PREPARED BY Mr.A.ANBU M.

Tech /AP

PROCESS CALCULATIONS

UNIT-I
PART-A- QUESTION & ANSWERS

1. Define ppm.
ppm (or) parts per million is used for expressing the concentration of extremely dilute
solution (i.e.) solution containing trace impurities. ppm is the weight fraction for solids and
liquids and a mole fraction for gases
1 ppm =1 mg/1000000 mg=1 mg/l (Density of very dilute solution ~1g/m3=100mg/10-3 l
which is approximately mg/l)

2. Define mole.
Mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as
there are atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon -12 and it is abbreviated as mol.

3. Define weight.
The force becomes weight, when the body acts under gravitational acceleration i.e., when
a=g, weight G= (1/gc) mg. Since g and gc are assumed equal for all practical purpose, G= m
i.e., the values of weight and mass become practically equal.

4. Define pressure head.

Often the pressure head is expressed in pressure head
Pressure head= pressure (absolute)/ density
Absolute pressure= gauge pressure + atmospheric pressure.
The more commonly used pressure heads are in terms of mercury and water columns
1 atm = 10.33 m of water.

5. Define intensive property and extensive property.

Intensive property: This state of a system is independent of mass eg. Temaperature.
Extensive property: This state of a system is dependent on mass eg. Volume.

6. Define Weight Per cent.

The weight percentage of each component is found by dividing its perfective weight
WA
by the total weight of the system Weight % of A =  100
W
7. Define Volumetric per cent.
The percent by volume of each component is found by dividing its pure – component

volume by the total volume of the system Volumetric % of A = VA  100
V 
WA
MA
8. Define Mole Fraction. Mole Fractions of A =
WA w B

MA MB
9. Define Mole per cent. Mole % of A = Mole fraction  100

10. Distinguish between normal atmospheric pressure, absolute pressure, gauge

pressure and vacuum.
Atmospheric pressure + gauge pressure=absolute pressure
Atmospheric pressure –vacuum pressure =absolute pressure

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Atmospheric Pressure is the pressure of the air and the atmosphere. Barometer is used to
measure the atmospheric pressure. Usually atmospheric pressure is t5he zero point for a
relative pressure scale and it is not a constant.
Absolute pressure is the pressure corresponding to the complete vacuum .It is the zero point
for an absolute pressure scale.
Gauge pressure is the pressure measured downward from the atmospheric pressure to zero
absolute pressure (perfect vacuum).

11. Define Specific gravity of a gas

Sp. Gr. of gas = Density of the gas
_________________________
Density of air in the same condts.
12. Define Specific gravity of a Liquid
Sp. Gr. of Liquid = Density of the liquid
_________________
Density of H2O at the same Conditions.

13. Define the following for a binary mixture a) mol fraction b) vol %
Mole fraction: For a mixture of two components
Mole fraction A = mass of A / mol. Wt. of A
------------------------------------------------
Mass of A/ mol.wt of A + mass of B / mol. Wt of B
Vol% = Vol. occupied by A / vol. Occupied by A and B * 100

14. Distinguish between molecular weight and equivalent wt.?

Molecular weight: the combined weight of all the atoms in a molecular put together
constitutes molecular weight.
Equivalent weight: Molecular weight divided by valency of atoms is called equivalent weight
[Molecular weight / valency]
15. Explain the difference between absolute temperature and relative temperature.
The Kelvin (K) and the Rankine (0R) scales are the absolute temperature scales whose zero
points correspond to the lowest possible temperature whereas the Celsius ( 0C) and Fahrenheit
(0F) scales are the relative temperature scales whose zero points are arbitrarily fixed by their
inventors (0C*1.8)+32=0F;0C + 273 =K; 0F+460=0 R.

16. The film heat transfer coefficient ’h’ has the dimension of Btu/(hrs.ft 2.0F) in the FPS
system of units. Convert this into kcal/(s.m2.0C)
Solution:
h= Btu/(hrs.ft2.0F)
1Btu=0.252 kcal 1 h =3600 s 1 ft =0.3048 m
0 0 0 0
1 C=1.8 F (or)1 F =1/1.8 C
Film heat transfer coefficient h = 0.252kcal/(3600s)(0.3048m2)(1/1.80C)
=1.356 * 10-3 kcal /(s.m2.0C)

17. Convert the Diffusion co-efficient of 0.87 ft2/h into MKS unit.
Solution:
Diffusion coefficient =0.87 ft 2/h 1 ft=0.3048m 1 hour =3600 seconds
In MKS units, diffusion coefficient = 0.87*(0.3048 m) 2/(3600sec) = 2.245*10-5 m2/s

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18. Calculate the volume occupied by 130 Kg of CO2at 2.5 atm and 350C.
Basis: 130 Kg of CO2
nCO2=Kg mol of Co2=130/44=2.9545 Kg Mol
V = nRT/P=2.9545*0.082058 (273+35)/2.5=29.869m3

19. In a double effect evaporates plant, the second effect is maintained under a vacuum
of 450 mm Hg. Find the absolute pressure in KgF/cm2 and psia.
Solution:
Since [Atm.pr. – vacuum pr. =Absolute pr ]
(1) 760- 450 = 310 mm Hg absolute
310 mm Hg (abs)= 310mm Hg/760mm Hg*1.0332 kgF/cm2 = 0.421 kgF/m2(abs)
(2) 310 mm Hg (abs) = 310mm Hg/760mm Hg *14.7 psia=5.996 psia(abs)

20. An aqueous solution contains 40% Na2 63 by weight. Express the composition in
mole percent.
Solution:-
Basis of calculation: 100 gm of solution
Molecular weight:-
Na2 63 = 106
H2O = 18.02
Na2 63 present = 40gm (or) 40/106=0.377g.moles
3.33
H2O present = 60 gm (or) 60/18.02 = g. moles
3.71
Mole % Na2 63 = (0.377/3.71)  100 = 10.16
89.8
Mole % H2O = (3.33/3.71) 100 =
100.0

21. A solution of Naphthalene C10H8, in benzene, C4H6, contains 25 mole percent of

Naphthalene express the composition of the solution in weight percent.
Solution:
Basis of calculation: 100g – moles of solution
Molecular weight:-
C10H8 = 128.1
C6H6 = 78.1
C10H8 present = 25 g. moles or 25  128.1 = 3200 gms.
C6H6 present = 75 g. moles or 75  78.1 = 5800 gms.
---------
9060 gms.
 3200 
Weight % of C10H8 =    100  35.3
 9060 
 5860 
Weight of C6H6 =   100  64.7
 9060 
----------
100.0
----------
22. A solution of Sodium Chloride in water contains 230 gm of NaCl per litre at 20C.
The density of the solution at this temperature is 1.148 gm per cubic centimeter.
Calculate Composition of weight percent.
Solution:-

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Compositions in weight per cent

Weight % NaCl = 230 1148 
 100  20.0

Weight % H2O 
= 918
1148 
 100  80.0
---------
100.0
---------
23. The density of the atmosphere decrease with increasing altitudes. When pressure is
300mm Hg, How many inches of water is it?
Solution: Given P=300 mm Hg
760 mm Hg =406.782 inch H2O=33.8985ft H2O
H=300 mm Hg/760 mm Hg *406.782 inch H2O =160.57 inch H2O

24 .What is Average molecular weight?

When a sample under some process is a mixture of 2 or more gases, the average mol weight
is calculated by adopting a unit molal quantity of the mixture as basis of calculation. The
weight of this molar quantity is then calculated and represents average molecular weight.

25. Calculate the average Molecular weight of a five gas having the following
composition by volume.
CO3 = 13.1%, O2 = 7.7, N2 = 79.2
Solution:-
CO2 = 0.131 g. moles = 5.76 gm
O2 = 0.077 g. moles = 2.46 gm.
N2 = 0.792 g. moles = 22.18 gm
-------------
Weight of 1 g. mole = 30.40 gm
-------------
26. What is the mass flow rate of 300 m3/min of methane at 2500C and 730 mm Hg
Pressure?
Solution:
Basis: 300m3/min of methane
Q=300m3/min Assuming ideal gas, Pv =nRT =(weight / mol.wt)RT
PQ=(m / M) RT Therefore m=PQM/RT=730 * 300 * 16 / 62.3549 (273 + 250) = 107.439
Kg / min.

