EXPERIMENT NO: 01

INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL

THERMOMETRIC PROPERTIES

NAME : P.H.R.THAKSHILA
REG .NO : COL/ME/2017/F/251
DATE OF INS : 30/03/2021
DATE OF SUB : 16/05/2021
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DATE : 30/03/2021
TITLE : Thermometric properties
OBJECTIVE : To investigate the thermometric properties
To investigate the effect of temperature on a liquid in glass device
To investigate the effect of temperature on a bi-metal thermometer
APPARATUS : water bath fixed with heater and stirrer
Temperature sensor
PT 100 reference
PT 100 IND
Thermometer
Thermistor
Bi-metal thermometer
Liquid in glass thermometer

PROCEDURE
Water bath was filled until the water level was between the top two marks on the sight glass
situated at the front.
Sensors were connected to the console were checked with the plugs in the correct socket.
Industrial PT 100 sensor was connected using “LOW” current connection and the thermocouple
switch set to “INT REF”.
Sensor was placed in position on top of the water bath,gently inserting the sensors through the
holes in the gasket.
Liquid in glass thermometer was inserted to the relevant position.
Initial readings were taken for each of the sensors.
Rotary switch on the console used to change the digital display between the sensors.
readings of bi- metal thermometer and liquid in glass thermometer ware taken directly from
their scales.
Heater and stirrer were switched on. Heater power was set to a suitable level.
When the bath temperature rises, readings were taken from the test sensors at intervals of 50C
,as indicated in PT100 reference thermometer.

Switch off the heater but leave the stirrer running.

Reading were taken from the sensors at intervals of 50C as the water cool.

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OBSERVATIONS

Liquid in
glass Bi-metal
PT 100 reference PT100 IND Thermocouple Thermistor thermometer thermometer
reading /(C) reading /(Ω) reading/ (µV) readingc/ (Ω) reading /(C) reading /(C)
32 113.8 1246 2211 31
37 115.7 1472 1786 36
42 117.6 1674 1467 40
47 119.5 1885 1206 45
52 121.4 2106 988 49
57 123.3 2305 824 54
62 125.1 2515 689 59
67 126.9 2728 578 64
72 128.7 2934 488 69
77 130.5 3136 417 74
82 132.2 3354 354 80

GRAPHS :

PT100 IND reading /(Ω)

135
PT 100 reference reading

130

125

120 PT100 IND reading

/(Ω)
115

110
0 20 40 60 80 100
PT 100 IND reading

Figure: PT 100 IND readings against the PT 100 reference sensor readings

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 Thermocouple reading
90
80

PT 100 reference reading

70
60
50
40
30 Thermocouple reading
20
10
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Thermocouple reading

Figure: Thermocouple readings against the PT 100 reference sensor readings

Thermistor reading
90
80
PT 100 reference reading

70
60
50
40
30 Thermistor reading
20
10
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Thermistor reading

Figure: Thermistor readings against the PT 100 reference sensor readings

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 Bi- metal thermometer reading
90
80

PT 100 reference reading

70
60
50
40 Bi- metal thermometer
30 reading
20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Bi-metal thermometer reading

Figure :Bi-metal thermometer readings against the PT 100 reference sensor readings

DISCUSSION
1. Describe the response of each sensor across the investigated temperature range.

When compare the PT100 IND sensor its reading has increased when temperature rising.

Thermocouple reading also increasing when temperature increase.Thermocouple give a rapid

response because thermocouple have low thermal capacity.They can respond to rapidly
changing temperature in a few hundred milliseconds. We can increase the thermocouple
response time by grounding the junction.Thermowell’s material ,thickness, and overall size will
affect to the response time of thermocouple

Thermister reading decreasing when temperature increasing.Typical response time of

thermistor is less than 15seconds.Thermistor make use of semiconducting materials ,where
resistance decreases with increasing temperature. The change in resistance with temperature is
far greater than in the case of pure metals, which means less sensitive instrumentation may be
used.

