LISTENING
39. A. They are examples of the usual
31. A. She will be able to join the economics
seminar.
B. She has a new printer for her
computer.
C. She finished paying back her loan.
D. She got an A on her term paper.
32. A. The importance of paying back loans
promptly.
B. A way to help people improve their
economic conditions.
C. Using computers to increase business
efficiency.
D. The expansion of international business.
33. A. It is the topic of his term paper.
B. He would like to find a job there.
C. His economics professor did research
work there.
D. Microcredit programs have been very
successful there.
34. A. Cancel her credit card.
B. Sign up for the economics seminar.
C. Do research on banks in Asia.
D. Type the man’s term paper.
35. A. The life of a well-known Canadian
architect.
B. The architectural design of a new
museum.
C. The variety of museums in Washington,
D.C.
D. The changing function of the modern
museum.
36. A. Both were designed by the same
architect.
B. Both are located in Washington, D.C.
C. Both feature similar exhibits.
D. Both were built around a central square.
37. A. A classical temple.
B. A well-known museum.
C. A modern office building.
D. A natural landscape.
38. A. Traditional views on the purpose of a
museum.
B. Traditional values of Native
Americans.
C. Traditional notions of respect for elected
leaders.
D. Traditional forms of classical
architecture.
sequence of observation and explanation.
B. They provide evidence of inaccurate
scientific observation.
C. Their discovery was similar to that of the
neutrino.
D. They were subjects of 1995 experiments
at Los Alamos.
40. A. Its mass had previously been
measured.
B. Its existence had been reported by Los
Alamos National Laboratory.
C. Scientists were looking for a particle with
no mass.
D. Scientists were unable to balance
equations of energy without it.
41. A. That it carries a large amount of
energy.
B. That it is a type of electron.
C. That it is smaller in size than previously
thought.
D. That it has a tiny amount of mass.
42. A. The clearing of New England forests.
B. The role of New England trees in
British shipbuilding.
C. The development of the shipbuilding
industry in New England.
D. The role of the British surveyor general
in colonizing New England.
43. A. Law.
B. Mathematics.
C. History.
D. Engineering.
44. A. Sugar maple.
B. Oak.
C. White pine.
D. Birch.
45. A. Its width.
B. Its height.
C. Its straightness.
D. Its location.
46. A. How they swim long distances.
B. How they got their name.
C. How they hunt.
D. How they solve problems.
47. A. By changing its appearance.
B. By imitating signals that the other
spiders send.
C. By spinning a large web. 2. Genetically, the chimpanzee is more
D. By imitating insects caught in a web. similar to
humans _______.
48. A. Avoid attacks by other spiders.
A. are than any other animal
B. Cross some water.
C. Jump to the edge of the tray. B. than is any other animal
D. Spin a long thread. C. any other animal is
D. and any other animal is
49. A. It would keep trying to reach the rock
the same way. 1. …. Getting the highest result in the class,
B. It would try to reach the rock a john still had problems with his teacher.
different way.
a. Despite of
C. The scientists would move the spider to
the rock. b. In spite of
D. The scientists would place another spider c. Even though
in the tray. d. Nonetheless

5. He founded that city in 1685,

STRUCTURE and…..quickly grew to be the largest city
in colonial America.
1. During an eclipse of the Sun, ______
a. he b. it
in the shadow of the Moon.
c. it d. we
(A) the Earth lies
(B) the Earth when lying
(C) that the Earth lies 8. Some plants produse…………poisons
(D) the lying Earth that can affect a person even if he or she
merely brushes against them.
a. irritating b. irritated
29. . ______ Nat Turner who led a revolt c. irritability d. Irritation
against slavery in Virginia in 1831.
(A) Where was 19. The company president wrote an e-mail
(B) It was and planned to send __________ as soon as
(C) He was the vote
(D) That he was was complete.
A. to all directors the message
B. the message by all directors
30. William Walker's mural, "Wall of
C. message to all directors
Respect," ______ an outdoor wall in D. the message to all directors
Chicago, deals
with social issues. 33. Unless exposed to light….plant cells do
(A) covers not produce chlorophyll.