27. An aqueous solution of soda ash contains 20% Na2CO3 by weight. Express the
concentration as weight % Na2O.
Solution:
Basis: !00 Kg of Na2CO3 solution.
Soda Ash content=20%=20 kg
H2O Content= 80%=80 Kg
Na2CO3  Na2O + Co 2
106 Kg 62 44
20 Kg 20*62/106 20*44/106
=11.6298 =8.302
Na2O content =20*62/106 =11.698 kg
Composition of Na2O =11.698*100/100=11.698%(wt%)

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28. Find the volume of CO2 at 25o C and 750 mmHg if the volume of CO2 is 15m3 at 760
mmHg and 200C ?
P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2 ; 750*V1/760*298=760*15/760*293
V1=15.459m3

29. What is the Clausius Clapeyron equation?

Clausius Clapeyron equation is given by
dp/dt = Hv/(RT2/p)
Where, Hv (or) is the molal latent heat of vaporization.
P = vapor pressure, T = absolute temperature
ln (p2/p3)= Hv[ 1/t1-1/ t2]

30. Calculate the weight of 100 m3 of H2 measured as 725 mm Hg and 250C

Solution:
Basis : 100 m3 of H2
For an ideal gas ,Pv=nRT N=PV/RT=725*100/62.359*(273+25)=3.9014 kg mol
Weight of H2=Kg mol of H2*Molecular wt of H2=3.9014*2=7.8028 =7.803Kg

31. Define compressibility factor.

Compressibility factor express the non-0indentity of a gas and is denoted by Z .It is defined
as Z=PV/nRT
Z is a dimensionless quantity and is equal to one for ideal gas, and not equal to one for real
gas; value of Z is obtained from the Nelson-Obert Generalized compressibility charts if Prand
Tr(orVr ) is known.

Part B

1. A limestone analysis CaCO3- 94.52%, MgCO3-4.16% and inert-1.32%. Calculate (a) kgs
of calcium oxide could be obtained from 4 tons of limestone. (b) How many kgs of CO 2
are given off per kg of this limestone c) How much of lime stone can produce from 1 ton
of lime?
(ii) A solid compound is found to contain 42.11% Carbon, 51.46% Oxygen and 6.43%

2. Hydrogen. Its molecular weight is about 341.What is the formula of the compound?

3. Cracked gas from a petroleum refinery has the following composition by volume:
Methane 40%, Ethane 20%, Ethylene 25%, Propane 5%, and Propylene 10%. Find a) the
average Mol.wt. of gas mixture b) the composition by weight.

4. An aqueous solution of NaCl in water contains 28 gms of NaCl per 100CC of solution at
20OC. Express the concentration of this solution in the following terms. The density of the
solution at 20oC is 1.18 gms/cm3. Calculate i) Percentage NaCl by weight ii) percentage
of water by weight iii) mole fraction of NaCl iv) Mole fraction of H 2O.

5. Two different persons calculate the average molecular weight of a flue gas sample. One
person used the correct molecular weight for nitrogen found that average molecular
weight has 30.08. The other person by mistake in the atomic weight for nitrogen and
found the value as 18.74. Calculate the composition of the flue gases, if the other gases
are CO2 and NO2. (AU-Nov.’03)

6. The composition of a gas mixture (on volume basis) is: N 2-70.5%, O2-18.8%, H2O-1.2%

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and NH3-9.5%. Calculate i) the composition in weight percent ii) the average molecular
weight
(i) Pure water and alcohol are mixed to get a 60% (weight) alcohol solution. The
densities in kg/m3 of water, alcohol and the solution may be taken as 998,798 and 895
respectively at 2830k. Calculate the following (1) Volume percent of ethanol in the
solution at 2830k. (2) Molarity and Molality .(AU-May07)
(ii) A certain organic compound is found to contain 81.5% C.4.9% H and 13.6% N by
weight. If the molecular weight of the compound is 103. Determine the molecular
formula of the compound. (AU-May07)

7. A flue gas has the following percent composition by volume; CO 2-14%, SO2-0.5%, CO-
2%, O2-2.5% and N2-81%. Determine (i) The average molecular weight of the gas. (ii)
The Composition of gas in weight percent. (iii) The density of the gas at 320 0k (iv) The
specific gravity at 3200k and 1.5 bar.

8. A Gaseous mixture analyzing CH4-10% , C2H6-30% and the rest H2 at 150C and 1.5
atm. is flowing through an equipment at the rate of 2.5 m3/min.. Find (1) The average
molecular weight of the gas mixture (2) Weight % (3) The mass flow rate.(AU-May08)

9. A solution contains 40% by weight of ethyl alcohol and 60% by weight of water at 30 0C
and 1 atm. Its Specific gravity is 0.938. Calculate the following (1) The mole fraction
(2) The normality of the solution (3) The molarity of the solution and (4) The molality of
the solution

10. A solution of NaCl in water contains 230 g of NaCl per litre at 20 0C. The density of the
solution at this temperature is 1.148g/cc. Find the composition in (a) weight% (b)
volume % of water (c) mole% (d) atomic % (e) molality and (f) g Nacl / g water.

1. State and explain the Raoult’s law.

Raoult’s law states that “the vapour pressure exerted by a liquid forming mixture P i is
directly proportional to the mole fraction of the liquid in the mixture Xi”
Pi=PiXi
Where Pi=Vapour pressure of pure solvent
Raoult’s law holds good for ideal gas and dilute (very dilute) solution. e.g. ideal liquid-liquid
mixture.

2. What is Ideal gas Law?

A gas is said to be ideal if it follows the relation PV= nRT
Where P= Absolute pressure. V= Volume of n molecule of gas.
N= number of molecules of gas. R= Universal gas content.
T= Absolute temperature. The above Equation is called as the ideal gas law

3. Define Partial Pressure: The partial pressure of a component of which is present in the
mixture of gases is the pressure exerted by the component if it were alone taken into a
container having the same volume and at the temperature as that of the gaseous mix.

4. Define Vapor pressure

The Vapor pressure of a component is the ratio of the Partial pressure to the mole fraction
of that component.

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5. Define Pure component volume: The pure component volume of a component gas
present in gaseous mixture is the volume occupied the component is it were alone taken into a
container at the same pressure and temperature as that if the gaseous mixture.

6. Define Dalton’s law: It states that the sum of the partial pressure of the entire component
is equal to the total pressure.

7. Define Amagal’s Law or Leduc’s Law :It states that the sum of pure component volumes
at all the components is equal to the total volume of the mixture.

8. Define Henry’s law:

As low concentrations of gas in liquid, partial pressure of solute gas is directly proportional to
mole fraction of solute. Pi =Hixi Hi = Henry’s constant.

9. State VanderWaal’s Equation of state.

VanderWaal’s equation of state is given by
(P+a/V2)(V-b)=RT
where a= 2TR2Tc2/64Pc (m3) MPa/(Kg mol)2
b= R Tc/8 Pc m3/Kg mol
PcTc =critical pressure and critical temperature of gas

10. Show that in the case of ideal gases, the volume%, mole% and pressure% are equal.
Solution:
For an ideal gas mixture,
PiV=niRT-------------------------(1)
PtV=ntRT-------------------------(2)
(1)/(2) gives Pi/Pt =ni/nt
Pi=Pt ni/nt =Pt yi
Pressure% ~ Mole%-------------(3)
PVi=niRT--------------------------(4)
PVt=ntRT0------------------------(5)
(4) / (5) gives Vi/Vt=ni/nt
Vi=Vt*ni /nt = Vt * yi
Volume %=mole% ------------------------(6)
Combining (3) and (6) for ideal gas mixture
Pressure%=volume%=mol%-------------(7)

11. Calculate the density of Cl2 gas at 2500C and 250 atm absolute pressures using the
ideal gas law.
Solution: Since PV=nRT
P =(Wt/mol.wt) RT/V=RT/ M
=PM/RT Density of chlorine gas=100*35.5/0.082058(273+250)=82.719 Kg/m3
12. Assuming the applicability of the ideal gas law. Calculate the maximum temperature
to which 10 lb of T2, enclosed in 30 cu.ft. chamber.
Solution:-
Volume at S.C. = 0.307  359
= 128.1 Cu.ft.

