PREVALENCE OF TEENAGE PREGNANCY

BY; POOJA AND TANNU

CHAPTER-2

Review of literature and studies

Teenage Pregnancies: A Worldwide Social and Medical Problem

Summary #1
A girl can conceive from sexual intercourse as early as she started to ovulate. Usually, the first
ovulation takes place after the first menstrual bleeding, the menarche. Girls experience menarche at
very different ages and it is quite difficult to estimate the mean age at menarche worldwide, because
significant differences between individual countries, but also between subpopulations within a country,
are observable.

Teenage pregnancy: the impact of maternal adolescent childbearing and

older sister’s teenage pregnancy on a younger sister

Summary #2

In the 1990s, the secular trend in menarcheal age had slowed down or ended in many European
countries and the United States. Better living conditions and sufficient food supply, however, resulted
not only in earlier sexual maturation but also in an increase in the rate of ovulatory cycles soon after
menarche. In other words, the risk of becoming pregnant shortly after menarche increased too.

Adolescent Pregnancy is a Serious Social Problem

Summary #3
The secular trend, however, affected not only sexual maturation, on the other hand peak height velocity
and the development of secondary sexual characteristics such as breast development take place much
earlier and most adolescent girls often look like young ladies, long before they reach mental maturity.
Consequently, these girls may feel that they are old enough to start with sexual activity. Although
sexual freedom and activity patterns among adolescent girls differ markedly according to cultural and
religious background, we have to be aware that today nearly half of the global population is less than
25 years old

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Teenage Pregnancy, Northeast ,

2017: A Cross-Sectional Study
Summary #4
Teenage pregnancies and teenage motherhood were considered as normal and often socially accepted
in previous centuries and even during the twentieth century in Europe. It was absolutely common that
first births took place during adolescence for much of human evolution and history. Girls married
during adolescence and gave birth during their second decade of life.

There’s a need to end teenage pregnancies in India, it’s harming the

national economy

Summary #5
Pregnancies during early adolescence (girls under the age of 15), however, have always been rare. This
was mainly due to the biological fact that menarche and reproductive maturity were experienced much
later in historical times than today. Furthermore, sexual activity of girls and young women was mainly
related to marriage until the second half of the twentieth century. Today, the first sexual activity is
initiated at a much younger age, and the use rate of contraception among this age group, however, is
rather low

Preventing teenage pregnancy in India to end the cycle of undernutrition

Summary #6
About 11% of all births worldwide are still girls aged 15–19 years old. According to the World Health
Statistics 2014, the average global birth rate among 15–19 year olds is 49 per 1000 girls, whereas
country rates range from 1 to 299 births per 1000 girls. Rates were highest in Sub-Saharan Africa. The
10 highest-risk countries for teenage motherhood are still Niger, Liberia, Mali, Chad, Afghanistan,
Uganda, Malawi, Guinea, Mozambique, and the Central African Republic. In these countries, teenage
birth rate (births per 1000 women aged 15–19) ranges from 233 in Niger to 132 in the Central African
Republic. In Niger, more than 50% of teenage girls (15–19 years) are married. Approximately 25% of
teenage girls gave birth between 15 and 19 years.

Teenage pregnancies, practices, and utilization of RCH services by the

tribal and nontribal population of West and South Tripura districts: A
mixed method study

Summary #7
In developed countries, by contrast, teenage birth rates are quite low and teenage motherhood is
discouraged, debated as a public health problem and considered as a societal challenge. Nevertheless,
there are considerable differences in teenage pregnancy rates between the different developed nations.

Adolescent fertility rate, teenage pregnancies decline in Indian states:

NFHS-5

Summary #8
The extremely vulnerable group of teenage mothers younger than 15 years is not accounted for in the
majority of statistics quoted. Singh reported that 8–15% of girls in Cameroon, Liberia, Malawi, Niger,
and Nigeria and 11% of the girls in Bangladesh had given birth even before their 15th birthday.

