1

Chapter 2: Forces and Motion

1. Velocity – Time graph

Spring constant
Force for unit extension
b) Compare

a) What is velocity?
Rate of change in displacement

b) Part with
i)constant acceleration : AB
ii) constant deceleration : CD
iii) zero acceleration : BC
(a)

c) Quantity represented by area under the graph

Displacement
Quantity represented by gradient of the graph
Acceleration

2.

(b)
i) length of springboard : a > b
ii) height gained : a > b
iii) elastics potential energy : a > b
iv)gravitational potential energy : a > b
c) Relationship between
i) length and elastic potential energy
increase, increase

ii)height and gravitational potential energy

a) Meaning of force increase, increase
A push or pull act on an object
iii)elastic potential energy and gravitational
b) Equation of Fx (component of force parallel to potential energy
surface) increase, increase
Fcosθ d) Using kinetic theory of matter, explain why
springboard (or spring and etc) is elastic.
c) On rough surface , what happen to acceleration  Attractive and repulsive forces exist between particles
of push cart? Explain. of spring
Decrease.  When spring moves downward, particles come closer
Resultant force decrease. at the bottom and further apart in the upper part.
 Strong attractive forces act between the particles to
oppose the stretching at the upper part. Strong repulse
forces act between the particles to oppose the
compression in bottom part.
 When spring moves upwards, particles come closer at
the upper part and further apart in the bottom part.
3. a) Define Elasticity  Strong attractive forces act between the particles to
A property of matter that enables an object to return oppose the stretching at the bottom part. Strong
to its original size and shape when the force that repulsive forces act between the particles to oppose
was acting on it is removed. the compression in upper part.
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 When the external force is removed, the attractive and Thick wire High k
repulsive intermolecular forces bring the particles back
to their equilibrium separation.

4.
7. Gymnast with a mass of 45kg lifting his body.

1m

a) Gradient of graph Area under the graph

= 50/10 = ½ (50)(0.1)
a) Define Work
= 5 N/cm = 2.5 J
Product of force and displacement
= 500 Nm-1 = k = Ee
b) State change of energy
b) Initial length of spring
Kinetic energy → Gravitational potential energy
= 10 cm
c) He lift his body 1 m, calculate
Total extension
= 5 cm + 10 cm i) force exerted = 450 N
= 15 cm ii) work done
= 450 x 1 = 450J
Total length
= 15 cm + 20 cm
= 35 cm 8.

c) Parallel arrangement of spring

Higher spring constant can support bigger load

d) Baby cradle
- high k > support bigger baby
- low k > swing cradle easily
a) Meaning of acceleration
5. Spring system Rate of change in velocity
a. Spring constant, k b) Tractive force of B > A
Higher k Smaller k Displacement of B > A
Thicker coil Thinner coil Acceleration of B > A
Smaller coil diameter Large coil diameter c) Tractive force ↑ Acceleration ↑
Shorter spring Longer spring
Parallel arrangement Series arrangement 9. John hits a ball with a mass of 0.2 kg. The ball
Car suspension – Baby cradle (for small
moves forward with a velocity of 20ms-1 and time of
damping time short baby) – swing easily
Spring mattress
impact between the ball and bat is 5ms. Calculate
Cradle for bigger baby impulsive force.
Support more weight
m(v  u )
F
6. Best spring mattress to support larger mass t
0.2(20  0)
Characteristics Reason F  800 N
5 103
Density is low Lighter mass

High k Stiffer/ not easily compress

High elastic limit
Small diameter of spring
10. How follow through increase impulse acting on a
Can support bigger load/mass ball?
Can return to original position Why a player must swing the bat before hit a ball?
Stiffer  Impulse = Ft = mv - mu.
Stronger spring
Not easily compress
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 With follow through, the time, t, that the swing force F

acts on the golf ball increases;
 Ft increases or the change in momentum (mv – mu)
increases
 higher final velocity (v) for the ball

11. Playing Tennis – How to make ball move faster? 14.

Characteristics Reason
Upthrust
String tension : high Less impact time
Forward
Grip material : Rubber High frictional force/ better grip
X thrust
Density of racket : low Light weight

Material of racket : high Not easily break/ long lasting

strength
Position when hit the ball :
High
Action : Follow through
Greater gravitational potential
energy
Greater change in momentum
Weight

12. Stronger LOAD hanging system

a) Drag
Force resisting the motion

α b)
Angle between cable : small
Steel cable
Max. tension in the cable –
high
Low oxidation rate
Force X = Drag
c) Why man fly with acceleration at constant
height?
Upthrust = weight
Vertical acceleration = 0
Lesser tension in cable Forward thrust > Drag
Stronger, will not snap Produce horizontal nett force
easily
Support more weight
Wont rust easily

13. A car 1100 kg got stuck in muddy area, pulled by 2

trucks. Tension acting on each cable is 3000N.
Resistance acting on the car is 1200N.

