.
Private-school meil have p&haps overstressed 'he short, 4n .-iis
1
!...:06' \$.

Whether -they 4ve followed a demand, .for short .,. ill, , :,...;,,,,,,--k.F.0,
:

. ,. course. ,-:;.:7:-.
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orereatea that demand

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10 7 SECRETARIAL TRAINING.

higher 'salaries and the promotional opportunities' of *he bettef

grade of secretarial positions as motives for thorough preptirationt
Directors and ipstructors of secretarial courses should have knowl-
edge of business conditions from practical. persohal.'experiences. In
the training of teachers for secretarial courses' it*ould seem evidenst
that the instructors of these teachers should tliemsOves have had
4m;.- piiactical business experience. 1-1(iw else can they carry out a hibora-
tory progrdm in solving practical business problems?
Is a secretary a specialist. or is he not rather a man of broad ecluca-
tion, one who possesses wide knowledge of many subjects,.and who
is proficient in yiany things?
C. M. GROVER. Secretarial training in high school is for the
most putt dealing: in future values. Information and skill there
gfven will be used to demonstrate in inferior positions a capabilify
which attracts notice under competition and leads to larger .oppor-
tunity.. Denmnstration of supertor a.bility in ordinary rofitine re-
quires certain qualities of character- that must accompany technical
skill, the possession or lack of which determines advancement into
executive responsibilityfor exa.mple, ambition, courage, thorough- .

ness, accuracy, courtesy, etc. -

Successful training of secretaries as a uniform product presupposes
some kind of selective pro"cess and . will eventually require as a pre-
requisite a high-schoollfiploma. Such training in high schools1 if it
signifies production, is not vocationally a correct. term. It is a pre-
paratory, not a finishing. course. Its aim to start the students is
along a path*which leads somewhere, provided. it is pursued to its
destination; The coutse must be vocational. technical, and social.
Good citizenship, economic interest, cooperative impulses must be
provide4 for by the. sócial sciences, by related vocational subjects,
or thrOugh neuro-muscular activities. The well-ba4nced curricula'
of this public high school, by reason,of,its public support, will con-
tinue io furnish social values. One-third to. one-bali of the cur-
riculum can then proiwrly be devoted to technical and vocational
ends. They are closely Correlated and can not be separated without
. loss of: effectiieness. f-6 teacher of distinctive technical courses
leading to secretarial training should have the vision and the knowl-
.

:
edge of a vocational adviser. She should be ible to quicken ambi4
e

tion, shape intelligence, and provide inbformation. There should

be lectures ón the -duties of a biographies of successful' sec- It
retaries, description of educational opportunities in the community,
and appeals to right 'regard for upright chatarter.- All this can be
bestgasibmplished by math* conditions' in the technical work which . ;.

its. fai as ptissible call lor creative e ort im the part 'of t e pupil. 1r
.4

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 SECRETARIAL TRAINING.
fl
11
reserved for such pupils as demlmstrate superior ability. Not only te
close the door of opportunity is a negation of the principle of demog-
racy, but examination of any given professional field reveals the fact
that within that field are individuals ranging in capacity from high
to low degrees. In some there exists a minimum standard of ex-
cellence expresseti in examinations of qualification, but such
titndards
do not guafantee uniform excAlence amongwthe
members of the pro-
fessioii.i Secretarial service 'is not so standardized. A high' school,
therefore, which enforces any artificial selective process for ad--
mittance to.its course is on the defensive.
Thchnica) training is the third requirement of a course in seem-
taryshipi,. Shorthand and typewrding. the .basis of the course, are,
rightly given in the eleventh and twelfth grades. To stenographic
skill the ability to take dictation of nontechnical material given at
,100 words a minute in letter form. and to transcribe it
.correctly,
must be added skill in office routine and initiative in assembling and
disposing of office records and reports. The course in office practice
_aims to do these things. Merged with shorthand and
typwiting,
or as an independent elective, whatever distinctive work in secretarial
training is being done is to be found in this course. Possibly the
'future will bring courses in office management and control. Instruc-
tion in office practice includes the use of office machines, both dupli-
. cating and computing, with provision of carefully planned job slwets
and responsible supervision; study and practice of tiling; office

loce
methods of handling mail; meths:Ids of auditing sales in a
derailment
store; checking as a Yital factor in assembling reports; -the use
grAphs in representtneg statisfics and of hooks of reference.
of
sible a special room should be ivovided and equipped
If pos-
for this work
* and 4cated near the main school so that there may be coopera- A
tion with the work of the office.4While this is clerical and riot
sec-
retarial woilc, out of its pérforinance emerge certain lesotis.
The
pupil learns to estimate correctly time requirements for office
tasks;
acquires a knowledge of system; leans to reduce facts to records
and
how to make records available,to large numbers of
persons through
thiplicating devices. 4
d

The material that may enter into'any.course of secretarial

train-
ing includes accOunting items,correspondence, legal papers, office i
procedure, soprees of information, and office organization.
This
1

material embraces dieory and practice and is spread through a *Om-

. ber of subordinate. courses, like office ptactice, bookkeeping, law, s.

shovthand, typewriting, business organization, etc. .

.
.MEYER ZINMAN, Girls' Coirimerciat High .S600l, Brook'
N. Y., stated that iwtiTiiy York the toms ",..stiriogtapheil'
arid .- sec_
*:

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t '4; .r4a. ,, were collifusid.-; that .after 'many ,yearkot- tin

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 12 SECRETARIAL TRAINING.

never realized until this conference the wonderful opportunities that

a young man or woman could have if they were properly trained as
secretaries to become assistants to executives, etc. He expressed the
hope that there may soon be established in New York City a. school
I for training executive secretaries similar to the summer school of
'Northwestern University: that a one-year p.ostgraduate high-school
course for additional training in secretarial work be added and that ,

this work be then extended to two years, becoming a kind of junior

college preparatory to the work norf given at New York University.