Hospital-based Perinatal Outcomes and Complications in Teenage

Pregnancy in India
Summary #9
Pregnancy and birth among girls younger than 15 years are extremely risky; nevertheless, in some
societies it is still common that girls marry in their teens and reproduce as early as possible mainly
because early reproduction may enhance the girls´ low status in their new family.
Enter

Summary #10
Teenage pregnancies were seen as a special problem because adverse health consequences of teenage
pregnancies were solely attributed to the young maternal age for a long time. The REPROSTAT
project of the European Union declared teenage pregnancy rates as one of 18 core indicators for
monitoring and describing reproductive health in the European Union.

Summary #11
Teenage pregnancy is labeled alongside obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer rates as a
major public health problem; the classification of teenage pregnancies as a high-risk category and a
major public health concern, is even debated controversial today.

Summary #12
Teenage motherhood is significantly associated with dropping out of school, low educational level,
low income, poverty and single parenting, and/or belonging to ethnic minority groups. What remains
unknown is the extent to which these poor outcomes result from teenage pregnancies or from per se
social disadvantages which affect the teenage mother already before pregnancy.

Summary #13
Unfortunately, sex education is lacking in many countries and consequently young girls are not aware
about physiological basis of reproduction and contraceptives. Furthermore, many girls may feel too
inhibited or ashamed to seek contraception services. On the other hand, contraceptives are sometimes
too expensive or not widely or legally available.

Summary #14
A cornerstone in reducing adolescent sexual-risk behaviors and promoting reproductive health is sex
education programs. School-based programs have the potential to reach the majority of adolescents in
developed countries and large number of adolescents in countries where school enrollment rates are
high..

Summary #15
Since not all adolescents are in school especially in developing countries, sex education programs have
also to be implemented in clinics, community organizations, and youth-oriented community agencies

Summary #16
Beside school-based sex education programs, special outpatient departments for adolescents such as the
so-called first love outpatient department in Vienna were implemented. Adolescents have access to
these institutions free of charge.

Summary #17
According to more recent studies, teenage pregnancies are not per se risky ones. A clear risk group are
extremely young teenage mothers (younger than 15 years) who are confronted with various medical
risks, such as preeclampsia, preterm labor, and small for gestational age newborns but also marked
social disadvantage, such as poverty, unemployment, low educational level, and single parenting.

Summary #18
In 2017, an estimate of 11.8 million teenage pregnancies occurred in India. According to the National
Family Health Survey 4 (NFHS 4), 7.9% of women aged 15-19 years, were already mothers or
pregnant at the time of the survey, with the prevalence higher in rural areas (9.2%) compared to urban
areas (5%).

Summary #19
Teenage marriage and pregnancy are common among both tribal and nontribal residing in West and
South districts of Tripura. Underutilization of RCH services by them is mainly due to lack of high-
quality services, ignorance, and economic constraints to reach a health facility.

Summary #20
all parties including parents, school, social workers, government, as well as the individual itself, should
do their parts, in order to prevent adolescent pregnancy from becoming serious life and death issue or
an issue which will be brought and discussed in the parliament. Besides that, the community also
need to play their roles in handling and preventing the issue from becoming big social problem,
especially among those unmarried couple, who faced with unplanned pregnancy.

Summary #21
Teenage pregnancy with prevalence of 7% is still a major problem in our Indian society. Knowing the
facts that teenage pregnancy is associated with major complications of pregnancy both maternal and
neonatal, there is urgent need to focus and decrease the teenage pregnancy in our society

Summary #22
Stillbirth and abortion are more prevalent among younger adolescents than among older adolescents,
and among all adolescents than among adult women. Delaying the first birth until age 20 appears to
benefit both mothers and babies. Access to reproductive health services; timely and quality family
planning services and safe abortion and delivery advice; tetanus toxoid and iron/folic acid for those
married adolescents who do become pregnant could improve health outcomes.