60º

a) Total forward force

=2(3000cos30°) – 1200
=3996 N
b) Calculate acceleration (F=ma)
a = 3996/1100 = 3.63 ms-2
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Chapter 3 : Pressure and Forces e) How submarine sink deeper?

When the ballast tanks are filled with water, weight of
1. Blood transfusion submarine increase.
The buoyant force is smaller than the weight of the
submarine. The submarine sinks.
f) Wall of submarine thicker than cargo ship. Why?
Pressure under deep sea water very high.
The wall of submarine must be thick to withstand this high
pressure.
Water pressure exerted on cargo ship relatively small.

a) Pressure Characteristics Reason

Normal force per unit area Thicker wall Water pressure increase with depth
b) How blood flow into patients’ vein? Density of material : high Can submerge easily
 Bloog bag placed higher
 Pressure of blood in bag is high Material for wall : High Doesn’t break easily
strength
 Pressure of blood in the bag > blood pressure inside
Shape: Hydrodynamics Reduce water resistance
body
 Difference in pressure cause the blood in bag flow into Sonar transmitter and To estimate depth
vein of patient receiver To detect underwater objects
Power source: Nuclear Able to stay underwater for long
reactor period of time
2. Air bubble produced by diver get bigger as it rises Big ballast tank To increase/decrese depth
towards water surface. Explain.
 Depth of water decrease 4. Diagram shows the movement of baseball under different
 Water pressure decreases
pressure.
 According to Boyle’s law, volume of gas inversely
proportional to pressure.
 Volume of air bubble increases
Explain motion of the bubble.
 Bubble moves with increasing velocity
 Bubble accelerates
 Volume of water displaced increase
 Upthrust increases
 Net force increases
a) Movement of ball
Region A: opposite of air movement
3. Submarine Region B: same as air movement
Upthrust b) Method of throw: follow through action
Reason: Longer contact time to produce larger
change of momentum/impulse
c) Angle of contact with ball = 45°
Reason: Largest horizontal range

21600 kg
5. Describe and explain the type of motion of the air
bubble.
Weight  Increasing acceleration
 Volume of water displacement increase
b) Concept which enables submarine to float stationary
 Upthrust increases/ upward resultant force increase
in sea water.
Forces in equilibrium
c) Calculate buoyant force
F = 21600 x 10 = 200000N
d) Volume of sea water displaced
F = Vρg
216000 =Vx1080x10
V = 20 m3
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6. Water tank Mass: Large High inertia

9. Why water not suitable to be used as hydraulic fluid?

 cause rust
 low boiling point

10. Watering system.

Density of water = 1000 kgm-3 Motor used to pump water from deep well to fill up
Cross sectional area of pipe water tank.
= 2x10-4 m2
Patm = 1.0x105 Pa Characteristics Reason
Position of tank: High To produce higher water pressure
Water can flow easily over 10m
Tap : low position Difference water pressure high,
A tab is positioned 6m from the water surface. water flow easily
a) i) Total pressure acting in the tap Power of motor : High Higher pumping force//
= Patm + Pwater rate of water flow to tank higher
= 1.0x105 + (6)(1000)(10) Thick water pipe With stand high water pressure
= 1.6x105 Pa
Galvanized steel pipe Last longer // prevent rust and
corrosion
ii)Force that push water out
F=PA Position of motor: low To overcome low water pressure/
F= (1.6x105 Pa)( 2x10-4) water can easily flow up over 10m
F = 32 N
11.

7. Modify fishing boat which moves faster and carry more

goods.
Characteristics Reason
Big size Carry more load

Hydrodynamic shape/ Less water resistance

Smooth surface  A small input force, F1 is applied to the small piston
Aerodynamic shape Less air resistance resulting in a large output force, F2 on the output
piston.
High power engine Greater forward thrust
 Based on the Pascal’s Principle, the pressure is
Material : low density Lighter transmitted uniformly in all directions,
P1 = P2 =F1/A1 = F2/A2.
Fibre Long lasting // stronger  When incompressible fluid is moved through a
hydraulic system, the volume through which the input
Plimsoll line As guide for safety loading system moved must be the same as the volume
through which the output system, Hence,
______________
8. Backhoe  Hydraulic systems acts as a force multiplier. They
Characteristics Reason multiply the input force by a certain factor to gain a
Big size tyres Less pressure on the ground larger output force.
 The magnitude of the force at the large piston
Hydraulic fluid: oil Incompressible (pressure depends on
transmitted easily & quickly) 1. __________________________________
High boiling point (can not 2. __________________________________
evaporate easily)
Base area : big Stable

Low center of gravity Will not topple easily // greater

stability
Material : Steel Long lasting

Engine power : High Able to do heavy work

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Chapter 4 : Heat 4. Cover is burst away from a heated tin.