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. Bi-metal thermometer reading is also increasing when temperature increase. These
thermometers take about 30 seconds for a temperature adjustment from 10 0C to 90 0C.

Liquid in glass thermometer give a result in 3 minutes. But this practical we couldn’t get liquid
in glass thermometer reading.

2. Comment on the stability of each device for temperature measurement.

A PT 100 sensor is under normal conditions a very accurate and sable sensor for temperature
measurement.

Thermocouple stability we can refer to the degree to which the thermoelectric characteristics of the
thermocouple change with the time and condition we used for a practical under the certain condition.
Then under the specific condition a large change in thermoelectric characteristics show poor stability.as
well as small change will indicate good stability. But there are some factors which affected to the
stability of thermocouple.in high temperature medium various harmful media will affect to the
thermocouple stability.

Stability of a thermistor is that the ability of come back or retain some special characteristics after being
subjected to some surrounding changes or medium changes.But when the thermistor exposing to for
long time to a harsh environmental condition it will be a reason for poor stability or loss.

Liquid in glass thermometer when heating the liquid expands relative to the glass container and a
column is pushed along the bore of the tube, displaying the expansion as linear displacement. Stability
depend on the safety measures we follow before and after the useit.Thermometer should wash with
water or antiseptic solution before and after use, and do not touching the bulb of thermometer
.because of those reason the stability of thermometer will get poor.

Bi-metal thermometer is suitable for operation over short ranges of temperatures and suffers from lack
of sensitivity at low reading. Because of this reason we should care when using this. Otherwise the
stability of this may be loss. For the practical application moduli of elasticity is very important thing for
its stability. This moduli of elasticity show the ability of material to regain the its original position or
shape after the removal of force or load.

2. Discuss the advantages and limitations of each device, including comments on ease of
measurement and robustness.

PT100 SENSOR

Advantages of PT 100 sensor limitations

Easy to make the range is small

Simple to use accuracy is insufficient
Easy to replace

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In these sensors there is a risk of self-heating. When current through the sensor it will cause to heating.
If the sensor element is unable to dissipate this heat,it will report an artificially high temperature ,this
effect can be reduced by either using a large sensor element or by making sure that it is good thermal
contact with its environment. But this PT 100 used in more applications because it is does not need a
special cable to connect to the sensor.

THERMOCOUPLE

Advantages of thermocouple
It has good re-predictability.
It has rugged construction
Does not required bridge circuit
Has good accuracy and high speed of response.

Limitations
As output voltage is very small, it needs amplification.
It shows non –linearity.
The cold junction and lead compensation is essential.

Thermocouple lasts for 10 years. But there are some reasons causes to thermocouple fail.Regualr
expansion and contraction in metal because of changes in temperature causes thermocouple to weaken
overtime.and thermocouple quickly respond to the temperature changes.

THERMISTOR

Advantages of thermistor
The thermistor has fast response over narrow temperature range.
It is small size
Cost is low
Contact and resistance problem not occurred due to large resistance.

Limitations
The thermistor need of shielding power lines.
The excitation current should be low to avoid self- heating.
It is not suitable for large temperature range.

The case of such failures are usually due to mechanical separation between the resistor element and the
lead material ,caused by handling damage, excessive heat, thermal mismatch.
Second most common failure mode is drift in resistance value as the thermistor ages or parameter
change. Because of these reason the temperature measurement values may be inaccurate.
The life of thermistors about 3 years.

BI-METAL THERMOMETR

Advantages of bi-metal thermometer

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 Cheap
Durable
Can be used for thermograph
Easily calibrate.
Limitation
Fairly slow response
Require frequent calibrations to maintain accuracy.

The range of deflection of bimetallic strip depends on the types of metals used for construction .the
deflection of the metal is directly proportional to the length of the strip and the variation of
temperature and is inversely proportional to the thickness of the strips.

Liquid in glass thermometer

Advantages cheap
Durable
Accurate
Easily calibrated
Limitations
Display is harder to read
Does not work below 390C
Slow response
Fragile
Mercury vapor is poisonous