(B) covers it a. most of b. the most of
(C) which covers c. the most d. most
(D) which it covers
30. …….some of the famous detectives in
5. Modern skyscrapers have a steel skeleton literature
are based on deductive reasoning.
of
a. methods use by
beams and columns ___a three- b. they used methods
dimensional grid. c. the methodology used
A. forms d. using the methods of
B. from which forming
C. and forming 9. Some of the oldest and most widespread
D. that forms creation myths are —— involving the all-
giving "Earth Mother."
(A) those
(B) them
(C) they
(D) their
10. In —— , disk technology has made
record albums almost obsolete.
(A) the decade from
(B) the decade since
(C) the past decade
(D) decade ago the
11. In the first few months of life, an infant
learns how to lift its head, smile, and ——.
(A) parents to recognize
(B) recognize its parents
(C) recognizing its parents
(D) the recognizing of its parents
1. In simple animals, .......... reflex
movement or involuntary response to
stimuli.
(A) behavior mostly
(B) most is behavior
(C) most behavior is
(D) the most behavior
READING
Questions 30-39
There are two main hypotheses when
it comes to explaining the emergence of
modern humans. The ‘Out of Africa’ theory
holds that homo sapiens burst onto the scene
as a new species around 150,000 to 200,000
years ago in Africa and subsequently
replaced archaic humans such as the
Neandertals. The other model, known as
multi-regional evolution or regional
continuity, posits far more ancient and
diverse roots for our kind. Proponents of this
view believe that homo sapiens arose in
Africa some 2 million years ago and evolved
as a single species spread across the Old
World, with populations in different regions
linked through genetic and cultural
exchange.
Of these two models, Out of Africa,
which was originally developed based on
fossil evidence, and supported by much
genetic research, has been favored by the
majority of evolution scholars. The vast
majority of these genetic studies have
focused on DNA from living populations,
and although some small progress has been
made in recovering DNA from Neandertal
that appears to support multi-regionalism,
the chance of recovering nuclear DNA from
early human fossils is quite slim at present.
Fossils thus remain very much a part of the
human origins debate. Another means of
gathering theoretical evidence is through
bones. Examinations of early modern human
skulls from Central Europe and Australia
dated to between 20,000 and 30,000 years
old have suggested that both groups
apparently exhibit traits seen in their Middle
Eastern and African predecessors. But the
early modern specimens from Central
Europe also display Neandertal traits, and
the early modern Australians showed
affinities to archaic Homo from Indonesia.
Meanwhile, the debate among
paleoanthropologists continues , as
supporters of the two hypotheses challenge
the evidence and conclusions of each other.
30. The passage primarily discusses which
of the
following
(a) Evidence that supports the “Out of
Africa”
theory
(b) Two hypotheses and some evidence on
the
human origins debate
(c) The difficulties in obtaining agreement
among
theorists on the human origins debate
(d) That fossils remain very much a part of
the
human origins debate
31. The word “emergence” in line 1 is
closest in
meaning to
(a) complexity
(b) development
(c) appearance
(d) decline
32. The word “proponents” in line 6 is closet
in
meaning to
(a) experts hypotheses
(b) advocates (c) Both hypotheses cite Africa as an
(c) inspectors originating
(d) historians location.
(d) One hypothesis dates the emergence of
33. All of the following are true except homo
sapiens much earlier than the other.