1. Why water used as cooling agent of car radiator? a) why cover burst away?
 Water is used as the cooling agent in the car cooling when temperature increase, pressure increase
system because gas law : Pressure Law
o it has high specific heat capacity. It can absorb a b) When soup is boiling, cover must open to prevent spilling.
large amount of heat without a high increase in How to shorten time of cooking
temperature.  clamp to tighten cover
o it is cheap and can be obtained easily.  Steam will not escape from pot
o Low freezing point – will not freeze at cold weather
 Specific heat capacity decrease, heat up faster.
o Low ability to react with metals – metal parts of
engine will not corrode easily
5. Suggest methods so meat tender in short time.
 Water is pumped through the channels in the engine block
to absorb heat. - c of pot low
 The hot water flows to the radiator and is cooled by the air - small amount of heat needed for increase in
flows through the fins of the radiator. temperature
 The cool water flows back to the engine again to capture - heat up faster
more heat and this cycle is repeated continuously.
- use clamp to tighten cover
- steam will not escape the pot
2. Pt=mlf
- Specific heat capacity decrease, heat up faster.

The graph of temperature-time below is obtained when a - use release valve to prevent explode
200g solid is heated by a heater of power 500 W. - high pressure released from pot

6. A fixed mass of gas in an enclosed metal container

has a pressure of 2.5 x 105 Pa. If the gas is heated
from 27°C to 87°C, calculate the final pressure of the
gas.
P1 P2

T1 T2
Determine 2.5 105 P2
(a) the melting point of the solid. 
(27  273) (87  273)
(b) the latent heat of fusion of the substance.
P2  300kPa
Ans : (a) 75 °C (b) 4500 Jkg-1

7. Ice cube in bottle

a) i)process : melting
ii) type of heat absorbed by ice cubes
: latent heat of fusion
3. a) spefic latent heat of fusion? b) Why the temperature remain same during the
The amount of heat required to change 1 kg of the process?
substance from solid to liquid phase without a the transfer of heat does not cause a change in the
change in temperature. kinetic energy of the molecules.
b) why temperature of ice doesn’t change when ice
melts?
 During change of phase, the transfer of heat 8. Design of a cup where ice cubes not easily melt down
does not cause a change in the kinetic energy Characteristics Reason
of the molecules. High specific heat More heat needed to increase the
 During melting, the heat absorbed is used to capacity temperature
break up the bonds between the particles. The Type of lid : good heat Transfer less heat from outside
particles are freed from their fixed positions and insulator
are able to vibrate and move among each Double wall To trap air between walls – act as
other. heat insulator // less heat transfer to
ice
Density of material : low Lighter // smaller mass
c) Calculate specific latent heat of fusion of ice.
Bright color Reflect heat
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9. Design of pot/ *pressure cooker

100°C 100°C
Characteristics Reason 80°C
small specific heat Less heat needed to increase the 60°C
capacity temperature
Type of handle : good Heat up slowly
heat insulator/high c
Good heat conductor High rate of heat transfer

Density of material : low Lighter // smaller mass 13. M and N have same mass but different specific heat
Base : Black color Absorb heat capacity. The balls heated until 100°C and placed
into two beakers contains same amount of water at
Base : copper Higher density// small specific heat room temperature.
capacity a) Meaning of specific heat capacity?
Use lid Pressure inside increase // achieve
The amount of heat required to increase the
boiling faster
temperature of 1 kg substance by 1°C.
*Thick wall Withstand higher pressure
Wall not easily deformed/explode
* use clamp to tighten steam will not escape the pot
cover Specific heat capacity decrease, b) Mass of ball: M=N
heat up faster Mass of water in beaker: P=Q
* use release valve to prevent explode Initial temperature of ball: M=N
excessive pressure released from Initial temperature of water: P=Q
pot
Final temperature of ball: M>N
* more locks Lid will not open easily
Final temperature of water: P>Q
Change in temp. of water in beaker: M>N
10. Sea breeze Change in temp. of ball: N>M
Amount of heat transferred from ball to water :
M>N
11. Why air pressure in tyre increases after complete a
long journey. Specific heat capacity of ball: M>N
Temperature increase, average kinetic energy Higher c, higher heat released
increase
Rate of collision between air molecules and wall of
14. High heel sink deeper than barefoot.
tyre increase
Rate of change of momentum increase
Force exerted per unit area increase
Air pressure increase