4
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 AFTERNOON SESSION.
Edward H. Eldridge, Director School of Secretarial Studies, Simmons
College, Boston, presiding.
Mr. ELDRID(a4,. If we accept Doctor Swiggett's larger iiew of
sPcretarial training, we mean a great deal more than we have ever at-
telnpted. The entire emphasis of all dictionary definitions of a sec-
retary is on the side of correspondence. The essential part of his
duties will have to do with correspondence, ¡words, budgets, min-
utes, etc.
'the first 33 rerilia to Alacement inquiries recently sent to a
thousand graduates 'of the school of secretari41 studies of Simmons
College. indicate. the following charticter of employment: Secreta-
ries to lawyers, 5; engaged in statistical work and filing, 1; elassi-
fication of a private library, 1 partnership and individual accounts,
1; secrétary to a psychologist, 1; to an advertising manager, 1; .re-
search assistant secretary to a nutrition laboratoiy, I.; in chafge of
placeinent work, 1; in statistical work, 1; medical secretaries, 3 ('one
of thew iri.charge*of the household accounis) ; secretary in Charge of
the work of the chemical department of a large university, 1; .writ-
ing newspaper advertisements, 3 or 4; assistant treasurer of alarge
corporation, 1; secretary in a large college, 2 (one to the treasurir
and the other to the president) ; office supervisor, 1; retail sales cor-
respondent of a large corporation, 1; manufacturing correspondent,
I: corre,spondent supervisor, 1; editorial work, 1; in charge of an:
office with siwen assistants, 1; running.a large city club, 1; in 'charge
of an office organizatioh of home nurses, 1; managing clerk of-dor-
mitories' departments, 1; purchafting Eiupplies for a school departe
ment, 1; head policy clerk in an insurance office, 1; taking testimony
in court, 5; passed the examination for the Massachusetts bltr, 1;
passed the examination for court reporter in the State of Massachtv
setts, 1; ottendingeto stocks and bonds .for employer, 1; making out
income tax reports, 8 or 4; buyer for two stores, 1; office manager, I; .

secretary for the preisiderit to a bond

.._ concern, and in addition bond
,

.
salciswomin,. 1; secretary to the head of a large film. corporatio0 &Act
editór of the titles tò the films, 1; executive secretary of a schòol, 14.11
' , charge- oi ofik imployment, 1; preparing advertisements for
. . .
i .:
',

booklets, 1; matiager of girls' camp ant.in charge of .the entire, eo 71. 'er i
'1'1

.....,... ._,
I. '-'..- respondence, 1i in -charge of numerical.014 alphabettcal .111* .1"; óep
1;; .
-
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 14 SECRETARIAL TRAINING. lha

pamphlets. I ; bookkeeper for cooperative concern, 1; correspondence

supervisor, 1; installing files ip several offices. 1: psychological con-
sultant for an employment bureau, t; trained statistician, 1. Tape
salaries Of these 33 girls range from $1,000 to $3,500 and traveling
expenses.
Technical work should be,based upon a broad academic founda-
tion. Simmons College has endeavored to make the academic work
about two-thirds of a type which has direct hearing upon the tech-
nical work. Three things must be taught in college: First, subjects
recognized by tfadition and general experience as being essential
to the well-being of any well-educated man or woman: second. ele-
mentary technical subjects which .may just as well be given in the
high school so far as skill in those individual subjects is concerned;
and, third, courses in advanced economics, statistics, and busines
organization, distinctly college courses. The standard in profes-
sional woPli is different from that in academic work. in the-former
the student must work for accuracy. Experience is to be added to
the three college requirements. There was an opening as secretary
to the president of a large machine plant for one of our best grad-
. uates last yftr. Owing ,to lack of special vocabulary used in the
business, she will go in as a fil:st-class stenographer at a salary
com-
to the
mensurate with the position and will be promoted as secretary
president at the end of six months. In certain types .of business
experience in the individual job is neevssary before the secretary can
be really useful. A special cotirse for secretaries to doctors should
include chemistry, biology, scientific German, and chemical
ap
parat us. 0 S

3; a
.Simmons College requires for entrance 15 units: English,
single modetm language, 3; mathematics. '2.algebra 1
and geometry
subject,
1; history, 1. Four units of any substantial high-school
which would include shorthand, boblikeeping, .commercial law, or .

One year
:.
any subject, of that type, can be admitted in that group.
work is al-
pf academic work must he taken ))efore any technical
lowed. Penmanship is offered the first year without
credit. Six
_

electives, three a which are academic, run

through two years. Our
graduates must have three years of English, the third year of a
of science.
laiiguage, and at least one year of history And one
Shorthand and typewriting iun through the three 3Tars, accounts
.

elective the second. A special .elective course in short-

one . year, and
hart, given the.fourth year, Kepares for actual reporting work.
W. R. WAGENSELLER. The Iequireinnts for adtnissioh to the
,

. . .

four-year ..tvollege .biecietaiial c9utse of

I..'

;.two-year find: . the degree or

7
r

xel.l.notituti .ar*.-I. ti:yrove0 units..

r.

i- Xtequirid: Englioh, .9;..bis- 4

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 SECRETARIAL TRAINING. 15
(algebra or plane geometry), 2; free units, 6, 2 of which may be
ffranted
tft for technical commercial branches. Drexel Institute ad-
mits, howei7er, on probation, worthy graduates of a high-school corn-
mercitil course who meet all requirements for entrance except that
they are short one or two- units, if the regulation that not more than
two units be allowed for commercial work is l*tpplied. They must
also have the approval of the principal of the high-school from
which they come. The two-year course is planned primarily as a
vocational course: however, in its ai:rangement a more remote ob-
jective, that of future growth, has been kept *in mind. In addition
to the llighly technical work of stenography, secretarial accounting,
and office management, there is found in the curriculum of this
course college work in economics, psychology, commercial and finaß-
cial organization and management, American Government, especi-
ally in relation to indtistry, and two years of cultural English.. The
graduates of this course are much sought for as private secretaries
to the officials of normal schools, colhiges, and universities, as well
as the officials of the better class of business firms found in Drexel's
territory. ea.

The four-year or degree secretarial course was estabMhed to meet

the demands of the Woman who desires the advantages of a college
edacation which can be put to a financial use should the necessity,
arise. It is a practical course, with quite a touch of the cultural;
all education outlined to fit the needs of bwiness. as well as those of a

society, and although Manned Only, for the female student, we now
, find many male students taking advantage of it. The work of the .2
first two years is the same as in the,general business administration
°course, specialization beginning with the third year. In addition
to the thorough secretarial technique offered in the two-year course,
there is intensive"training jrn business fundamentals. The aim is to
dévelop persons who through their breadth of vision, capacity for :

work, and their adaptability will eventually be placed in the execu-b .

tive positions. They.have not only the means df immediate entrance .

into busintss, but an undeestanding of the principle's .and duties of

the various departments and divoilsions*of the typical commercial
.