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P2 V2
T2  T1 
T1 V1
150 30
= 273  
14.7 128.1

Temperature at 30 Cu.ft. = 652K (or) 379C

13. Calculate weight of 100 Cu.ft. of water vapour. Measured at a pressure of 15.5 mm
Hg. and 23C.
Solution:-
15.5 273
Volume of S.C. = 100   1.88 cu.ft.
760 296
Moles of H2O = 1.88  359 = 0.00523 lb mole
Weight of H2O = 0.00523  18 = 0.0942 lb

14. It is desired to compress 10 lb of carbon dioxide to a volume of 20 cu.ft. Calculate

the pressure in pounds per square inch that is required at temperature of 30C.
Solution:-
Volume of S.C. = 0.228  359  81.7 cu.ft.
V T
P2  T1 1  2
V2 T1
30C  303K

81.7 303
Pressure at 20 Cu.ft. = 14.7   = 66.6 Tsi
20 273

15. A compound whose molecular weight is 103 analyzes as following.

C = 81.5, H = 4.9, N = 13.6
What is formula?
Solution:-
Basis : 103 Kg of compound
81.5
Amt of carbon =  103  83.95 Kg
100
83.95
Kg. atons of carbon =   6.995
100
16. Define Molarity:
It is defined as the number of gmmole of solute dissolved in 1it of solution.

17. Define Normality:

It is defined as the number of grams equivalent of solute dissolved in 1lit of solution.

18. Define Molality.

Molality: Number of gram moles of solute dissolved in one kilogram of solvent.

19. 98 gms of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) are dissolved in water to prepare one litre of
solution. Find normality and molarity of solution.
Solution:-
Basis : One litre of solution

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Amount of H2SC4 dissolved = 98 gm

Mol. Weight of H2SO4 = 98
98
Equivalent weight of H2SO4 =  49 .
2
98
Cm-equivalent of H2SO4 = 2
49
gm  equivalent of H2SO4 2
Normality (N) = = 2
Volume of solution in litre 1
98
Moles of H2SO4 =  1.0 mol
98
moles of H2SO4 1
Molarity (M) = = = 1.
Volume of solution in litre 1

20. 20 grams of caustic soda are dissolved in water to prepare 500 ml of solution. Find
the normality and molarity of solution.
Solution:-
Basis : 500 ml of solution.
Molecular weight of NaOH = 40
40
Equivalent weight of NaOH =  40
1
Volume of solution = 500 cm3 = 0.5 lit.
20
Cm-equivalent ofNaOH =  0.5
40
gm  equivalent of NaOH 0.5
Normality (N) =   1N
Volume of solution in lit. 0.5
20
Moles of NaOH =  0.5 mol.
40
moles of NaOH 0.5
Molarity (M) =   1.0 M
Volume of solution in lit. 0.5

21. A solution of caustic soda contains 20% NaOH by weight. The density of the solution
is 1.196 kg/lit. Find the normality, molarity and molality of the solution.
Solution:-
Basis : 100 kg of solution
The solution contains 20 kg NaOH and 80 kg water (solvent)
Density of solution = 1.196 kg/lit.
100
Volume of Solution =  83.62 lit.
1.196
20
Moles of NaOH in solution =  0.5 k mol. = 500 mol.
40
gram moles of NaOH 500
Molarity (M) =   5.98
Volume of solution in lit. 83.52
For NaOH as valence = 1,

Equivalent weight = Molecular weight.

Therefore,
Normality [N] = Molarity (M) = 5.98

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gram moles of NaOH 500

Molality = = = 6.25 mol/kg.
kg. of solvent 80

22. Find out the grams of HCl needed to prepare 1 liter = NH 4Cl solution.
Normality (N) = (gram equivalent of HCl)/ (volume of solution in lit)
= weight / (equivalent weight)/ volumes in lit
= (weight / (molecular weight/ valency)) / volume in liter
= weight/36.5)/1
=73 g
23. One hundred gms of chlorine gas is mixed with 10 gm. of hydrogen gas. Calculate
the mole fractions of the two gases in the mixture.
100g of cl2 (g); 10g of H2 (g) Moles of Cl2 = 1.408 Moles of H2 = 10/2 = 5
Mole fraction of Cl2 = 1.408/6.408 = 21.97% Mole fraction of H2 = 78.03%

24. A producer gas has the following composition by volume CO-25.0% CO2 -5.0% O2 -
4.0% and balance nitrogen. What is its average molecular weight?
Basis: 100 kg mol of gas
Substance Vol %=mol % Weight
CO 25 700
CO2 5 220
O2 4 128
N2 66 1848
Total Weight = 2896
Average molecular weight=2896/100=28.965
25. An industrial strength drain cleaner contains9 Kg of water and 5 kg of NaOH. What
rare the mole fraction of each component in the bottle of solution?
Solution:
Basis: Drain cleaner contains 9 Kg of H2O and 5kg of NaOH
Wt (kg) Molecular Wt (Kg/Kg Kg mol Mole fraction
mol)
H2O 9 18 9 / 18 = 0.500 0.5 / 0.625 = 0.8

NaOH 5 40 5 / 40 = 0.125 0.125 / 0.625 = 0.2

= 0.625
Mole fraction of water= XH2O =0.8 Mole fraction of water=XNaOH =0.2

Part B
1. A mixture of gases has the following composition by weight Cl2=65%, Br2=25% and
O2=10%. Using ideal gas law calculate i) composition of the gas mixture by volume % ii)
density of the gas mixture in kg/m3 at 250C and 740 mmHg iii) Specific gravity of the gas
mixture.

2. In the manufacture of hydrochloric acid, a gas is obtained which contains 25% HCl and
75% air by volume. This gas is passed through an absorption system in which 98% HCl is
removed. The gas enters the system at a temperature of 49 0C and a pressure of 738mmHg
and leaves at 380C and a pressure of 738mmHg. Calculate the following i) Volume of
gases leaving per 100 m3 entering the absorption system and ii) weight of HCl removed
per 100m3 of gas entering the absorption system.

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3. Acetylene gas is formed according to the equation: CaC2+2H2O  C2H2+Ca(OH)2

Calculate the number of hours of service that can be derived from 1.0 kg of carbide in an
acetylene lamp burning 60 liters of gas per hour at 300C and a pressure of 725mmHg.
Assume ideal gas law obeys.

4. Calculate the total pressure and composition of vapor in contact with the solution at 100 oC,
containing 40% Benzene, 35% Toluene and the rest Ortho-Xylene by weight. Vapor
pressure of benzene is 1340 mmHg pressure, vapor pressure of toluene is 560mmHg
pressure and vapor pressure of orthoxylene is 210-mmHg pressures.(AU-Nov.2003)

5. (a) A natural gas has the following composition by volume CH 4-83.5%, C2H6-12.5% and
N2-4%. Calculate the following (i) Composition in mole% (ii) Composition in weight %
(iii) Average molecular weight. (iv) Density at standard condition in Kg/m3.
(b) Absorbing chlorine in milk of lime produces calcium hypochlorite. A gas produced by
the Deacon process enters the absorption apparatus at 740 mmHg and 297 0k. The partial
pressure of chlorine is 59 mmHg and the remainder being inert gas. The gas leaves at
299.70k and 743 mm Hg with chlorine having a partial pressure of 0.5 mmHg. Calculate,
by applying partial pressure method (i) volume of gases leaving per 100 liters of gases
entering (ii) weight of chlorine absorbed.

6. Make the following conversions:

(a) 294 gm/lit: H2SO4 to normality
(b) 5N H3PO4 to gm/lit.
(c) 54.75 gm/lit. HCl to molarity
(d) 3M K2SO4 to gm/lit.
(e) 4.8 mg/ml CaCl2 to normality.

7. A closed vessel contain a mixture of 40% NO2 and 60% N2O4 at a temperature of 311K
(38C) and a pressure of 531.96 kPa. When the temperature is increased to 333K (60C),
some of N2O4 dissociates to NO2 and a pressure rises to 679.95 kPa. Calculate the
composition of gases at 60C by weight.

8. A volume of moist air 30m3 at a total pressure of 101.325 kPa and a temperature of 303K
(30C) contains water vapor in such proportions that its partial pressure is 2.933 kPa. Without
total pressure being changed the temperature is reduced to 288K (15C) and some of water
vapour is removed by condensation. After cooling it is found that the partial pressure of water
vapour is 1.693 kPa. Calculate (a) volume of air at 288K (15C) and (b) weight of water
condensed.

9. In one case 26.6 litres of NO2 at 80 kPa and 298K (25C) is allowed to stand until the
equilibrium is reached. At equilibrium the pressure is found to be 66.662 kPa. Calculate the
partial pressure of N2O4 in the final mixture.

10. A mixture of CH4 and C2H6 has density 1.0 kg/m3 at 273K (0C) and 101.325 kPa
pressure. Calculate the mole % and weight % CH4 and C2H4 in the mixture.