12. Cooling pad for fewer patients

a) Heat – a form of energy
b) Explain how heat removed from head?
- temperature of forehead is higher than pad
- net heat is transferred from forehead with Physics concept :
high temperature to low temperature pad Higher surface area, smaller pressure
c) Mass of gell in pad = 35g A girl jumps and hops. The depression deeper.
c = 4.3 Jkg-1°C-1 Explain.
T1 = 15°C, T2 = 39°C Higher force exerted on the surface.
Pressure directly proportional to force.
Q =mcθ

d) Method of cooling pad to remove more heat

- increase mass
- the heat removed increases with mass
- increase specific heat capacity, c
- the heat removed increases with c
 8

15. Bunsen Burner Chapter 5 : Light

1. Why diamond ring sparkle more than glass ring.

Characteristics Reason Diamond has high refractive index than glass

Size of air hole : Big More air can flow into Bunsen
burner
Size of gas nozzle : small Produce high velocity and low
pressure region
Base: Wide More stable
Material : Stainless steel Long lasting/ High melting point
With valve To control amount of gas flow
Critical angle of diamond is smaller than glass
Most rays enter the diamond will undergo total internal
reflection that makes it sparkle
Most rays that enter the glass just refracted
2. Torchlight
Characteristics Reason
Concave reflector Reflect light from bulb forward

Small radius of curvature Short focal length

Shiny/ silvered colour Enhance reflection

surface
Smooth surface
High power bulb
Position of bulb : at focal
point of concave mirror
Big / Aluminium reflector
Higher light intensity/ brighter
image
To produce parallel beam of light
rays
Reflect more light

More batteries connected Bigger current flow through bulb

in series
Thicker wire Low resistance

LED bulb Less energy dissipated as heat

Mirage
3. How mirage occurred on hot day.
 The air on the road surface consists of many layers. On a hot
day, the air near the ground has a low specific heat capacity,
hence the temperature increase faster.
 The hot air becomes less dense than the cold air higher up.
 A ray of light originated from the sky is refracted away from
the normal as the light is travel from denser to less dense air.
 As the air passes through the lower layers, the angle of
incidence increases and the refracted ray is getting further
away from the normal.
 Finally, at a layer of air close to the road surface, the angle
incidence exceeds the critical angle. Total internal occurs
and the light ray bends upward towards the eye of the
observer.
 The observer sees the image of the sky and the clouds on
the surface of the road as a pool of water.
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Superior Mirage – cold day 8. Slide projector

Characteristics
High power bulb
Position of bulb : at focal
point of concave mirror
Short focal length
Reason
Higher light intensity/ brighter
image
To produce parallel light rays
Increase magnification / high power

Object distance : f<u<2f To produce real and bigger image

Convex lens To produce real image

4. Why observer see image of ship. Large diameter Allow more light to enter the lens
 A superior mirage occurs when the air below the line of sight is
colder than the air above it. Increase distance Produce larger image
 Light travel from denser to less dense medium between screen and
 Light rays refracted away from normal and bent downward and projector/lens
towards the surface. Increase curvature of lens Shorter focal length
 When incident angle is greater than critical angle, the total
internal reflection occur and an image formed on the sky. More curvature of Increase intensity of light
concave mirror
5. Convex Lens
i) smaller u, bigger v, taller image 9. Optical fibre to transmit more signals
ii) bigger u, smaller v, shorter image  Bundle of fine optical fibre- Inner core denser than outer
iii) focal length cladding
Distance between focal point of the lens and its optical centre.  Inner core high refractive index than outer cladding
 Inner core smaller critical angle
6.How to estimate power of convex lens
 convex lens aimed to a distant object 10. An object placed in front of convex mirror.
 screen adjusted until sharp image formed on screen a) Phenomenon of formation of image
 The distance between screen and lens measured Reflection of light
 The measured distance is focal length,f.
b) Characteristic image
 Power of lens= 1/ focal length (in meter).
Virtual, upright, diminished
7. Convex lens – magnifying glass. Explain formation of c) Why used in sharp corner?
image. To increase field of vision
d) At which position must convex mirror be placed
so that car B can be seen by A easily
At sharpest bend
e) Characteristics of image unchanged when focal
length of curved mirror increase. Why?
Characteristics of image does not depend on focal
length

11. a) u=20 cm, f =10 cm

 Application : to magnified the image 1
 Lens : a convex lens P
 Object distance: less than the focal length of the lens, u < f
f
 Characteristics of image: virtual, upright, magnified 1
P  10 D
 hi > ho, m>1 0.1
 The magnifying power increases if the focal length of the lens b) Image distance
is shorter.
1  11
f u v
1  1 1
0.1 0.2 v
v  20 cm
 10

c) Magnification Chapter 1 : Waves

hi 1. Why wave fronts in sea follow shape of coastline as
ho water becomes shallower?
12. Student uses lens with power = -20D. u = 20 cm  In the centre of the ocean, the wavefronts are straight and
parallel to each other because the water waves there travel
a)
f  1  1  0.05m  5 cm at uniform speed as the depth of sea water there is almost
P 20 uniform.
b) 1  1  1  When the wavefronts approach the shoreline, they reach
5 20 v the headland or cape earlier than the bay because the cape
v  4 cm represents the protruding part of the shoreline that becomes
shallow earlier than the bay.
m v  4  Therefore, the water waves near the headland or cape slow
u 20 down first - thus, their wavelength becomes smaller or
m  0.2 wavefronts become closer near the cape while those
approaching the bay are still having greater wavelength and
their wavefronts are still further apart
 This phenomenon of refraction of water waves causes the
wavefronts to take the shape of the shoreline as the waves
approach the shore.