Summary #23

The prevalence of adolescent pregnancy in sub-Saharan African countries is high. Understanding the
predictors of first adolescent pregnancy can facilitate the development of effective social policies such
as family planning and comprehensive sex and relationship education in sub-Saharan Africa and can
help ensure healthy lives and promotion of well-being for adolescents and their families and
communities.

Summary #24
This study showed that there is a high prevalence of teenage pregnancy in the area. Increased age, rural
residence, contraceptive nonuse, and parental marital status (divorce) were found to have a statistically
significant association with teenage pregnancy. Strengthening contraceptive service promotion and
provision for teenagers by giving special attention to rural ones and showing the consequences of
divorce in the community are strongly recommended.

Summary #25
Marriage law enforced by Government of India with the increasing (18 years) the age of marriage
franchised in teen age girls, has mostly solved many maternal and perinatal problems related to young
teenage primigravidae.

Summary #26
In developed countries, most teenage pregnancies, especially those during early adolescence (<15
years), are unplanned and unintended. For a long time, teenage pregnancies were interpreted as major
medical problems and obstetrical risk factors. More recently, however, obstetrical risks of teenage
pregnancies are predominantly interpreted as results of adverse social and economic factors rather than
chronological age.

Summary #27
Teenage pregnancies can be a major threat to the growth and development of the upcoming generation.
They can have devastating health, economic and social implications for individuals, families and the
entire country. Pakistan needs to strengthen female child education to support their empowerment and
to limit their exposure to early marriages.

Summary #28
A pregnancy can take place at any time before or after puberty. Adolescent pregnancy is defined as
pregnancy under the age of 20 years. It is a problem in both developed and developing country. It
raises various human right issues i.e. an adolescent pregnant girl is forced to leave school, depriving
her right to education; she is prevented from using any contraception or reproductive health related
information, so she is also denied her right to health.

Summary #29
Results of this study suggests that the background of adolescents and complex interactions among
various factors should be considered for pregnancy. In future research, mixed-method that supplements
the methodological weaknesses of previous studies is also recommended.

Summary #30
This study clearly suggests the need for concerted efforts like advocacy, promoting education of girls
and stricter enforcement of minimum legal age of marriage should be promoted so as to raise the age at
marriage and consecutively the age of first pregnancy for ensuring the well-being of teenage girls,
particularly in rural areas

Summary #31

One in three teenagers had been pregnant. Age, not being in school, lack of formal education, being
married, parental divorce, having an elder sister who had a history of teenage pregnancy, and not
knowing fertile period during the menstrual cycles were the factors associated with teenage pregnancy.

Summary #32
Teenage pregnancy occupies a substantial proportion of total deliveries in the Nepalese maternity
hospital. In addition, early pregnancy was significantly associated with age and type of marriage,
education level, knowledge, and practice of contraceptive methods.

Summary #33
Adolescent pregnant women have shown better utilization of selected indicators than their adult
counterparts. Utilization of full ANC services starting from first trimester itself for adolescent pregnant
women is an urgent need in present context. Intervention program must pay attention to such
adolescent married girls who are entering into the motherhood phase of their lives

Summary #34
Teenage marriage and pregnancy are common among both tribal and nontribal residing in West and
South districts of Tripura. Underutilization of RCH services by them is mainly due to lack of high-
quality services, ignorance, and economic constraints to reach a health facility.

 
Summary #35
Teenage pregnancy is a health risk for mother and foetus. It is associated with high maternal, fetal and
neonatal morbidity and mortality. This study aims to examine teenage pregnancy, study risks
associated with teenage pregnancy and adverse birth outcome.

Summary #36
Being a determinant as well as a consequence of teenage pregnancy especially in developing countries,
many of the individual and environmental risk factors that are determinants of teenage pregnancy may
be tried into experiences of poverty.