. enterprise. It is true the methods peculiar to a certain firm can be

: leatned only through employment with that firm, but the student
who is drilled- in the fundamentals underlying those 'peculiar meth.:
,.
ods can grasp them much more quickly than the cine without that
knowledge. f
el. j I.
-t
. :
,

rexel grants a diploma to the graddates of the twowyear secivii

H
. tatial Aourse, and confeir the degree of 4bachelòr .àf stience in :secret;7, :1
:the studies )....upon the graduates of.thfilourligar course. Thelb!aclid*,%:-.
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 16 SECRETARIAL TRRANING.
O.

mites of all other four-year commercial courses, including the com-

mercial teacher training coursez have conferred upon them the degree
of bachelor of science in commerce; *One of .the qualifications re-
quiré,d .of teachers is ii college degree, and wherever possible outside
experience in the subject to be taught. Through its cooperative
department Drexel keeps in. dose touch with the industrial fil'ins of
Philadelphia and its vicinity, and although it does not yet have a
cooperative business administration course, a number of the business
'administration tudents have been placed in part-time positions.
MARY B. BREED. The department of secretarial studies is the
.

lar¡Rst in the Margaret Morrison Carnegie College, the women's

college of the Carne!rie Institute of Technology.' It includes three
main groups of students: (1). Those who intend to become seeiVta-
.. ries or teachers of commercial subjects in high schools; (2) those

whose bent is rather more literary. and who are allowed to substitute
. English, foreign language, and history for som'e. of the strictly tech-
nical subjects; (3) college graduates who are given a one-year inten-
sive course in shorthand, typewriting. and other .commercia4 subjects.
Requirement for entrance is the completion of a satisfactor four-
year high-school course. Out of 15.units, only 2 may be d
in vocational subjects. The best preparation for a technical college
is an academic high-school course. Vocational courses in high ,school
are intended as trainirig for those pupils who finish their ifirmal e

education upon gradating from the bkh school itself, and who lack
either the ability, financial or otherwise or the desire to take a col-
lege course. High-school courses in commercial subjects are excel-
.. lently and carefully planned for the purpose which they have' in
, view. It is asking too much of them to provide the blim6kground in
English and modern languages, ilgebera, geometry, .science, both
i; physiCal and biological, and history, which it is ne-cmsary to demand
for work of college grade. The pupil who has specialized in commer-
cial work in high school is obliged to carry many courses in collige
which to him or her seem to be, 'at least in part, a repetition of the
OmlFes 'already carried. It goes without saying that the college .

courses in these subjects are pitched to a different key the cor-

responding high-school courses; but to the pupil the difference in key
is not' at once apparent. ,.........f . .
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The commercial oourse is lacking in such subjects as algebra,
.-

gempetry, and appreciation counes in English literature, which

_..

. develop the ability to deal with symbols and abstract idfts. They . .
.
'
.

. t.
,/.-Oa .oftelack foreign language
1:4; .41;:.' ;

- . . 4 order to get any real. funda,

.

needs to
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know at
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least
_
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 SECRETARIAL TRAINING. 17 1

we experience full effects of new and economical methods of

in primary schools. If and when this occurs, and the boy or girl
thing
ean carry in the 12 grades not only the full amount of wicational
commercial work. thenfthe college can and will expect the entering
fresitman to write 125 words a minute and its curriculum will be
changed accordingly. ft
.

The Margaret Morrison Carnegie College offers at present a four'-

year course for the degree of hacheloi of wience and a one-year course
for colley.e graduates. No two-yepr or three-year courses are offered
by the college. It has refused to offer such courses for several
,reasons. As a private institution it is conscious of the responsibility
which rests upon it for a certain kind of educational leadership.
By holding fast to the four-year course it is creating a standard and
example which may bear fruit later. If specializatiOn is to produce
not only technical results but. leadership, it should come late rather
titan early in the life of the tioy or girl. This consideration gaverns
the maVe-up of the curriculum as well. The Carnegie Institute of
Technology was only opened for iw-truction in the year 1906. Comm
promistes cen therefore more safely be made by older institution&
The curriculum of the four-year course for the- of science
(1e01'ee begins with two years in which about tbree-fourths of the
work is required of all students in the college, irrespective of their .

major departments. This core of required park, around which the

major tichnical traiiiing is built, consists at present of three main
subjectsEnglish, history, and scienze throughout the two Vim.
Modern languages, mathematics, sociology, and pther subjects are.
eledive. in the secretarial department, shorthand and typewriting *-

are required throughout three years of the four-year *course for the
bachelor of science degree. A good deal of aCcounting is also offered.
Other subjects include economies, commercial law. business organiza-
lion. commercial geograPhy, office practice, filing. and indexing.
The recruiting of, the secretaria1 department staff is difficult, eg-
pecially when one. holds to the ideal of technical ability, acaqemic
training, and general breitdth of culture combined in one individual.
It is not easy to decide 'between the individual who has been too much
commercialized .by contact with 'the actual problems for which the
cotirse prepares its graduates and tle more 'academically tram
i;erson who sometimes hag a better personalitybutjs too theoretical."
The purpose of the .college is to train young women for responsible.
pos. Rims in the businessovorld. in. educational, scientific, and philans
o

.
thropic institutiohs, and as teachers. It is our belief that, pur train-
.
4
ing will lead
. /..
to.pbs s of leadership; *Id 'while *6 11e is yet.;w- 4...

veil yowit cóltegti?,.we

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e substantial beginning& The
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 18 SECRETARIAL TRAINING.

_ unavoidable regularity. But we are not unduly cast down'by this,

fot we feel that a good secretary is a pretty good sort of woman, and
when we see the kind of citizens they make, we-are less inclined to
alter our entrance requirements, our curriculum, or our. general
standands.
EDWARD JONES KILDUFF. Before it is possible to plan a
field
suitable curriculum f9r students intending to go into a specialized
of activity, it is first advisable to make a study of that field to de-
, termine
what. actual requirements are for success in that field and
then to decide upon the program of subjects the college di- uni-
versity should offer to help the students as much as possible to
me4t- those requirements. In 1913 the faculty of New York -Uni-
versity School of Commerce, Accounts, and Finance was made
aware of the fact that there was a demand on the part of Xew
York business Men for persons trained to do speretarial work: that
various students were asking for instruction in secretarial work,
so that they could apply for such positions as they knew were open
or would he open to them: and that persons already engaged in
secretarial work wished to train themselves for further advancement
in 'their field. A committee was appointed to make a study of the
situation and to recommend to the faculty a curriculum in private
secretarial trai4ing for those persons who planned to become private
secretaries irk -business; .

A survey made of secretarial work in a number of business

or-
ganizations in and near New York City showed the title of " privale
secretary" to be rather elastic. It was used to designate various
types of workers, ritnging all the *ay from a $15.. .-week stenogra- a
pher to an $8,000-a-year secretary to a financier. I view of this
fact, it became necessary to determine in some inannit the class of
secretarial positions for which a university curriculum might pre-
pare students, for it was obvious that a curriculum to train students
. to fill aseptably the higher-salaried secretarial jobs would differ .

consideMy from one to give sufficient training to enable students .

o take so-called secretarial positions at a salary of from $15 to $20

a week. The committee decided that the secretarial curriculum
' adoptécl by the New York University School of Commerce, Accounts,
sand.Finance .should. be'one that would aim to prepare students for .

,....
':: the better and higher' salaried
positions.
The survey also disclosed the fact that 'theie were comparatively :

women, and
few *ell-paid semtarial positions for either men or
.

, .inovecV.on. iir. were

); --
, . . ..