2. How ultrasonic sound is used to check the internal

organs/fetus?
 Ultrasound waves is used to scan and capture the image of
a fetus in a mother’s womb and the image of internal organ
in a body.
 Transmitter P emits ultrasound downwards to the
fetus/organ.
 Detector R receives the ultrasound (echoes) reflected by
organ/ fetus.
 The soft tissues of the fetus absorb most of the incident
ultrasound, reflect very little. The bony parts will absorb
very little, but reflect most of the ultrasound.
 The reflected ultrasound will produce an image of
contrasting brightness.

Why ultrasound is better than X-ray?

X-ray kill body cells
X-ray will penetrate all layers of tissues except bone

3. String phone
a. What type of wave travel through string?
Longitudinal waves/ sound waves

b. How string phone can produce clearer sound?

 Sound waves causes air to vibrate
 Tin also vibrates
 Energy transfer through string
 Compression and rarefaction of air in the receiving tin

4. Interference of sound wave

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5. An ultrasonic wave is used to determine the depth of High pitch, wavelength shorter, less diffraction & more
a seabed. A pulse of ultrasound is generated and focussed
travels to the seabed and reflected by it. 8. PA System
a) The time taken by a pulse of ultrasonic wave to
travel to and fro the seabed is 0.28 s. It the A B
speed of sound in the water is 1 500 ms-1,
calculate the depth of the seabed. Frequency = low Frequency = high
d
vt Pitch = low Pitch = high
2
1500  0.28
d  210m
2 9. Improve sound effect in a concert hall
b) If the frequency of wave is 50kHz, calculate Characteristics Reason
wavelength. Distance between stereo Reduce distance between 2
v f λ speaker : far consecutive antinodal lines
1500 Speakers positioned Prevent refection
λ  0.03m higher
50 103
Speakers placed in front Avoid sound from speakers enter
c) How aspects of wave affects the results of microphone microphone
i. frequency of waves Cover the hall with thick Absorb sound / prevent echo
smaller wavelength, less diffracted and soft curtain
ii. energy of waves Wall : rough and uneven Reduce reflection of sound // sound
high energy, high penetrating power surface reflected in various direction
Carpeted floor, cushioned Soft materials reduce reflection of
seats sound waves
6.
10. Communication system
Characteristics Reason
Microwave Higher energy / travel further

High frequency Not easily diffracted // Carry more

signal
a) Name the phenomenon : Interference Low damping time Signal loss less
b) Type of source
Coherent sources High speed More energy // higher penetrating
power
c) What is antinode? Parabolic dish with big Reflect more signals
A point where constructive interference occurs. diameter
Short wavelength Not easily diffracted
d) What is amplitude?
The maximum displacement from its equilibrium
position.
11. Retaining wall at harbour
Characteristics Reason
7. Tweeter Thick base (shape of wall) Withstand higher pressure at
a) Small diameter loudspeaker. Produce high frequency sound deeper level
Diameter of Material: concrete Strong/ can withstand stronger
tweeter X = 1m A B wave
(λ↓) Location: at bay Sea is calmer
Can hear Can not hear Several opening on wall Diffraction of wave occur, amplitude
Diameter of of wave smaller
tweeter Y= 0.5m A B
(λ ↑)
Can hear Can hear
b) Diffraction meaning?
A phenomenon in which waves spread out as they pass
through a gap or round a small obstacle.

c) Diffraction of tweeter Y effective than X,

d) Longer wavelength, Effective diffraction
 12

Chapter 2: Electricity 6. Iron/ Toaster/Stove/* Hair dryer

Characteristics Reason
1. Effect of electric field on coated ping pong ball. Heating element : High resistance
a. What happens when metal plates connected to EHT? Nichrome
 When the EHT power supply is switched on, plate X is Thin wire High resistance, produce more heat
positively charged and plate Y is negatively charged. energy
Since the ping-pong ball is neutral it remains at the Coiled wire Increase length of wire, High
center as the electric forces acting on it are balanced. resistance, produce more heat
 When the ping-pong ball touches the positively charged energy
plate X, the ball positively charged and experiences a Fuse : Value of fuse is slightly higher than
repulsive force. The ball will then pushed to the *Based on calculation of current flow
negatively charged plate Y. I=P/V
 When the ball touches plate Y, the positive charges are High Melting point Not easily melt down
neutralized by the negative charges. The ball then
negatively charged and repels toward plate X. *Hair dryer
 The process is repeated and the ball oscillate to and fro High power fan Blow greater volume of hot air
between the two metal plates X and Y.
 The rate of oscillation of the ping-pong ball can be
increased by : 7. Cost calculation
o increasing the voltage of the EHT power supply and Use P in kW and t in hours.
o decrease the distance between the two plates X and Y. 1 kW h = 1 unit