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UNIT-II
PART-A- QUESTION & ANSWERS

1. Write Principle of stoichiometry:

The mass and gas volumetric relationships in chemical reactions are presented together
with the basic units for expressing charging in mass and composition.

2. What is the law of conservation of mass?

The mass of the system remains constant, regardless of the changes taking place within the
system. This statement is known as the law of conservation of mass and is the basis so called
material balance of a process.

3. What is the use of material and energy balances?

A process design starts with the development of a process flow sheet or process flow
diagram. For the development of such a diagram, material and energy balance calculations
are necessary, and these balances follows the laws of conservation of mass and energy.

4. What is a flow sheet?

A process flow sheet is one in which all incoming and outgoing materials and utilities are
shown. It includes,
a) Flow rate or quantity of each stream.
b) Operating conditions of each stream, such as pressure and temperature.
c) Heat added / removed in particular equipment.
d) Any specific information which is useful in understanding the process. For example,
symbolic representation of a hazard, safety precautions, sequence of flow if it is a batch
process, corrosive nature of materials, etc.

5. Define Percentage Excess:

The percentage excess of any reactant is defined as the percentage of the excess to the amt
theoretically required by the stoichiometric equation for combination with the limiting
reactant.

6. Define Percentage yield:

It is defined as the moles of the desired product formed to the moles that would have been
formed if there were no side reactions and the limiting reactant had reached completely and
multiplying by 100.

7. Define Degree of Completion:

The degree of completion of a reaction is ordinarily expressed as the percentage of the
limiting reaching material, which is converted or decomposed into other products.

8. Define Total Conversion:

It is defined as the total fraction of reactant converted to all products.

9. Define Percentage Conversion:

It is defined as the fraction of reactant converted to all products and multiplying by 100.

10. Define Excess reactant:

It is defined as some of the reaching materials are present in excess of the amts
theoretically required for combination with the others.

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11. Define Limiting reactant:

It is defined as some of the defining as the material that is not present in excess if that
required combining with any of the other reacting materials.

12. Explain about Duhring lines:

When the temp of a liquid is plotted against the temp of the known reference liquid (e.g.
H2O) at equal pressure; it’s called a Duhring plot. Also a line plotting the Bp of solution
against B.P of the solvent is called Duhring’s line.

13. Define Selectivity:

The ratio of moles of desired product formed to the moles of undesired product formed is
called Selectivity. Selectivity =moles of the desired product / moles of undesired products

14. Explain COX chart:

The Antoine’s eqn is Log10P= A-B / P + C (OR)
ln P = A-B / P + C
Where P - vapour pressure in Kpa T –temperature in K A,B,C- are constants
This equation correlates pressure and correlates saturated temperature. A graph between
ln P and 1/t is called COX chart. It’s the graphical representation of Antoine’s equation.

15. Define Recycle and recycle ratio:

Recycle: In the process of recycling a part of the out going stream is again fed as the input by
mixing with the fresh stream. It is done to increase the yield or to enrich the product, to
conserve the heat or to improve the operation.
Recycle Ratio: The ratio of the quantity of a reactant recycled to the quantity of the same
reactant entering a recycling operation as fresh feed. Recycle ratio= R/F

16. Define By-passing:

In the process of by-passing a portion of the inlet stream is diverted from the process
and it is remixed at the end of the process.

17. What are the advantages of recycling operation?

Recycling operations have several advantages given below:
(1) To utilize the valuable reactants to their maximum and avoid wastage.
(2) To utilize the heat being lost in the outgoing stream.
(3) To improve the performance of the equipments.
(4) To control the operating variables such as composition, pressure, temperature, etc. in
a reaction.
(5) To improve the selectivity of a product.

18. Define Purging and Purge ratio.

Purging: A purge stream is one that is bled off to remove an accumulation of inerts or
unwanted impurities that might otherwise build up in the recycle stream. Purging is used in
the production of NH3.In the synthesis step, some of the gas stream must be purged to prevent
build of argon and methane.
Purge ratio: It is the ratio of quantity of purge stream to the quantity of recycles feed.
Purge ratio = P/R

19. What is the need for withdrawing purge stream in the recycling operation involving
feed mixture containing impurities?

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Purge stream helps in the removing the accumulation of inerts or unwanted impurities that
might otherwise build up in the recycle stream.
In the production of NH3, in the synthesis step, some of the gas stream must be purged to
prevent the build of argon and methane.

20. What is the significance of stoichiometric equation in solving the material balance
problems with chemical reaction?
Stoichiometric equation of a chemical reaction gives the knowledge of the stoichiometric
mole ratio or weight ratio of all the reactants and products, which enable us to solve the
material balance/energy balance problems. It is also possible to determine the amount of
unreacted components in the present stream if excess reactant is sent.

21. Define Reactant ratio.

The number of moles of an excess reactant per mole of limiting reactant in the reactor feed.

22. Define yield per process.

The yield of an product is the reactant effluent expressed as a percentage of that portion of
the limiting reactant in the reactor feed which is converted and disappears during the courge
of reaction.

23. Define fresh – feed conversion.

The percentage of the limiting reactant in the combined reactor feed that is converted and
disappears.

24. Define liquid volume velocity.

The liquid volume at 600 f at limiting reactant fed per for unit volume of effective reactor
(or) catalyst bed.

25. Define weight hourly space velocity.

The weight of limiting reactant feed per hour per unit weight of catalyst in the reactor.

26. Define catalyst resistance time.

The process period length in a fixed bad operation. In continuous motley – bed operation it is
equal to the at of catalyst.

27. Define space – time yield.

The net yield of a product from the reactor per hour per unit of effective reactor volume

28. Define stoichiometry and stoichiometric ratio.

Stoichiometry is a theory of the proportions in which the chemical species combine with one
another.
Stoichiometric ratio is the ratio of stoichiometric co- efficient of two molecular species/
components in the balanced reaction equation. Consider a chemical reaction.
CO+ 2H2 →CH3OH
For the above equation, the stoichiometric ratio of H2 to CO is 2/1= 2

29. What is a stoichiometric equation?

The stoichiometric equation of a chemical reaction is a statement indicating relative moles of
reactants and products that take part in the reaction. For example, the stoichiometric equation,
CO+ 2H2 →CH3OH indicates that one molecule (mol or Kmol) of CO reacts with two
molecule of hydrogen to produce one molecule of methanol.

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30. What is a stoichiometric proportion?

Two reactants A and B are said to be present in stoichiometric proportion, if the rate of moles
of A present to the moles of B present is equal to the stoichiometric ratio obtained for the
balanced reaction equation. Consider a chemical reaction.
CO+ 2H2 →CH3OH
For the reactants in the above reaction to be present in stoichiometric proportion, there must
be 2 moles of H2 for every mole of CO present in the feed to the reactor.

Part B

1. Stock containing 1.562 kg of water per kg of dry stock is to be dried to 0.099 kg of

water/kg of dry stock. For every 1 kg of dry stock passing through the drier, 52.5 kg of
dry air passes. The fresh air has an inlet humidity of 0.0152 kg of moisture per kg of dry
air. The exit air contains a humidity of 0.0526. Calculate the fraction of air that is
recirculated into the drier.(MU-April’97)

2. 10,000 kg of an aqueous solution containing 29.6% Na2SO4 is cooled. During cooling

5% water in the solution is lost by evaporation. As a result crystals of Na 2SO4.10H2O
crystallize out. If the mother liquor is found to contain 18.3% Na2SO4 , calculate the
weight and percent yield of crystals and the quantity of mother liquor obtained. All
percentages are by weight.

3. Vapor pressure of pure hexane and pure heptane are given below at different
temperatures.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
T°C 69 70 75 80 90 95 99.2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vap.pr.of Hexane 760 780 915 1060 1405 1577 1765
mm Hg
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vap.pr.of Heptane
mm Hg 295 302 348 426 588 675 760
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Assuming Raoult's law is obeyed, calculate i) the mole fraction 'X' of hexane in the liquid
and the mole fraction y of hexane in vapor at a pressure of 760 mmHg. ii) Plot y versus
x.

4. The Waste acid from a nitration operation contains 23% HNO 3, 57% H2SO4 and 20%H2O
by weight. It is specified that the concentrated acid product should contain 27% HNO 3,
60%H2SO4 and 13%H2SO4 if H2SO4 available contains 7% H2O and HNO3 contain 10%
water. How many Kg of each must be added to produce 1500 Kg of product? (MU-
Oct.2001)

5. A solution of potassium dichromate in water contains 15% K2Cr2O7 by weight .1000 Kg

of this solution is evaporated to remove some water. The remaining solution is cooled to
20oC. If the yield of K2Cr2O7 is 75%. Calculate the amount of water evaporated. The
solubility of K2Cr2O7 is 0.39 kgmole per 1000 kg of water at 200C.