-at limn enerally did not remain long in .secretarial

adyançed t.o, better j9bs. The committee
..,
pqpitiont, but
decided, . -:' 4 6 .4 .
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.
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so Jar as .rneti. were conperned .the .position.

.

`...-',, that certainly.

,
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a
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steppingstone posi,
.

'ofprivate secretary shoulçi be 4194aide considered .4 .. '.. ' 7, 7

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 I.
SECRETARIAL TRAINING. 19

tarial work might be considered to be a permanent vocation, although

a majority used the position as an entering wedge into business.
In light of these conchisionsq and in vielw of the fact that a university
shool of business should prepare its students for their permapent
vocations, the committee decided thmt a pniversity curriculum train-
ing students for secretarial positions should also train them for their
permanent N.Ocations in business beyond the secretarial or temporary
vf.cation by requiring them . to specialize in some one branch of .
business.
The next step was to ascertain what specialized information re-
garding secretarial work should be included in the curriculum. To
secure this information a number of private secretaries holding im-
portant secretarial positions were asked to answer the fóllowing
quavt ions (1)-What kind of work does the secretary to the busipess
man perform ? (2) What educational qualifications should a secretary
have? (3) Would a specialized training in secretarial work offered e
by a çollege or university help? (4) What should this specialized
training consist of ? The first fact disclosed by a careful examina-
tion of the information collected was that great disparity existed
among the types of work Performed by the various secretaries. For
examples: One financial secretary devoted most of his time to the
buying and selling of real estate, to the managing of hiseemployer's
many properties, and to the watching and safeguarding of his invest-
ments -the secretary to the president of a commercial business busied
himself chiefly in solving the problems having to do with the con-
ducting a department-store business; the secretary to an ex:governor
.gave much of his time to prepaying speeches, to keeping informed
about the various groups within the party organizations. and to
doing party work. After consideration of this fact, our commit:
tee definitely concluded that it was certainly not advisable, even
if possible, to plan a curriculum to, give specialized information in
the performance of all duties of all types of private secretaries; dint
it w:ould be impossible to give such specialized training as to fit
student's to fill immediately and satisfactorily any kind of secretarial
position.
Th( second fact disclose& by the invtbstigation was that, despite
the differences obtaining in the work of various private secretaries,
there a.ppetired fiat* cert a in few duties coMmon to almost all secretaries
to business men. Some of such common duties. were (1) handling
a considerable proportion of the correspoidence for the employer,
12) managing the office, (3) keeping accounts,. and (4) meetink
.
;

callers. Our committee deaded tat suéh subjects should %be pro, *=,:itt
. 41e
..;)-.; . -

P .
vide4 in the
- . secretarial 'cuiriculum is. votOd prepare.
0
4.
4Y
students :to per?. -
_
,6:: 000. 01

*rn tbe.se coinnion 4uies. Fpr eximp)e, .business Xpglish was .putf; .1
6 6.*
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 V
2 SECRETARIAL TRAINING. "IP ( o

in to teach students how io write business letters;- principles -of ac-

counting, to instruct students to keep accounts; private .secretarial
duties, to give general information regarding the duties and amenities
of the position, and to instruct students in such nmtters as managing .
c.allers, handling secretarial corresporidence, the keeping of personal
accounts and filing. Further study of the information that had
1

been collected indicated that a general knowledge of business was

highly desirable because, since. the rcretary's value to his chief de-
. pended upon the degree to which he could assist. him in his business,
the more the secretary knew about business the more helpful lie would
be. The fact fitted in with a previous conclusion of the committee
that *the position of private secretary, should riot be cofisidered a per-
manent vocation in business for men. Hence such general courses
.0
I. in business were included as political economy and practical economic
problems, business finan.ce, and pririciples of business administration.
The cùrriculum planned for the find year, with number of points '
allowed in each, is as follows: Private secretarial duties, 2; business
English, 4; policitcal .economy .and practical economic problems, 4;
contracts and agencie.s, 4; business finance, 4; essentials of advertis-
ing, 4; principles of business administrAtion, 4; markets and market-
ing methods, 4; mid principles of accounting, 2.
After the first year the students should begin to specialize in fields-
for which they feel some aptitude. For example, a student that is
desirous of. becoming a private secretary should attempt after the
first year to aim to prepare himself to become a private secretary In
someone field of business. He. can specialize.* New _York IThis
versity School of Commerce, Accounts, and Finance in banking arid
financial work, in advertising, in marketing, in insurance, etc. This
specialization will not only make him better fitted to carry on the
secretarial work of an employer engaged in any one of these fields,
but will also prepare him for later advancement in that field. ,To
;this. end, the student is. aillowed to elect subjects tfiat will train him .

in tit specialized branch of business. .

The following program, with number of points allowed, is a con-
'Crete illustration of the courses, that would be elected by a student
* who is planning to become a private secreta'ry.and who feels that he

has a bent toward The finincial field.

Day 801t001, aecond year.Money and credit, 2; financial history
of the Unit* States; 2; statistic41 methods and application, 4; trust
Avoyk of banks and trust companies, 4; analysis of corporation re-
ports 4; investments, 4; advanced business correspondence, 2; first
year commercial French, or second year ctrinmérciai French, or
Aroorrab
.
t A polfit Is tbe solvalent of ono hour pe classroom work a week, a* fasnotor (11
.."
). :
4

"! '
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 SECRETARIAL TkAINING. 21
first or second years of Spanish, German, etc., 4; commercial paper
and bonds, bankruptcy, etc., 4; and principles of Accounting, 2.
Day school, third year. 4; .banking practice, 2; the
work of Wall Street, 4: functions of the buying department of bond
houses and moneyed institutions, 2; credit problems and colléctions,
2: literature of business, 4; second year commercial French, or third .

year commercial French, or second .or third year of Spanish, Ger-

man, etc., 4; mortg. ages and real estate, 4: office management, 2;
psychology of business, 4.
ANN BREWING'FON. The secretarial course in the School of
Commerce and Administration of the University of Chicago is
planned to meet the needs of students, especially young women who
wish to prepare themselves for business secretarial positions or for
such other 'capacities as office manager* registrars, and 4ssistants to
public officials. since it is becoming increasingly clear that thorough
training is necessitry for the highest siwcess in such positions, pro-
vision has been.made for (a) a well-rounded general education, in-
cluding training in English compogition and 'modern language, and
(b) a central core of subjects to provide the- basic training necessary .

. for any type of secretarial. work. This includes (1) bthe foundation
Courses coni.serned with the physical and social environment of busi-
ness and with the -basic functions of business, and (2) secretarial-
methodicourses, such as facilitating, measuring, and communicating
aids of administration. These will be supplemented by courses look
ing toward .the particular type of secretarial work in which the stu- .

dOt is interested, whether in business, education, philanthroPic

Eurvice, or other fields. Training in shorthand and typewriiing is
recognized as a necessary part of secretarial equipment, and students .

must demonstrak reasonable proficiency in suCh tèchnique.