b. What happens when both plates connected to 8. Power rating

positive terminals? An electrical kettle which is marked 240 V 1500 W means
Amplitude of oscillation decreases and finally stop.
that the electric kettle will consume 1500 J of electrical energy
every 1 second if it is connected to the 240 V.
2. Heating element
a. Material : Nichrome? 9. If voltmeter connected to fixed Ohm’s Law Exp.
b. Why? resistor
High resistance If voltmeter connected to e.m.f Exp.
Low rate of oxidation variable resistor
High melting point

10. Current P=VI

3. Filament of bulb
Resistance P=V2/R
a. Material : Tungsten?
b. * melting point of Tungsten > Nichrome
11.
4. Brightness of bulb A A
a. Current
b. Resistance
12V 12V
V V
(i) (ii)
Ammeter reading in diagram ii > i

2Ω 4Ω Because effective r in ii low

(i) (ii) Voltmeter reading in diagram i > ii
Current = 12/2= 6A Current = 12/4= 3A
Because voltage drop, Ir in (ii) across cell
P = (6)2(2) = 72 W P = (3)2(2) = 36 W
Brighter Dimmer
*If resistance is same, bigger current → Brighter 15. Design a fuse that can cut off excessive current
*If current is same, bigger resistance → Brighter effectively
*If current and resistance different → Power dissipated
Resistance of fuse wire: High Release more heat
higher → Brighter [can melt easily]
Melting point: Low Can melt easily
5. Mass of the load = 0.8 kg, lifted to 1.5 m in 4 s.
Cross sectional area : small High resistance
Ammeter = 1.2 A dan voltage = 5.0 V.
a. Input power = 6W Specific heat capacity: Low Heat up faster
b. Efficiency = 50%
 13

Chapter 3 : Electromagnetism 5. Electromagnetic Lifting Machine

1. Why Galvanometer show reading when wire is moved Characteristics Reason
downwards? Number of turns in Stronger magnetic field
solenoid : High
Thick wire Low resistance

Magnitude of current: Higher magnetic field strength

High
U-shaped core Concentrate magnetic field

Soft-iron core Easily magnetised and

demagnetised

6. Moving coil ammeter

Cutting of magnetic flux produce induced e.m.f. Characteristics
Spring constant : Low
Transformer (Hair spring)
2. Multitap transformer ? Stronger permanent
 Produce different voltage depending on number of turns magnet
 Function of transformer : step-up/set-down alternating voltage No. of turns in coil : more
Reason
Higher sensitivity//
Less force required for deflection
Stronger magnetic field
Higher magnetic field strength

Step-up transformer Step-down transformer

No of turns in primary coil
< No. of turns in
secondary coil
Output voltage > Input
Voltage
No of turns in primary coil > No. of
turns in secondary coil
Output voltage < Input Voltage
Mass of coil and indicator More sensitive //
: small Less force required for deflection
Soft-iron armature Concentrate magnetic field
Concave magnetic Produce radial magnetic field

3. Working principle Linear scale Angle of rotation of indicator

 The principle of a transformer is involves electromagnetism increase linearly with flow of current
and the principle of electromagnetic induction. Shape of Iron Core: Supply uniform magnetic flux
 When alternating current with an input voltage, VP flowing Cylinderical
through the primary coil, a varying magnetic field produced
around the primary coil.
 The soft iron core is magnetized and transfer the varying 7. Explain why wire move upward
magnetic field to secondary coil.
 The changing magnetic flux is cut by the secondary coil,
producing induced e.m.f. in the secondary coil.
 Induced e.m.f. which produced in the secondary coil causes an
alternating current with a output voltage, VS flows through a
load which connected across the secondary coil.