6. The waste acid containing 25% HNO3, 50% H2SO4 and 25% H2O by weight is to be

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concentrated to contain 30% HNO3 and 60% H2SO4, ,concentrated H2SO4 (95% by
weight) and concentrated HNO3 (90% by weight). Calculate the weights of waste acid
and concentrated acids to obtain 10,000 kg of mixture of desired composition.

7. A mixture containing 20 mole% butane, 35 mole% pentane and the rest hexane is to be
separated by fractional distillation into a distillate fraction with a composition of 95
mole% butane, 4 mole% pentane and rest hexane and a bottom product. The distillate
must contain 90% of the butane charged in the feed. Calculate composition of the bottom
product.

8. 1:3 nitrogen hydrogen mixtures is fed to an ammonia converter resulting in 25%

conversion to ammonia. The unconverted gases are recycled to the reactor. The initial
mixture contains 0.2 parts argon per 100 parts of the nitrogen hydrogen mixture. The
toleration limit for argon is 5 parts per 100 parts by volume. Estimate the fraction of the
recycle that must be purged continuously. Find the recycle and purge ratio.

9. 1000 kg of sodium carbonate solution containing 23% Na2CO3 is subjected to evaporative

cooling. During which 15% of the water present in the solution is evaporated. From the
concentrated solution Na2CO3.10H2O crystallizes out. Calculate how much crystals
would be produced if the solubility Na2CO3.10H2O be 21.5grams per 100 grams water.

10. Chlorobenzene is nitrated using mixture of nitric acid and sulphuric acid. The reaction is
C6H5 CI +HNO3  CIC6H4 NO2 +H2O
A charge consisted of 100 Kg of chlorobenzene, 106.5 Kg of 65.5% nitric acid and 108
Kg of 93.6 % Sulphuric acid (by weight). After 2 hrs. of operation the final mixture was
analyzed. It was found that the final product contain 2% unreacted chlorobenzene. Also
the product distribution was found to be 66% P-nitrochlorobenzene and 34% O-
nitrochlorobenzene. Calculate (i) The analysis of charge (ii) The percentage conversion of
chlorobenzene. (iii) The Composition of the product mixture. Molecular weight:
Chlorobenzene -112.5 Nitrochlorobenzene -157.5

11. A solid material with 15% by weight of water is dried to 7% by weight of water under
the following conditions. Fresh air is mixed with recycled air and blown over the solid.
Fresh air contains 0.01 Kg water/Kg dry air and the recycled air which is part of the air
leaving the drier contains 0.1 Kg water / Kg dry air. The proposition of recycled air and
fresh air are adjusted such that the mixture entering the drier contains 0.05 Kg water/ Kg
dry air.
a) How many kgs of water are removed from 100 Kg of wet material fed to the drier?
b) How many kgs of dry air are in fresh feed per 100 kg of wet material?
c) How many kgs of dry air are recycled per 100 kg wet material?

12. Antimony is produced by heating powdered Sb2S3 and Fe and removing molten Sb from
the reaction vessel. If 1.8 kgs of Sb2S3 and 1.3 Kgs of Fe are heated to give 0.9 kgs of
Sb, calculate i)limiting and excess reactants ii) Percentage excess reactant iii) Degree of
completion iv)Percentage conversion

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UNIT-III
PART-A- QUESTION & ANSWERS
1. Define humidity.
The humidity (H) of a gas in generally defined as the at of water per unit cut of moisture free
gas.

2. Defined Molar humidity.

The number of molar of water per mole of moisture free gas.

3. Define Relative humidity.

It is defined as the ratio of the partial pressure of condensable vapour in gas phase to the
vapour pressure of liquid.

4. Define saturation humidity.

It is defined as the absolute humidity of vapour gas mixture at 100% saturation.

5. What is Absolute Humidity?

This is defined as the weight of water vapour per unit weight of dry air in the mixture.
H = WA/WB = weight of water vapour / weight of dry air.

6. Define Percentage humidity:

It is the ratio of the molal humidity at unsaturated conditions to the molal humidity at
saturation. %H = Hm /Hms x100 %

7. What is humidification?
The operation that is carried out increase the amount of vapour in a gas stream.

8. Define dehumidification.
It is carried to reduce the vapour content of gas stream is known as dehumidification.

9. Define Dew point.

If an unsaturated mixture of vapour and gas is cooled the relative amounts of the components
and the percentage composition by volume will at first remain unchanged.

10. Define vaporization processor.

It is the Relationship between the quantity of volumes of gases entering and leaving and the
quantity of material evaporated.

11. Define Condensation.

The relative saturation of a Partially saturated mixture of vapour and gas may be increased.

12. Define Adiabatic saturation temperature.

It is temperature that the vapour gas mixture could reach if its were saturated through an
adiabatic process.

13. What is partial saturation?

If a gas contains a vapour in such properties that is partial pressure in less than the vapour
pressure at the liquid.

14. Define molar saturation.

It is defined as the ratio of moles of vapour (condensable) to the moles at dry gas.

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15. Define Relative Saturation:

It is the percentage ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor at the given conditions to the
partial pressure of water vapor at saturation. %R.S = PA/PASX100

16. Define saturated vapour.

The gas phase in saturated with liquid, it contains all the liquid if can hold at temperature and
pressure of system.

17. At 26.42 in Hg the dry bulb temp of air is 150 of, and 1fg cut bulb temp is 120of
obtain humidity.
Solution:
Molar humidity = 0.116
Molar humidity correction = 0.020
--------------
Corrected molar humidity 0.136

18. Define humidity chart.

Hmax = Pg
------------
P-Pg
19. Moist air in found to contains 8.18m of water vapour per cubic root at a
temperature of 30oC. Calculate the temp to which it must be heated.
Solution:
Vapour pressure of Water = 19.4
--------
0.15
= 130mm Hg

20. A mixture of benzene vapour and air contains 10.1% benzene by volume.
Calculate dew point of mixture when at temp of 25oC and pressure of 750mm Hg.
Solution:
Partial pressure of benzene = 0.101 750
=75.7mmhg.

21. Calculate the dew point when the when the mixture is at a temp of 30oC and a
pressure of 750mmHg.
Solution:
Partial pressure of benzene = 75.7 min
Dew point = 20.0oC.

22. What is saturation mixture?

If a gas is holding the vapour to its maximum capacity, then the gas is said to be saturated
with vapors. At saturation,
It is found that P.P. of vapor (A) in the mixture it equal to the vapour pressure of A

23. What is unsaturated mixture?

If the gas is holding the vapor less than its capacity the mixture is said to be unsaturated.

24. Define dry bulb temperature?

This is the thermometer dip. temperature of wet air.

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25. Define wet bulb temperature?

When an unsaturated air is passed over water, the water gets cooled and attains a constant
temperature which will be lower than the Dry Bulb Temperature of the air. This is called as
the Wet Bulb Temperature of the air.
If the saturation is less, then the difference (D.B.T. – W.B.T.) is more at the saturation,
D.B.T. = W.B.T.

26. Define humid heat?

It is defined as the specific heat of one kg of dry air and the moisture contained by it.
Cs = 0.24+0.46 H Kcal / kg dry air 0C

27. Define humid volume?

It is the volume occupied by dry air and the moisture contained in it and expressed m3/kg dry
air. VH = {MA + 1/MB} 22.414 {D.B.T.+273/273}1/Pt m3/kg dry air.

28. Define Percentage excess air:

It is the percentage ratio of the amount of a substance present in excess to the amount
theoretically required. %excess air =excess amt. / theoretical amt. x 100

Part B
1. Air at a temperature of 250 C and pressure of 750mmHg has a relative humidity of 75 %.
Calculate i) Humidity of air ii) molal humidity of air iii) weight of water condensed from
100 m3 of the original wet air, if the temperature of the air is reduced to 15 0C and the
pressure is increased to 2bar. At 250 C, Vapor pressure of the water is 2.5 kN/m2.

2. Conditioned air at 760mmHg total pressure, 500c and at a humidity of 0.01 kg water per kg
of bone-dry air enters the drier. It leaves the drier at 760-mmHg total pressure and 500C,
with RH 83%, vapor pressure of water at 500C is 92.5 mmHg. If 50 Kg of water enters
into the air stream per hour, calculate the rate of bone-dry air flowing through the drier.