Students conWmplating busiliess- secretarial positions will follow,
in the main, the Course outlined below, with further requirements in
business correspondence, secretarial work, etc. Those contemplating
secretarial positions in other fields will be provided with a program
of studies selected from cofirses offered in other departments of the
university, correlated.according to the needs of the individual case: ;

Flint 'year-- English composition, industrial society, economic and

commercial geography, business administration, geography and re-
sources of North America, and value and price; Second yearstand.
,..-.
ards, reports and records, financial organization of society, introduc..
tory psychology, the manager's administration of finance, psychology
dtpf business procedure, risk and .risk-bearing, and English; Third
¡liar worker in econdrnic society; market administiation,- the:..
manager's administration of..l.aborI.and of..prod4ction; 'and :Pouttii,;.,-,',. :

...year-4ueinet,38...tv, ..and.pri!#04 of business , ......

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 22 SECRETAR1Ap TRAINING. a

constitute regular work inwany.one year. Opportunity for selection is

offered to meet this re. quirement. These selections must include at
least three majors lying in the special field of secretarial work.
Students expecting to enter .tbis division are advised to take, in
their secondary-school training. English, French or German, mathe-
matics, history, psychology, physics. chemistry, mechanical drawing,
and shorthand and ty*writing. Students who have met the require-
.

¡Dents of the graduate school are admitted and may pursue courses
leading to thee master's degree in the secretarial division. It is as-
sumed that such stAlents will have secured in their under graduate
work thorough training in English composition and in modern lan-
guages and some appreciation of the physical and social environment
of business. Then the graduate work will cover the seitretarial-
method courses and cöurses along the line of the student's vocational
inteests.
C. M. THOMPSON. In the College of Commerce and Business
Administration of tlw University of Illinois are 12 rather closely
related curricula that cover four 'ears of work and lead to tir de-
gree of oachelor of science. The chief purpose of the curriculum for
trade *and civic secretaries is to train college men and women for
technical leadership in chambers of 'commerce and trade.A.organiza-
tions, and to make our graduates, better and more appreciative mem-
bers of the various organized groups with which. as business men,
they may reasonably expect to become affiliated. The 15 required
entrance units include English literature and cymposition, algebra,
geometry, and a laboratory science. During the first two years
students are limited to subjects offered in the College of Liberal
Arts and Sciences, and to, the fundamentals of economics and ac-
counting offered in the .,CI,11ege of commerce. Included among the
uhiversity fredits, coOitilting about S. per cent of the total re- .
quiredfor graduatioi, is ttr subject of rhetoric. About iro per cent
of the student's entire woi* for four years is given to the requireci
subjects of the curriculum. .

Subjects which deal with\the fundamentals of business in general

.
include elementary accounting, economic resources, and economic
..,,,. history, in the freshm4n 341ar; intermediate accounting, principles
'of economics money and bapking, hftiness letter writini and prin.,
&pies of business organizatiO in ihe sophomgre year; methods of
I

,... .4,..:

i'o. .. marketing, corporation mana

.:
and financt,.. public financei labor
...,.... problems and businesti law, i the junior year ; advanced economic
''.--:'-.:**'. theory, personnel ad in mist ra1ion,
principles of transpo'rtationi
. and
rr.:!,,,.:..
..?..,:.:... kndaTéntais of advertising, in the .senjor year.
.01

:;..?...k.:4.:. :. --:-:+ 1 .

include course s. in goverMten i- mm0401- State,. and nationak city

..:11....;¡^:::: .:
.
ftieçifie subjects
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 SECRETARIAL TRAINING. 28
minimum group requirements, 8 hours of modern language, 10 hour: .
.4r of ma the m itics or cliemistry or physics, and 12 hours of socia
sciences. in which are included history, philosophy, psychology, -
political sci nee. and sociology. ...

When. the student has secured credit for something like 1054 dr
110 of :the O hours necessary for graduation, he is advised in the
1

matter of ch osing
) free electives to the best advantage. nhose who
intend to go LA() chamber of c9I1ìrne1'ce work are urged. for exaiiiple,
to take pubi c speaking, retailing, sociology, and public utilities,
while those NN h9 look forward to becaiIiiig trade secretaries are led
to determine s fully a% possible just what field they expect to enter.
To meet such a vairillty of deiriim(18, -appropriate courses are offered
in a number o fields, of which the following are illustrative: Indus-
trial relations including labor problems,. labor legislation, and- per-
sonnel "work rinciples and methods of production; various types
34

and kinds 6f;...1 mrketing; and advamed business law.

It is difficalti to find-students able and willing to undergo the ap-
prenticeship' nOdent to successful secretarial careers. Some appear
to have abt tjr: some are anxious to undertake . the work; corn-
paratively fi4,1 however, are both able and angious. Such a posi-
tion calls for 'eadership which only thebetter and more mature
college graduate possesses. .

A number ofplans have been tried with fair succéss at the Univer-
sity of Illinois for interesting 'students in secretarial careers. Weekly
class conferencOs are held early in the freshman year to near dis-
cusskofis of the+ best methods of study and of opportunities in the
trade and civiel secretarial field. Fatal member of the class is urged.
to confer with oorne designated member of the teaching staff. Organi-
zation of a ch4lber of commerce, composed entirely of students and
officered by them,. is known as the Illini Chamber of Cominerice
This chamber iis affiliated with the Illinois Chamber of Commerce
and 'has the cobpereation of its Officers and directors. The presider*.
of the latter, ti man of laige affairs, Ins spent .seeral days in con-
ference with students. The State association of chainber of 'com-
!

merce secretaries holds mOetings rather regularly in our Coinmerce ..

Building. , 1 committee on secretarial training o this association

1
-- . . .

assists in the hoosing afid training of young .seeretaries. Files of

house organs,j 'chamber o. f .commerce btilletins, and,. other similar
publications re made accessible to the students. Personal work E
.

among: junior and seniors is done with çareful study of tempera

ments and peOonalitip. . .
. .
. 's
. .

.4 I
r
.
.
.
sr.....
. 1;L
.

Upper .claigiíen may enter only on the pert vitsgm. of Qie iiistili&'
I
..

. ;
tor a courae -ot: igned exclusively for prospective secreta-r*.- A- $.1,
.:

woody insta. .., Advisorr4syste for, isiijors'eptbies. one: to_ choose

here ahd diesel young mail-- an
. omen for iirtain =watt ifteititariai
24 .
SECRETARIAL TIVANIka.

positions in which the conditions of employrwt are fully known.