Calculation :
VP VS V I  A magnetic field is produced when current flow through a wire
Use  and Efficiency  S S  100%
NP NS VP I P  Interaction btwn a magnetic field due to current carrying
conductor and permanent magnetic field
 A catapult field produced
 Resultant force produced and cause wire to move
Why transformer use soft iron core?  The direction of motion can be determined by Flemings Left
Easily magnetised and demagnetised > less energy loss Hand Rule

4. Copper – transmission cable
Current flow : Ptransmission=VtransmissionI
Trans Voltage ↑ I in cable ↓, Power loss ↓
Power loss : PLoss=I2R
8. Explain how d.c. generator work to produce d.c.
 Rotate coil in clockwise direction
 The coil cut across the magnetic field/flux
 The currect induced in coil
 The commutator reverses the direction of current every half
cycle so that the direction of current in the external circuit
always same.
 14

9. a.c. Dynamo
Characteristics Reason
Copper wire low resistance/ resistivity
Thicker wire Small resistance
Soft iron armature Increase magnetic field strength/
Concentrate magnetic field
Small diameter of wheel more rotation
grip
Stronger magnet Stronger magnetic field
Concave magnets Produce radial mag. field

10. Modification of crane to attract more scrap iron

Characteristics Reason
Many no of turns in Increase magnetic field strength
solenoid
Thicker wire Small resistance

Soft iron core: U-shape Increase magnetic field strength/

Concentrate magnetic field
Higher magnitude of Increase magnetic field strength
current
 15

Chapter 4 : Electronics 4. Cathode ray

a. Define : beam of fast moving electrons
1. Semiconductor
A material that has an electrical conductivity that is between
that of a conductor and an insulator.
p-type semiconductor
semiconductor which holes acts as the majority charge carrier
n-type semiconductor
semiconductor which free electrons acts as the majority charge
carrier

2. How n-type semiconductor is produced

 n-type doping is to produce an abundance of electrons in
the semiconductor
 A silicon atom has four valence / outer electrons which Use Fleming’s Left Hand Rule to determine direction of
each electron is covalently bonded with one of four deflection
adjacent silicon atoms b. Effect of voltage (of EHT) on
 If pentavalent atoms are doped into the pure -no. of electrons produced
semiconductor, then each of the pentavalent atoms will increase,increase
have four covalent bonds and one extra electrons. -intensity of green light
 A very small quantity of the impurity able to create enough increase,increase
free electrons to allow electric current to flow through
silicon.
5. Current amplifier circuit
 The free electrons are the majority carriers and the holes
are the minority carriers IC
c. Current amplification = = constant (convert to same unit)
IB
3. Diode Current
IB Ic
amplification
2 A 0.4mA 200
6 A 1.2mA 200

d. Type of transistors : pnp or npn

e. IB=0, Transistor switched off, IC=0
_____________________ ____________________
6. Fire alarm system
o The p-type of the diode is connected to the positive terminal
and the n-type is connected to the negative terminal of a
battery.
o The diode conducts current because the holes from the p-type
material and electrons from the n-type material are able to
cross over the junction.
o Small resistance across diode.
o Current flows in the circuit and the light bulb will light up.

o The n-type is connected to the positive terminal and the p-

type is connected to the negative terminal of the battery. Characteristics Reason
o The reversed polarity causes a very small current to flow as
Thermistor To detect temperature change//
both electrons and holes are pulled away from the junction. Its resistance becomes very high
o When the potential difference due to the widen depletion when it is cold.
region equals the voltage of the battery, the current will cease.
o Therefore the bulb does not light up. Base resistor To control or limit base current

Magnetic relay Switch on secondary circuit big

current
Diode protect transistor from being
damaged by the large e.m.f in
relay coil when IC drops to zero
Transistor Act as automatic switch
 16

7. Washing machine 9. Radio amplification

Characteristics Reason
High power motor Produce greater centrifugal force/
can wash greater volume/mass of
clothes
Low density material Lighter

Water pump This circulates the water through

the machine, rotating in two
directions.
Bigger drum Wash more cloths
1. Microphone converts audio (sound) signal into
Timer This helps set the wash time for ______________signal (varying current).
your clothes, which can be set
2. Capasitor allows the varying current flow it ( and prevent
manually or automatically.
direct current to flow from
Sensor Stop the operation when lid
opened 3. the battery to the transistor and the loudspeaker).
Mass sensor Save water// detect suitable water 4. Base current is changed and causes large change in the
level collector current, IB
AND gate in Circuit can operate/function 5. Collector current flows in loudspeaker.
outer controller For safety precautions// to 6. Sound waves with higher amplitude is produced.
make lid close when the
start button is on Characteristics Reason
AND gate in inner controller Start the washing process // on Microammeter replaced To prevent current from battery
the washing system with capacitor from flowing to microphone

Milliammeter replaced To change a signal back sound

with loudspeaker wave
Rheostat replaced with To change sound waves to
microphone electrical signal

Resistors R1 and R2 Act as potential divider

Base resistor, RB To control or limit base current

W – Mass sensor
X- Start button
10. Potential Dividers in Transistor Circuits
Y- Lid
Z- Water level sensor