3. The dry bulb temperature and dew point of ambient air were found to be 290C and 180C
respectively. The barometer reads 100.0kPa.Compute i) the absolute molal humidity ii)
the absolute humidity.iii) the percentage relative humidity iv) the percentage saturation v)
the humid heat and vi) the humid volume.
Vapour pressure of water at 180C=2.0624 kPa.
Vapour pressure of water at 290C=4.004 kPa.

4. Air at temperature of 600C, pressure of 745 mmHg and a percentage humidity of 10.0, is
supplied to a drier at a rate of 1500m3/hr. Water is evaporated in the drier at a rate of 25
kg/hr. The air leaves at 350C and 742 mmHg. Calculate i) percentage humidity of air
leaving the drier ii) Volume of wet air leaving the drier per hour
Vapor pressure at 350C =43mmHg Vapor pressure at 600C =149.38 mmHg

5. Air at a temperature of 20°C and pressure 0.987 x 105 N/m2 has a relative humidity of
80%. Calculate a) Molal humidity, b) Calculate the molal humidity if the temperature is
reduced to 10°C and pressure increased to 2.38 x 105 N/m2 condensing some of water c)
Calculate weight of condensed water from 28.3 m3 of original wet air in cooling and
compressing to the conditions as mentioned in part (b) and d) Calculate final weight of
wet air of part (c).
Given the vapour pressures at 20°C = 0.023 x 105 N/m2 and 10°C = 0.0012 x 105 N/m2

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6. A mixture of benzene vapour and nitrogen gas at 297 K and 100 kPa has a relative
humidity of 60%. It is desired to recover 80% of benzene by cooling a mixture to 283
K(10oC) and compressing to a suitable pressure. Find out the pressure required for above
duty.
Data: Vapour pressure of benzene at 297 K=12.2kPa
Vapour pressure of benzene at 283 K = 6kPa.

7. A mixture of acetone vapour and nitrogen contains 14.8% acetone by volume, calculate the
following at 293 K (20oC) and a pressure of 99.33 kPa.
(a) Partial pressure of acetone.
(b) Moles of acetone per mole of nitrogen.
(c) Relative saturation of mixture at 293 K(20oC), and
(d) Percentage saturation of mixture at 293 K(20oC).

8. An air – water vapour mixture has relative humidity of 80% at 293 K(20 oC) temperature
and 100 kPa pressure. Calculate: (a) molal humidity of air, (b) molal humidity of air if its
temperature is reduced to 283 K(10oC) and the pressure is increased to 174.65 Kpa
condensing out some of the water, (c) Calculate the weight of water condensed from 500
kg of original wet air in the process of part (b), (d) calculate the final volume of the wet
air of the part (c).
Data: Vapour pressure of water at 293 K(20oC) = 2.40 kPa Vapour pressure of water at
283K(10oC) = 1.266 kPa.

9. The dry bulb temperature and dew point of ambient air were found to be 302 K (29 oC) and
291 K(18oC) respectively, Barometer reads 100 kPa. Calculate:
(a) The absolute molal humidity,
(b) The absolute humidity,
(c) % RH,
(d) % Saturation,
(e) Humid heat and
(f) Humid volume
Data: Vapour pressure of water at 291 K = 2.0624 kPa vapour pressure of water at 302
K=4.004 kPa.

10. The dry bulb temperature and dew point of ambient air were found to be 303 K(30 oC) and
289 K(16oC) respectively. Calculate (i) the absolute molal humidity, (ii) the absolute
humidity, (iii) the % RH, (iv) the % saturation and (v) the humid heat.
Data: Vapour pressure of water at 289 K = 1.818 kPa
Vapour pressure of water at 303 K= 4.243 Kpa
Barometric pressure = 100 kPa

UNIT-IV
PART-A- QUESTION & ANSWERS

1. Define total heating value.

A fuel is heat evolved in its complete combustion under constant pressure at a temperature of
25C.

2. Define net heating value.

It is defined as final state of the water in the system after combustion is taken as vapour at
25C.

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3. Define Coke and Carbon.

The heat of formation of carbon is the form of the diamond in accurately known and is equal
to 0.45 32 Kcal per g-atom.

4. What is coal analysis?

It is addition to organic matter it contain minerals constituent of the plants from which it was
formed and inclusion.

5. Define Combustible.
The sum of the fixed carbon and volatile matter of a coal.

6. Define Molecular at of petroleum fraction.

The average molecular at of petroleum fractions may be average boiling point and gravity.

7. Define Hydrogen content.

The relationship between hydrogen content and characteristic factor fro material of constant
boiling points.

8. Define incomplete combustion of fuels.

The standard heating values at fuel correspond to conditions at complete combustion of all
carbon to carbon dioxide gas.

9. Define enthalpy of water vapour.

The enthalpy of superheated water vapour referred to the liquid at 25C

10. Define enthalpy of vapourisation.

The enthalpy of water is equal to the heat of sum vapourisation at 25C.

11. Define weight of dry gaseous products.

A direct Measurements of the dry gaseous products from a combustion process.

12. Define weight of Dry-Air supplied.

Direct Measurement of the ut (as) volume of air used in combustion to the gaseous products.

13. Define wet of moisture in air.

The wet of moisture per mole of dry air depends on the temperature pressure, relative
humidity of the air.

14. Calculate the total volume of gaseous products.

Solution:
Moles of wt gas = 45.1 +2.892 = 48.01b moles
29.92 948
 48.0  359  
29.08 492
 34.150cuft

15. Calculate the volume of wet air.

Solution:
Moles of air = 4.6.6+0.559  47.21 b –moles
Volume at 73’f, 29.08 in

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29.92 533
HS  47.2  359  
29.08 492
 18,870 cuft

16. Define Heating values of fuel

The total heating value of a fuel is the heat evolved in its complete combustion under
constant pressure at a temperature of 250C when all the water initially present as liquid in the
fuel and present in the combustion products are condensed to the liquid state.
The net heating value is defined except that the final state of the water in the system after
combustion is taken as vapor at 250C.The total heating value is also termed the `gross`
heating value. The net heating value is also termed as the lower heating value.

17. Define Rank of Coal

Fuel ratio of a coal is defined as the ratio of percentage of fixed carbon to that of volatile
matter. The rank of the coal whether bituminous or anthracite, may be estimated from its fuel
ratio.

18. Define Heating value of coal

The total heating value of a coal may be determined by direct calorimetric measurement and
expressed as Btu/lb. The net heating value is obtained by subtracting from the total heating
value the heat of vaporization at 250C of the water present in the coal and that formed by the
oxidation of the available hydrogen.
Net H.V. = total H.V. – 8.94 * H * 1050
Where H.V. = heating value, H wt. Fr. Of total hydrogen including available H 2, H2 in
moisture and H2 in combined H2O

19. Define proximate analysis?

It is determination is made of each of the proximate analysis defined groups of
moisture, volatile matter, ash and fixed carbon (obtained by deducting %moisture, %volatile
matter, % ash from 100).

20. Define Ultimate analysis:

It is a method of analysis of a fuel which gives the complete composition of i) C ii) H2
iii) N2 iv) S v) Ash

21. Explain the enthalpy –concentration chart with a diagram.

Enthalpy –concentration diagram is useful for binary solutions. The enthalpy per unit solution
is plotted against concentration for a series of constant temperature and constant pressure
lines. With these charts, calculation effects in involved in changing the concentration and
temperature of the solution become simple and rapid.

22. Define Thermal efficiency

The thermal efficiency of a process may be defined as the percentage of the heat input that is
effectively utilized in a desired manner.

23. What is hot thermal efficiency?

If the gas is cooled before use it is sensible heat is available.

24. Define cold thermal efficiency.

It is heating value can be classed as heat effectively utilized in the producer.

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25. What is orsat analysis?

The analysis of flue gases is ordinarily determined by the orsat type of apparatus, yielding the
percentages of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, oxygen and nitrogen in the moisture free
gases.
Part B

1. Lignite pitch containing 80% carbon, 10% hydrogen, 3% oxygen, 1% nitrogen and
remaining sulphur is completely burnt with 40% excess air. Determine the products of
combustion.

2. Octane is burnt with 10% excess air. Calculate (i) air-fuel ratio by weight (ii) air-fuel
ratio by volume and (iii) weight of dry exhaust gas formed per unit weight of fuel.
Specific gravity of octane may be taken as 0.7

3. A Producer gas made from coke has the following composition by volume. CO= 28% ,
CO2 = 3.5% , O2 = 0.5% , and N2 = 68%. The gas is burnt with such a quantity of air that
the oxygen from the air is 20% in excess of the net oxygen required for complete
combustion if the combustion is 98 % complete. Calculate the composition in volumetric
% of the gaseous products formed per 100 Kg of gas burned.