Another source of supply for trade and civic secretaries may be
found among college grjduates with 5 or 10 years of business ex-
perience. We are constaitly oil the lookout for those of our alumni
whose experience seems to fit there. for secretarial work.
Technical preparation fór trade and civic secretaries would be of
much greater value if it could be'postpQned beyond the bachelor's
degree. Since they have less direction from employers Ulan is
.usually the case in lines of general business, the need for additional
training and maturity beconis greater. A year of graduate work
is ordinarily .more maturing than several years of undergraduate
work. The University of Illinois hoi)es to be able to furnish trade
organizations and chambers of commerce with young men and wo-
men properly trained as undergraduates in econonOs and allied sub-
jects who have had at least a year's graduate work in the Particular
field wh'ich they expect to enter. It is impossible to malee in the
undergraduate curriculum the clear-cut distinction bet.ween prepa-
ration for chamber of commerçe and trade organization work ;, to
assemble courses appropriate to the student's ohjective; to have him
carry on an investigation and formulate his conclusions in an accept-
able thesis; to bring him in contact with typical problems he will
be called on to solve. Pafr'

In addition to Jormal training students must be placed where

they can get aotual practice in a natural environment. Our students
are advised to attend the National School for Trade and Civic Secre-
taries held for two weeks each year at Northwestern University,
under the auspices of thesecretaries' association and fathered by
the Chamber of Commerce of the United States. Our chief experi-
ence up to the present time in helping -our prospective secretaries
make proper contacts has been with chainbers of commerce; for ex-,
ample, cominittee secretaryships in large city chambers and general
secretaryships in large towns and small cities. So far practically
nothing has been done in the sway of securing apprenticeshipqraint
ing for inexperienced men and women who are planning to go into
trade secretary positions.
ICITHAIIINt C. REILEY.- Secretarial studies at. Columbia
:University were begun in university extension in 1911 when a
éourse of film years, leading to a certificate of proficiency, was
established for high-school graduates. When in 1916 the School of
Bushiest; was organized, the subject was Omitted to its curriculum .

as a separate program with the regular degree of the school, B. -S.

, in business. At the same thine the school arranged a coursa,of one
.; .
;
r

year.. for graduates /eluting to a certificate. Simultaneously

.

the
. Jr
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$th.of
e4-te.
I gvadatrn two y
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.

its 'Course.: of three TV, .

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 SECRETARIAL TRAINING. .
26
The major interest in the development of secretarial studies at
Columbia University now- lies in the course in the School of Busi-
ness. The requirements for admission are the satisfactory comple-
tion of two years of general college work. The period of study
must include two years of English, two years of a modern. language
beyond the entrance requirement, and one year of economics. If
the candidate .has not taken business organization and economic
geography while in college he must offer these subjects in his techni-
cal progral in the School of Business. The requirement for the
degree is two full years, or 6O points of work, in scientific business.
Secretarial students must now offer, during this period of study,
stenography and typewriting, one year of accounting, banking
and business, corporation finance, statistics, business law, business
economics, and secretarial correspondence. These- are precisely the
courses required of the regular students in the school, with the ad- .!

dition of stenography, typewriting, and secretarial corresppndence.:

A far more elastic program is arranged for the students din the
one-year course for college graduates. The required subjects are
only stenography and typewriting. The 18 semester hours re.quired
in addition for tbe certificate may be freery _combined from any-
other course in the School of Businest. A year is a very short
time in which a student may gain useful knowledge of any special
dfild. Many college graduates come to the school with definite' ideas
of the business field that they plap to enter. To assist them to ar-
range -programs giving special training to carry .out these clearly
defin6d purposes, great freedom must be allowed the official advisers.
In the arrangement of 'secretaiial studies at Columbia, difficulties
have chiefly centered in the work in stenography and typewriting.
Until the current year the time allowedin the degree oourse was 46
semeiter hours, 40 in the first year in the school and 6 in the seem&
In the one-year course the requirement was 40 semester hours. This
requirement proved to be one of grilling severity. It is true that :-

skilled instructors turned out .excellett shorthand writers and typists. .

In too large a percentage, however, the strain of this deadening class

drill resulted in an overténsion and drain of nervous for,nme, and
brought allot i defeat of the purpose sought. In all .cases little
time .or fresh energy was left for the difficult subjects. in scientific
business. It has accordingly 'been decided, i.nasmueir as these stu-
. dents in their college years have received discipline in the voluntiry.
control of their attenticiA and habits of study, to give them edit('
iions of greater freclom in the 4tudy of shorthand sod typewriting.
Only 22 semester hours of actual classroom aVenc4ine are nit", te,i
quirt*. 'The same final tests of speed and accuracy must 1* k

, 4. , '
hereti)fore: 4
t
.
.

,
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461!:UNZ4k
 26 SECRETARIAL TRAIN IN G.

The purpose of the two-year course foi- high-school graduates

offered by the department of uniMvsity extension is primarily to
train students for positions as stenographers, equipping them at the
same time with some technical training in ikractical business and
also including general college.courses in English, modern language,
etc. This additional training is designed to give them the power to
16

rise to positions of mare executive type. Three units of English

must be included in the admission requirements. The certificate re-
quirements, in addition to stenography and typewriting. are freshman
English, secretariid and business English. two years of a modern
language the elements of busine,4 organization. bookkeeping. typog-
raphy, oral English, and one elective. The requirenwnt in stenog-
raphy and typewriting amounts to at least 40 semeter hours. and
usually to 46.
The essential foundation Of secretarial training must be the Eng-
lish language. To give the power of ready, precise. and appEo-
priate use of English, both written and spoken. is a far longer and
harder task for the American -educator than the teaching of steno-
graphic signs. To reach this result no pains are spared. either
instructor or student. Every seuretatial student. whether from high-
school or college, must on beginning her studies take an examinatiofi
in elementary English. This examinatioii is a rigid test in gram-
I.
mar, punctuation, sentence structure, capitalization and spelling.
Oral English is also demanded unless the candidate 'has satisfied the
requirement elsewhere or can convince the examiner that she uses a
.

standard pronunciation of her mother tongue.

-. These curricula of secretarial studies have been
primarily devel-
oped for women, for these formed originally i.vith few exceptions 1
'the gioup of .secretarial students. Recently an increasing numiwir
of Imp have enrolled, but thus far it is not indicated that the cowses
need modification on that account.