8. Phone charger R1 R1
Eg: 240 V to 3.7V
Characteristics Reason
4 diodes To produce full wave rectification

Step-down transformer Reduce output voltage

R1 R1
Diode Convert ac to dc

Capacitor To smoothen out the output voltage

Dark On Bright On Hot On Cold On
1) Heater
Ratio of ___ To produce ___ output voltage
2) A/C
(calculate using
3) Water Heater
VP VS
 )
NP NS
Cooper wire Low resistance
 17
11. AC Circuit Chapter 5 : Radioactivity

1. Usage of radioisotope
R1 Aspects
AC  Half-life – short if expose to user
R2  Types of ray – alpha, beta, gamma
6V  State of matter
 Penetrating/ Ionising power
 Types of detector

Alpha particle – helium nucleus with positive charge

2. Alpha track thicker than beta track

11. Water Sprinkler System Aplha track straight, beta track twisted
+

Water
Sprinkler
No of ionized air molecules by alpha particles is higher
Mass of alpha particle is bigger
- More air molecules ionized, thicker the track
Greater the mass of particle, higher the no. of air particles
ionized

3. Why direction and size of deflection is different?

- - - - - - - - - alpha
- - - -

Radioactive source

gamma

beta
+++++++++++++
 Alpha and beta particles are deflected in an electric
field because they are charged.
 Alpha positively charged and beta negatively charged.
 The deflections are in opposite direction because they
carry opposite charges.
 The deflection of beta is larger than alpha because
mass of beta < mass of alpha
 Gamma rays are not deflected because they do not
carry any charge.

4. Half Life
Short T½ → used for contamination
Long T½ → used for irradiation

[For example, an apple is:

irradiated if it is exposed to radiation from cobalt-60, but
contaminated if cobalt-60 is injected into it]
 18

5. How strontium-90 is used to measure thickness of 8. Nuclear Energy

paper?
 Beta radiation are used for thin sheets.
 A radiation detector on the other side of the sheet
measures the intensity of the radiation passing through
the sheet.
 The amount of radiation received by the detector
depends on the thickness of the rubber sheet.
 If the sheet is too thin, the reading of the detector
increases.
 A signal is sent from the roller control to the rollers so
that the pressure on the sheets can be reduced.
Nuclear fission
is the splitting of a heavy nucleus into two lighter nuclei
1. Fission occurs when the nucleus of an atom is
bombarded with a neutron.
2. The energy of the neutron causes the target nucleus to
split into two (or more) nuclei that are lighter than the
parent nucleus, releasing a large amount of energy during
the process.
Released neutron – high speed > can be slowed by
graphite(moderator)

6. Radioactive material is injected to detect blood clot. Cadmium/Boron : absorb neutron (control rod)
Heat energy used to convert water to steam to generate
(As tracer)
electricity
a) Detector detect which radioactive ray?
Water cools the reactor
 Beta ray // weak gamma ray
Iodine in fish is due to nuclear reactor leakage
b) Why detector gives a reading before detection
starts? Nuclear fusion
 Due to background radiation is the combining of two lighter nuclei to form a heavier
 Background radiation is always present due to natural nucleus, releasing a vast amount of energy during the
radioactivity in the ground, bricks or buildings and process.
cosmic radiation.

c) How detector detect blood clot?

 Sodium-24 is injected into the patient's body
 Blood flow carries sodium-24 throughout the patient's
body
 Sodium-24 breaks down and releases beta rays and
gamma
 Radioactive cameras outside the patient's body detect
beta and gamma rays
 The resulting image exposes the blood clot position

d)
24
11 Na  BA Na  

A= 24 B= 12
7. Detect cracks in pipe
Use beta particles
 Medium penetration
 less dangerous
 Can not penetrate pipe
 Can penetrate the soil and able to detected by GM
Tube
Short T½
 Decay faster
 Less harmful
Liquid form
 Easy flow along water
19
 20

PAPER 3 (SECTION B)
MV RV Apparatus Situation
Density Liquid Pressure thistle funnel, measuring cylinder, Water, salt Diver in different level
Density of liquid Buoyant force/ Weight of fluid displaced wooden cylindrical rod, beaker Ship floats different water level
Incident angle Refracted angle Glass block, ray box bending of light is different when the position of the
observer changes
Object distance Magnification convex lens, a light bulb, screen Camera produced magnified image when object nearer
a x Audio generator, two loudspeakers Hear loud sound at different distance
Number of turns Output Voltage Insulated wire, soft iron core Charger.
Diff. turns of coil, diff. output V
Number of turns Induced Current Magnet bare copper wire, galvanometer Dynamo diff # turns, diff. light intensity
Current Displacement of rod d.c power supply, ammeter, C-shaped steel yoke, bare Drill speed increase when I increase
copper rod
 21

PAPER 2