4. The exhaust from the diesel engine shows 10.2 %CO2 , 7.9 % O2, and the rest nitrogen.
The analysis was made in Orsat apparatus. Calculate (i) C / H ratio in fuel
(ii) Percentage by weight of Carbon in fuel
(iii)Air -fuel ratio by weight.
(iv) Percentage excess air.
(v) Moles of exhaust gas per Kg of fuel.

5. A combustible gas with a composition by volume of H2= 45%, CH4 = 30 %, C2H6 =

15%, N2 = 10 % is burnt in air. The composition of the dry products of combustion is CO 2
= 7.18 %, CO = 0.16%, O2 = 5.89 %, and N2 = 86.77 % by volume. Find the air- fuel ratio
on the volume basis. Also find the percentage of excess air.

6. Pure sulphur is burnt at the rate of 200kg/hr. in a burner with 25% excess air, of that
required to convert all the sulphur to sulphur dioxide. During the process 4.5% of the
sulphur is oxidized to sulphur trioxide and the balance to sulphur dioxide. The air can be
assumed to be dry. Calculate the volumetric composition of the gases leaving the burner.
(MU-April 1997)

7. A furnace using hydrocarbon fuel oil has a dry stack gas analysis as follows: CO 2-10.2%,
O2-8.3%, N2-81.5%. Find the following (i) % of excess air used for combustion. (ii) the
composition of fuel oil in weight % and (iii) m3 of air supplied at NTP per kg of fuel. (AU-
Nov.07)

8. A fuel oil containing 88.2% carbon and 11.8% hydrogen is burnt with 20% excess air. 95%
of the carbon is burnt to CO2 and the rest to CO. All the hydrogen is converted to water.
Determine the orsat analysis of the flue gas.

1. Define law of conservation of energy.

According to law of conservation of energy, energy can neither be created nor be destroyed,
but it can be transferred from one form to another form.

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2. Define mean gram calorie.

1/100 of the energy required to heat one gram of water from 0 to 100 ºC at a pressure of 1
atm is called mean gram calorie.

3. Define characterization factor.

When a crude oil of supposedly uniform character is fractioned into narrow cuts, the specific
gravity of each cut is approximately proportional to the cube roots of its absolute boiling
point at 1 atm pressure. The proportionality factor is taken as an index of the paraffinicity of
the stock. Thus K=3√TB/G Where K is the characterization factor, T B- average boiling poin,
degress rankine at 1 atm pressure, G-specific gravity at 60ºF

4. What is External potential energy?

It is position relative to the earth.

5. What is internal kinetic energy?

It is associated with molecular and atomic structure.

6. What is External kinetic energy?

It is associated with external motion.

7. Define Kopp’s Rule

Kopp’s rule: “The standard heat of capacity of a solid compound is approximately equal to the sum
of the heat capacities of its constituent elements.” This generalization is termed as Kopp’s rule.

8. State Trouton’s rule.

Trouton’s rule state’s that the ratio of the molal heat of vaporisation bof a substance at its
normal boiling point to the absolute temperature .Tb is a constant.b/Tb=K
where k= Trouton’s ratio21 for many substances.

9. What is meant by Heat capacity of a substance and give units?

Heat capacity of a substance is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature
of 1 Kg of a substance by 1 Kelvin.
For pure water, heat capacity at 150C =4.1855kJ/Kg.k
Heat capacity can be expressed in kJ/Kg.k (or) cal/g.c

10. State the Hess’s law.

Hess’s law of heat summation states that the net heat evolved or absorbed in the chemical
process is the same whether the reaction takes place in one or more steps. (i.e.)H0533 (or)
(H0 R+H0298+H0P)
Consider the reaction CH4 (g) + 2O2(g)CO2 (g) + 2H2O(g)

11. What do you understand by exothermic and endothermic reactions? Give one
example in each.
When heat is evolved in a chemical reaction, the reaction s called exothermic reaction.
For e.g. C(s) + O2(g)CO2 Hf =-94051 cal
When the heat is absorbed in a chemical reaction, the reaction is called endothermic reaction
For e.g. C2H2OH(l) + CH3COOH(l)C2H5OOCH3(l) + H2O (l) H0298 =3720 cal

12. What is the effect of pressure on heat capacity of a gas?

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Heat capacities for the ideal gas state are independent of pressure. However, they are
functions of temperature.

13. What is Flame temperature?

When a fuel is burnt, lot of heat is generated since the reaction is exothermic. If the
combustion chamber is sealed from surroundings, the heat produced is utilized to heat the
produce (flue gases). Hence the flue gases comes out at a higher temperature which is called
Flame temperature or T.F.T

Part B
1. Write the Unsteady state Material Balance for the differential Distillation and the
percentage recovery of the more volatile component by distillation.

2. Calculate the Enthalpy of Zinc Vapour at 950oC and atmospheric pressure,

Relative to the solid at 30oC
Data: Cp solid = 0.105 cal./gm. oC. Melting Point = 419oC
Cp liquid = 0.109 cal./gm. oC Boiling Point = 907oC
Latent Heat of Vaporization = 26900 cal/gm.atom
Cp Vapor = 4.97 cal/gm atom oC Latent heat of fusion=1660 Cal/gm.atom
Atomic Weight of Zinc = 65.38 (MU-April2003)

3. A tank holds 100 liter of a water salt solution in which 4 kg. of salt is dissolved. Water
runs into the tank at the rate of 5 liter per minute and salt soln. overflows at the same rate.
If the mixing in the tank is adequate to keep the conc. of salt in the tank uniform how
much salt is in the tank at the end of 50 minutes? Assume that the density of salt solution
is essentially the same as that of water

4. A stream containing 10% CH4 and 90% air by volume is to be heated from 373 K (100 oC)
to 573 K (300 oC) at a rate of 0.05 m3 NTP per sec. Calculate the heat required to be
added using mean molal heat capacity data given below:
Data: Mean molal heat capacity in kJ/kmol. K.
Gas o
Cpm 373  298 K  o
Cpm 573  298 K 
CH4 37.5974 43.0821
Air 29.2908 29.6132

5. Calculate the heat that must be added to 3 kmol air to heat if from 298 K (25 oC) to 473 K
(200 oC) using mean molal heat capacity for air. Data given below:
o
Cpm heat 473 and 298 K  for air  29.3955kJ/Kmol.K
6. Air containing 21 mole % O2 and 79 mole % N2 is to be heated from 303 K (30 oC) to 423
K (150 oC). Calculate the heat required to be added if the air flow rate is 3 m3 (N.T.P) per
minute. Data given below
Cpo  a  bT  cT2  dT3
Gas a b x 103 c x 106 d x 109
O2 26.0257 11.7551 -2.3426 -0.5623
N2 29.5909 -5.141 13.1829 -4.968

7. Flue gas leaving the boiler stack at 523 K (250 oC) have following composition on mole
basis.
CO2 = 11.31%, H2O = 13.04%, O2 = 2.17% and N2 = 73.48%

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Calculate the heat lost in 1 kmol of gas mixture above 298 K (25 oC) using heat capacity
data given below:
Cpo  a  bT  cT2  dT3
Gas a b x 103 c x 106 d x 109
CO2 21.3655 64.2841 -41.0506 9.7999
H2O 32.4921 0.0796 13.2107 -4.5474
O2 26.0257 11.7551 -2.3426 -0.5623
N2 29.5909 -5.141 13.1829 -4.968

UNIT-V
PART-A- QUESTION & ANSWERS
1. Define Internal energy.
The internal energy of a substances in defined as the total quantity of energy that in passes by
virtue at the presence relative positions and mole marts at its component molecule atoms.

2. Define external energy.

The external energy of a body in dependent on its position and motion relative to the earth.

3. What is BTU?
It is defined as the British thermal unit no longer in bared on the energy required to heat a
pound at water one degree Fahrenheit.

4. Define flow Process.

It is one in which streams at materials continuously enter (or) leave the system.

5. Define non flow process.

There in no continuous streams at material enter (or) leave the system deuce the gorge at
operation.

6. What steady – flow process?

In the steady flow process in constancy at temperature and compositions at any given
locations in the process.

7. Define enthalpy.
In the energy equations for both flow and non flow process. H = U + PV.

8. Define heat balance.

Heat balance in a loose terms retry to a special form of energy balance which has come into
general use in all thermal process.