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 EVENING SESSION. O

Graydon Stetson, President Salem Trust Company, Salem, presiding.-

ARTHUR L. CHURCH. Secret Arial science is the unwritten -.

science. because Were i4 so little in print which bears on it, notwith-

standing the. fac '.hat it i:- one of the oldest of professions or occu°-
pations. as old as civilization itself. You never can tell where a sec-
retary is going to come from. I am the secretary of an engineering ,

concern and was. educated as an engineer in all the discipline which

goes with a theoretical course. an education in the shop, drafting
oom, and in practice. An extremely able secretary studied law as a
Preliminary. Another came to it thibugh banking experience and
still another graduated from a college into a secretarial department Of
- a great organization and has been its
secretarial bend for many years.
'Another was a bookbinder. Many businesses select their secretaries .
I

from a department of the organization and not always from among

those who are brought up from- the beginning in secretarial lines.
lt is natural thatthis should be so. for it is only by experience and. ,

length of service that a person can be imbued with the tradition of It

'business and knowledge of its personnel which will enable him to do
the things he will have to do in a secretarial position.
A secretary is much more than a clerk to give notice
of meetings,
-to take minutes and record them and preseinfethem and to see that
actions cif the board of directors or other governing body are trans.,/
mitted to the officers to be carried out. .These things, however, are .
ail important. 4nd must be done without failure and on time.
Even
%
,
the composition of the minutes requires good taste and good English.
1

A secretary who can read and write English and take

notes and
transcribe .them and do the daily task is somewhat like a musical
performOr, but that one who wiMies to make himself felt, who will
.
be equal to whatever emergency may arise in his profession, would
be like the musician, only that his sphere of knowledge ought
much wider. for it may take in any art or science or several of the
to br
and require a wi.de knowled¡ze of affairs and Ot inen. He should
cultivate the power of keeping his counsei, the ability to be intrusted
with knowledge of the various experiences of a bitsiness, those things
between dephrtmehts for instawe which some one person must know, . J
A

'or a small gebup of persons, example, nries of all oft-

chits, and of departmental lixttA!!.: the pi cy :which a business ik
to r
.
.,.
pursue in finince, the acqui*g of property;- the building pr
I .

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 anD

28 SECRETARIAL TRAINING.

or a dozen other things which should not he spread broadcast any

more than should the details of -a person's private affairs. Ile van 2

notle successful unless he may be depended upon to carry out and

finish those tasks which are imposed upon him by Custom in his
own business or by the board of directors or other governing body
of the organization.
In addition to the purely secretarial duties which take up a very
considerable pail of the secretary's time, the activities of some secre-
taries are those of housekeeper of the building in which the executive
offices are located, such as a large office building, to see that it is
maintained in good condition, select the personnel of his own office.
to engage undersecretaries, bookkeepers, clerks, correspondents.
stenographers, and typists. The employment bureau, filing room,
and library are-likely to be under his direction. The secretary of a .

large corporation usually finds on his desk many letters, the answer-
ing of .which is difficult to assign to any department. He receives
and answers, to meet the views of the directors and governing officers,
referenda of the Chamber of Commerce of the United States, ques- 1

tionnaires of the Federal and State Governments. etc. In many

cases he prepares yearly statistical data for city, State, and Federal
Governments.
Countless requests are made to corporations by mail and ien person
for charities, chui-ch organizations, fraternal and political organiza-
tions, etc. The officers of a corporation have no legal. or moral right
to donate stockholders' money unless some return is to be expected.
The secretary bears the burden..pf -deciding on these subscriptions.
The secretary attends public meetings as the representative of the
company, meets persons with or without experience who have schemes
for the betterment of the corporation or axes .to grind for them-
selves. In some organizations niws is given to #ie press by him.
The transfer and registration of stock falls in the secretarial jurisçlic
tion. .

The transfer of stock and its details can be taught in the schools,
but the other duties referred to can not be so taught. Ability to
handle them must come from the experience of years. Since a
secretary is liable to
no one, he should be
from any one of the professions or from
that four-year college course with its
.
solid 'content of English, higfory, foreign language, mathematics,
physics, and chemistry, which will give. a fo'undation upon which
:
"c

any profession can be Built, and which is a source of inspiration,

. pleasure, and profit to its recipient throughout his whole life. This
I. 4
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course has been modified 14 the interpolation of philosophy, botany, 4r-px

economics, and psychology to suit the needs of studentq of businOss

, -1. I

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-1. by the addition of industry, government,

..
insuranee, accounting,
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SECRETARIAL TRAININ.G. $9
and political science. Two years of approved college training have
been recommended as a requisite for admission to the Wharton
School mf the University of Pennsylvania.
HAROLD S. BUTTENHEIM. The directory °of Commercial and
industrial organizations recently published by the rnited States
Department of Commerce hsts more than 11,000. Of these, 1,500
are interstate. national, and international in scope; 2,000 are State
organizations: and 7.700 local. Their wide nine of activities is
evident from the fact that the classified list of oinizations extend-
ing beyond State boundaries required 73 headings. . Local civic-
commercial organizatjons w1ì(4 objects are defined as "civic and
inAlustrial development" include chambers of commerce. hoards of
trade. Commercial clubs, CC)nuntinity clubs. etc.- -The directoiy lists
more tharl 4.000 such organizations. No figures are available as
to how many ha ve paid secretaries who are making civic-commercial
organization work their sole or thain professi;)n. 'There are at least
800 all-time positimis with orjranizations of this type. These 800
men have collectiv(;iy one of the biggest jobs which a group of
simiar size has ever undertakena job with boundless possibilities
for real. fundamental service to American communities and to the
Xation as a whore.
Assuming nat ive qualitie§ of energy, optimism. tact, personal mag-
netism, usefulness, and broad vision', and assuming also a good gen-
eral education on which to build. there are four maitl activities of
the civic-commercial organizatjon secretary which may be fegarded
as the main objectives Cf spedalized secretarial triining. (1) The
secretary must know how to keep his organization Me. No secr.e-
tary can be thoroughly efficient who does not undOrstand and use
modern methods of membership building and maintenance and of
securing and holding; adequate financial support for his organiza-
tion. (2) He must understand the technique of his job. He must :

have a detailed knowledge of the system by which a modern office

is managed and run, and must alsq know how to make the many
human contacts which the succe&sful operation of his cominunity .

dynamo involves. He must know the devices of efficient zelation-

ship between himself 'and his board of directors. committees, and his
membership as a whole, and between his organization and other or-.
ganized groups in thecommunity. He must know how to develop a
modern program of work, how to cOnduct members' forum meetings, .
and many ofber well-tried methods in which the best practice of sue-
cefeful secfetaries is now available. (3) He must knot how to
render the speéial stirvice whiCh. his organization may properly
perform for its members. Arming such activities are indotrial
.

research and development,

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 so SECRETARIAL TRAINING.

ment of a traffic bureau, the study of marketing problem, the secure

ing of conventions. and the advertising'of the advantages of the city
for home seekers. (4) The secretary must be able to guide his or-
ganization wisely in' its work for the general civic welfare. Many
an American city has an efficient form of municipal government
which its people would not have adopted but for tho initiative of the
local chamber of commerce; and the same is true of city planning or
zoning ordinances, parks and playgrounds, public health programs,
streets well paved and lighted, adequate water supply and sanitary
systems, a.nd many other forward steps in municipal and civic
progress.
Nor do city boundaries limit the civic activities of the forward-
looking chamber of commerce secretary. He studies the advisability
of a regional planning scheme which will tie together surrounding'
towns and villages with *a rational system of highways and parks.
Through his State chamber Of commerce and the Chamber of Com-
merce of the United States, and through direct contact of his or-
ganization with the legislature and governmental officials, he helps
to influence State and national action on a wide variety of business
b .

and civic problems.