Summary #37
The application of predictive risk criteria in pregnant adolescents to facilitate the rational use of health
services to diminish the maternal and prenatal mortality is discussed as well. Early school leaving
schools, lack of sex education these are the factors of teenage pregnancies.

Summary #38

In developing countries that are expected to follow the sexual behaviour patterns of developed
countries, without offering the levels of education and services for adolescents.The ignorance about
sexuality and reproduction both in parents, teachers and adolescents increases the early initiation of
coital relations and of unwanted pregnancies.

Summary #39
An estimated of 11.8 million teenage pregnancies occurred in India according to the national health
survey 4 (NFHS 4), 7.9% of women aged 15-19 years, the prevalence is higher in rural areas 9.2%
compared to urban areas which is 5%. These pregnancies not only make adolescent girls extremely
vulnerable both physically and mentally but also place them and their babies at risk.

Summary #40
Teenage pregnancies and teenage motherhood are a causes for concern worldwide from a historical
point of view, teens don’t get parental care soon enough, which can lead to problems later on, they
have higher risk for pregnancy related high blood pressure and it’s complications. Risk for the baby
include premature birth and a low birth weight.

Summary #41
Teenage pregnancies were associated with severe medical problems, A clear risk group are extremely
young teenage mothers(younger than 15 years) who are confronted with various medical risk, such as
preeclampsia, preterm labour and small for gestational age newborns but also marked social
disadvantage such as poverty, unemployment, low educational level, and single parenting

Summary #42
Adolescent pregnancy is a major public health problem, the rate of teenage pregnancy remains
unacceptably high in most developing countries. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess the
prevalence and associated factors of teenage pregnancy in the world.

Summary #43
Pregnancy among adolescent girls (aged 15 to 19 years) is often associated with high risk to both the
mother and the foetus, and can lead to intergenerational cycles of poverty, poor education and
employment. Pregnancy-related complications are major causes of death for girls ages 15 to 19 years
old.

Summary #44
As many as 20,000 girls under the age of 18 in developing countries give birth everyday. The battle
against teenage pregnancies can only be overcome with the help of the community. Parents,
teachers,peers and mentors need to be made aware of the causes and consequences of teenage
pregnancies.

Summary #45
Adolescent pregnancy and it’s associated health and social implications signify a major public health
concern that requires critical resolution in many nations.Adolescents (aged 10-19 years) are saddled
with health risk exposures related to their sexuality and reproduction. Sexuality and reproductive health
programme organizer should target specific intervention programs that focuses on awareness of
adolescent pregnancies.

Summary #46
Majority of teenage girls are reported with basic knowledge studies on adolescent sexuality and
pregnancy are very limited in our country. This study is done to know the prevalence and to determine
whether teenage mothers are not risk of adverse pregnancy outcome hence, there is urgent need to
focus of teenage pregnancy.

Summary #47
Sexual practice before the age of 15 years, and marital status were factors associated with teenage
pregnancy. Enhanced contraceptive utilization among adolescents are recommended. Prevention of
early marriage and creating awareness about contraceptive and ensuring it’s accessibility is
recommended to prevent teenage pregnancy.

Summary# 48
This study explores the prevalence of teenage pregnancy in relation to the challenges faced by teenage
pregnant mothers. Health complications including abortions and it’s associated health challenges are
also common place,In some severe cases it leads to death.
Summary #49
Teenage pregnancy is a global issue the number of teenage pregnancy is increasing recently and they
had a high prevalence rate of prematurity, low birth weight and respiratory distress syndrome. Adverse
pregnancy outcomes have been particularly associated with teenage pregnancies these include preterm
birth, fatal growth rejection etc.

Summary #50
It is evident that the incident of teenage pregnancy has been increasing in the past decades and
consequently poses significant problems on maternal and child Heath. Most of the neonatal untoward
consequences were observed in mothers with younger ages. Teenage pregnancy induced hypertension,
lack of prenatal care and malformation of ne