9. Define Heat capacity.

It in an amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a body by one degree.

10. Define specific heat.

It in ratio at the heat capacity at a body to the heat capacity at an equal nears of water.

11. What is special units for heat capacity?

The molal heat capacity at gaseous values for any other unit of an volume.

12. What do you mean heat capacity?

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The mean (or) average heat capacity other that tap range, where the mean molal heat capacity
at const.

13. Define four of thermo chemistry.

A given temp and pressure the quantity of energy required to decompose a chemical
compound into its clement.

14. Define heat of fusion.

The fusion of a crystalline solid at its melting point to form a liquid at the same temperature.

15. Define latent heat of Fusion

The latent heat of fusion is the amount heat required when unit qty of a solid is conducted to
liquid at its melting point.

16. Define heat of vaporization.

The heat required to vaporize a substance consists of the energy absorbed in overcoming the
intermolecular forces at attraction in the liquid.

17. Define latent heat of vaporisation

The latent heat of vaporisation is the amount of heat required per unit quantity of liquid when
it is changed from liquid to vapour at its boiling point.

18. Define heat of combustion

The heat of combustion of a substance is the heat of reaction resulting from the oxidation of
the substance with molecular oxygen.
The assignment of negative values to heat of combustion is consistent with the use of changes
of enthalpy as synonymous with heats of formation and heats of vapour since combustion the
value of SH must be negative and hence the heat of combustion is also negative.
HR = -HC.

19. Define standard heat of combustion

It is that resulting from the combustion of a substance, in the state that is normal at 25 0C and
atm. Pressure with the combustion beginning and ending at a temperature of 250C. It is
dependent on the extent to which oxidation is carried.

20. Define heat of reaction

Heat of reaction is the amount of heat to be supplied when a reaction is occurring at constant
pressure (one atom)

21. Define standard heat of reaction.

The standard heat of reaction is the change in the enthalpy of a system as a result of the
chemical reaction-taking place at 1 atm and starting and ending with all the components
(reactants & products) at constant temperature of 25 0C.If stoichiometric number is doubled,
the standard heat of reaction is doubled.
The standard heat of reaction for any reaction can be calculated if the heat of formation (or
heat of combustion) of the compounds taking part in the reaction is known as follows:
H0298= Hf, products -Hf reactants
H0298= Hc reactants -Hc products

22. Define heat of absorption

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When the solvent and solute form an ideal system, the heat liberated during the absorption
system is equal to the latent heat of condensation of the solute. The mixing of non-ideal
liquids is accompanied by the evolution of heat and the heat of absorption is equal to the
algebraic sum of the heats of condensation and mixing.

23. Define Heat of Sublimation

Heat of sublimation: For solids the heat required to convert 1mole of the vapour is more
aptly called the heat of sublimation.

24. Define heat of Condensation

Heat of condensation: The amount of heat required to convert from vapour to liquid.

25. Define heat of mixing.

HEAT OF MIXING
Heat of solution in a system in which both solute and solvent are liquids termed as heat of
mixing. Heat of mixing are frequently expressed on a unit weight rather than a molal basis.

When two liquids are mixed, the enthalpy change or heat effect is called the heat of mixing
measured at constant temperature. Usually at 180C or 250C and at the atmospheric pressure. It
is expressed in kJ/kg mol of solution, kJ/kg mol of solute, kJ/kg of solute, kJ/kg of solution.

When two or more substances are mixed to form a gas or liquid solution, we frequently find
heat is absorbed or evolved from the system upon mixing. Such a solution would be called a
real solution.
The heat of mixing and solution has been determined experimentally for many non-ideal
systems. When the equilibrium or solubility data are available at different temperature; the
heat of mixing can be calculated using the relationship
d ( ln r1) - L1
------ = -----
dT RT2
When L1 is the partial modal enthalpy of compt. In solution minus the enthalpy of the pure
liquid at the same temperature and r1 is the activity coeft. of compt.1 in solution.

26. Define Heat of transition.

The equilibrium temperature of transformation in constant although the actual temp of
transformation.

27. What is heat of formation?

A formation reaction is defined as s reaction, which forms a single compound form the
elements contained in it.
e.g. C + ½ O2 +2H2CH3OH
The heat of formation is based on 1 mol of the compound formed. The equations should
indicate the physical state of each reactant and product whether it is gas, liquid or solid. The
heat of formation of a chemical compound is the standard heat of reaction where the reactants
are the necessary elements for the formation of compound which is the only product formed.
Eg. C(s) + +O2 (g)CO2 Hf =94051 cal/g mol
For all the elements, the heat of formation is zero.

28. What is heat of solution?

The enthalpy change accompanists the dissolution of a substances in termed as heat of
solutions.

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29. Write kirchoff’s equation?

The effects of temp on the heat of reaction may be iced for the special care of reactions.

30. Explain the sensible heat and latent heat.

When a liquid is heated from room temperature (say 25 0C) to a higher temperature (say 600C)
and it remains as a liquid at 600C, then the sensible heat absorbed =q= m Cp (60-25)
Where m = mass of liquid Cp= specific heat of liquid.
If the liquid is further heated to 1000C, and it vaporizes, then
Heat absorbed =q= sensible heat + latent heat
= m Cp (100-25) + m  Where = latent heat of vaporization.

Part B
1. Calculate the heat of the gas phase reaction.
C2H2(g) + H2O (g)  C2H5OH
At 300O C, The standard heat of reaction is -10135 J
Heat Capacity Data.
C2H2 = 2.830 + 28.601x10-3 T-8.726x10-6T2
H2O = 7.256 + 20.298x10-3 T+0.283x10-6T2
C2H5OH = 6.990 + 39.741x10-3 T-11.926x10-6T2

2. Calculate the theoretical flame temperature of a gas containing 20%CO and 80%N 2 when
burned with 100% excess air. Both gas and air initially being at 25 oC.
Data: Standard heat of reaction = -67636 cal/g-mole
Component Mean heat capacity Cal/gmmole oC
------------------------------------------------------------------------
CO2 12.25
O2 8.07
N2 7.63

3. Calculate the theoretical flame temperature of a gaseous fuel containing 20 % CO and 80

% N2 when burnt with 100 % air, both air and gas initially being at 25°C.
Heat of combustion of CO is 67,636 Kcal/ Kg mole.
Data: Specific hats of products of combustion. Kcal/Kg mole °K
Carbon dioxide Cp = 6.339 + 10.14x10-3T
Oxygen Cp = 6.117 + 3.167x10-3T
Nitrogen Cp = 6.457 + 1.389x10-3T
Where T is temperature in °K

4. Calculate the theoretical Flame temperature of CO burned at constant pressure with 100%
excess air when reactants enter at 25 o C. The heat capacities of gases involved
CO2 = 26.5 + 42.3x10-3 T J/gm.mol. K
O2 = 25.56 + 13.23x10-3T J/gm.mol. K
N2 = 27.00 + 5.106x10-3T J/gm.mol. K

∆HR at 25oC = -2, 83,000 J/gm.mol. K

5. Dry methane is burnt with dry air both being initially at 25 oC. The flame temperature is
15700K. If complete combustion is assumed, how much excess air is to be used?
Data Standard heat of reaction = - 801556 J/gmmoles.
Cp data: Mean values:

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CO2 51.79 J/gmmoles oK

H2O 40.19 "
N2 32.15 "
O2 32.40 "

6. Calculate the theoretical flame temperature of a gas having 20%CO and 80% N 2 when
burnt with 150% excess air. Both air and gases are at 25 0C. Heats of formation of CO2 and
CO are -94052 and 26412 cal/gmole at 250C respectively. The mean heat capacities of
CO2,O2 and N2 are 12.1, 7.9 and 7.55 cal/gmole0k respectively.

7. Write short notes on

a) Heat of Absorption
b) Kirchoff's equation
c) Adiabatic Saturation temperature
d) Heat of sublimation
e) Kityakowsky’s equation

8. A compound dissolves in water at a rate proportional to the product of the amount

undissolved and the differene between the concentration in a saturated solution and the
concentration in the actual solution at any time. A saturated solution of compound contains
40-gms/100 Gms water. In a test run starting with 20 kgs of undissolved compound in 100
kgs of pure compound is found that 5 kg is dissolved in 3 hrs. If the test continues how
many kgs of compound will remain undissolved after 7 hrs. Assume that the system is
isothermal (Constant temperature process). (MU-Oct.2000)

**************************All the best****************************

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