A community-mindedness is beginning to emerge through which
our municipalities are coming to realize that they are in a very large
measure the masters of their own destinies, and that not only do their
deeds as communities react on the welfare and happiness of their
own citizens, but that their example may influence the forward march
of community life to a state-wide or nation-wide or eventually a
world-wide degree. The extent to which this community-mindedness
shall become increasingly. vocal and effective will be influen6d in a
very large measure by the ability and training of our local com- f
,
munity leaders. ,

MINA KERn. The position of executive secretary in social or-

ganizations has 'come with the development of great national organ-
izations whose important function it is to initiate reforms, to interpret
measures, and to educate publiC opinion. Many .national organiza-
tions doing this kind pf work have executive seòretarie4. The latter
usually have a responsibility for finances; they must understand .

the budget system, source of income, and know how to distribute

this income in the wisest and most efficient way among tke various
ilepartments pf the organization's work. They have to .help .some-
,times in raising money needed for thé work of the cirganization,
and there is. always the responsibility for economy and efficiency in
expenditure. It is their task to make..constructive plans, initiate
policies, and wcIrk out progiams for the work at headquarters and .
.

Ni I.
lor OR. whole QrgAnization... A very , import4nt aide of the work. ,lies
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 BEORETABIAL TRAINING. 81
in`th.e relation to the people; to theeelected officers and committees of :

the asto4tion and to the staff of regular workers;. to the great body
of members; and to the visitors of many kinds who come to the
office. For another phase of their work which has to do with co--
operation with other national organizations they need knowledge of
public questions, ability to write and speak and to work with other
groups of pcople, and above all a sense of what is steady progress and
not mere temporary agitation.
Undoubtedly our colleges and universities can provide a certitin
amount of training which will prepare for this kind of work. A
training school oan instruct and give smne practical experience in .

the making of a budget, the stimating of resources and expendi-

tures therein. and in general business methods in the management
of offices. It can also give Ingtruction and practice in the general ,

technique of organization work. Courses in fundamental and social

psychology, sociology. government, history, all assist in getting the
kind of back&round which helps in Nk-orking and living with other
people. A school can prepare a student for organization work by
courses in economics, government, current history, and present-
day politics and educational movements. Undoubtedly theoretical'
courses can be combined with-certain opportunities for practiCe .with
organizations, provided the school is located in a large city. Most t

educational and social organization executive secretaries at the pres-

ent time havb come up through volunteer work in the organizations :.

in which they now hold office. This position. like every. other, re-
quires certain native bents and abilities. and to these must be added
experience which can 0.TO in part from the school and in part must ,

ri

come from actual life and work. .

.,

CHARLES LEE SWEM. It is puzzling to know where to draw

_
the line between a secretary and a good stenographer. I was simply
stenographer to the President, and yet from tlw first day to the last ::
of the Wilson administration I received in dictation the letters of
the President., transcribeethem myself on the typewriter. reported
all his utterances, and in weral handled practically all his private .
and confidential work, such as keeping his personal files. digesting
his letters for him to save him the time of reading them through,
making appointments for him, and in fact taking up in person with
members of his Cabinet business that he would not transmit by letter
. r.

and for which he had scant, time himselfall duties of a private

1,-

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The President -of the. United Statqs has a private secretary and
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but one in name. His post, is frankly .political and advisory. One. 11

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. of the chief functions of any secretary is that of meeting callers,
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 32 BECRITARIAL TRAINING.
.6

in the White House thefe is even another secretary, though not by

name, who does that. The President has, however, not less than a
half dozen actual secretaries, who'se duties are very clearly defined.
They do the actual clerical and detail work that is characteristic of
secretary's job.
a
The qualifications necessary to become secretary to the President
of the United States are not characteristic, yet the secretary to any
public man must in some degree possess those same qualifications.
Practically every public man is in politics; his secretary. therefore
must know something of the political game. He need not be an as-
tute politician, but he must have a sense of politics. Outside of this
single qualification the secretary to the public man "es not differ
materially froin the business secretary. The essential qualificaton
of every secretary is common sense, the ability to see with his eyes,
to hear with his ears, and to think with his'l)wn head. A. secretary
A can be told from the mere stenographer by his absolute rerrdines, to
perform any and all quties that may be necessary for the advance-
ment of his chiefs interests. A secretary to a public man part icu-
larly mttit be able to use. shorthand. His chief is frequently called
upon to make speeches 6,r to give voice to olue Opinion for newspaper ,
consumptiori when a stenographer is not present. and the secretary
should see that he is not only quotëd, but correctly quoted. A busy
man chnferring with his secretar'y can not call a stenographer tor
every instruction that may occur to him at the moment: the secretary
should be able to jot it down to be given to the stenographer later.
In business life the woman secretary may be just as 'serviceable,
if not more so, than the male secretary. More often than not she
is. a- better master- of detail, and secretarial work is a work almost
;

eritirely of detail... For that reason, where othèr considerations are

not involved, perhaps it might be said that the girl will make a better
I;
secretary than the man. In public life., however. that statement
will not hold good.
The schools can not turn out full-fledged secretaries, because there
are no two secretarial positions alike. The. best thitt the school can
.

'do is to give the student the routine of the work and the necessary
.

I. 1/4
background upon which he will be able to build and gmw into the
job.. Shorthand, typewriting, the elements. kf .bookkeeping, filing,
and routine procedure can and should be taught. The schobl can not
r; teach commonIOnse, but it can develop it. Itocan so offor.- instruction
41 problems that the student will be prepared to ad for
himstilf when
this emettgency arises. '-4; .

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 SECRETARIAL TRAINING. 88

ADJOURNMENT.
At the request of and subsequent to Iie conference the chairman
appointed the following committee on secretarial training to study
the subject and prepare a report on needs and opportunities for secre-
ob
tarial service. with recommended courses of study to meet needs and
promote opportunities: H. E. Bartow. Mary B. Breed, Ann tréviring-
ton, Harold S. Buttenileim, Arthur L. Church, T. Lawrence Davis,
_Edward. Eltiridge, Emma P. Hirth, Harry Loeb Jacobs, Harlean
James, Mina Kerr, Edward J. Kilduff, Edward J. NrcNamara,
Katharine C. Rei ley. Charles Lee Swem. (Mar les M. Thompson-, W. R..w
Wagenseller, and Glen Levin Swiggett, ahairman.'
I Miss Hirth Is director of the Bureau of Vocationni Information, New YorkCity, and
Miss Jaineri is secretary of 'rife American Chi. AsKociation, Washington, D. C. See
program of the conference for positions arid *addresses of other members of the committee.
Additional members are to be appointed.

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