(a) three methods of gathering evidence are
mentioned in the passage 38. It can be inferred from the passage that
(b) the multi-regional model goes back
further in (a) there is likely to be an end to the debate
history. in the
(c) the Out of Africa model has had more near future
support (b) the debate will interest historians to take
from scholars part in
(d) DNA studies offer one of the best ways (c) the debate is likely to be less important in
in future
future to provide clear evidence. (d) there is little likelihood that the debate
will
34. The word “slim” in line 14 is closest in die down
meaning
to 39. According to the passage, the multi-
regional
(a) small
(b) narrow evolution model posits far more diverse
(c) thin roots for
(d) difficult our kind because
(a) Evidence from examinations of early
35. Which of the following is not true
modern
(a) the vast majority of genetic studies have human skulls has come from a number of
focused
on living populations different parts of the world
(b) early modern human skulls all (b) DNA from Neandertal appears to support
support the
multi-
same conclusions
(c) both hypotheses focus on Africa as a regionalis
location for (c) Populations in different regions were
the new species. linked
(d) early modern Australian skulls have through genetic and cultural exchange
similarities (d) This has been supported by fossil
to those from Indonesia. evidence
36. In line 18, the word “their ” refers to
which of
the following
(a) Middle Easterners and Africans Questions 40-50
(b) skulls Although management principles
(c) central Europeans and Australians have been implemented since ancient times,
(d) traits most management scholars trace the
37. Which of the following is NOT true beginning of modern management thought
about the back to the early 1900s, beginning with
two hypotheses thepioneering work of Frederick Taylor
(1856-1915). Taylor was the first person to
(a) Both hypotheses regard Neandertals
study work scientifically. He is most famous
to be the
predecessors of modern humans for introducing techniques of time and
(b) Genetic studies have supported both motion study, differential piece rate systems,
and for systematically specializing the work management
of operating employees and managers. theory
Along with other pioneers such as Frank and 41. The word “ which” in line 9 refers to
Lillian Gilbreth, Taylor set the stage,
labeling his philosophy and methods (a) scientific management
“scientific management’. At that time, his (b) philosophy
(c) productivity
philosophy, which was concerned with
(d) time and motion study
productivity, but which was often
misinterpreted as promoting worker interests 42. It can be inferred from the first
at the expense of management, was in paragraph that
marked contrast to the prevailing industrial (a) workers welcomed the application of
norms of worker exploitation. The time and scientific
motion study concepts were popularized by management
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth. (b) Talor’s philosophy is different from
The Gilbreths had 12 children. By the
analyzing his children’s dishwashing and industrial norms
(c) by the early 1900s science had reached a
bedmaking chores, this pioneer efficiency
stage
expert, Frank Gilbreth, hit on principles where it could be applied to the
whereby workers could eliminate waste workplace
motion. He was memorialized by two of his (d) workers were no longer exploited after
children in their 1949 book called “Cheaper the
by the Dozen”. The Gilbreth methods introduction of scientific management.
included using stop watches to time worker 43. The word “prevailing” in line 10 is
movements and special tools (cameras and closest in
special clocks) to monitor and study worker meaning to
performance, and also involved
(a) predominant
identification of“therbligs” (Gilbreth spelled
(b) broadly accepted
backwards) – basic motions used in (c) prevalent
production jobs. Many of these motions and (d) common
accompanying times have been used to
determine how long it should take a skilled 44. According to the passage, Frank Gilbreth
worker to perform a given job. In this way
discovered how workers could eliminate
an industrial engineer can get a handle on waste
the approximate time it should take to motion by
produce a product or provide a service.
However, use of work analysis in this way is (a) using special tools such as cameras and
clocks
unlikely to lead to useful results unless all
(b) using stop watches
five work dimensions are considered: (c) applying scientific management
physical, psychological, social, cultural, and principles
power. (d) watching his children do their chores
40. What is the passage primarily about?
45. The basic motions used in production
(a) The limitations of pioneering studies in jobs were
understanding human behavior given which one of following names by
(b) How time and motion studies were first Frank
developed Gilbreth?
(c) The first applications of a scientific
approach to (a) dimensions
understanding human behavior (b) gilreths
(d) The beginnings of modern (c) therbligs
(d) monitors
46. According to the passage, the time it his children writing a book.
takes a (d) analyzing work to increase productivity
skilled worker to perform the motion of a is not
given
likely to be useful unless all of the
job can be measured by using:
dimensions
(a) stop watches are considered
(b) all 5 work dimensions
(c) special tools
(d) therbligs
47. The word “motions” in line 20 is closest
in
meaning to
(a) stop watches
(b) habits
(c) actions
(d) special tools
48. Where in the passage does the author
comment
that the principles of scientific
management
were often misunderstood?
(a) Lines 1-5
(b) Lines 6-10
(c) Lines 11-15
(d) Lines 16-20

49. The word “dimensions” in line 24 is

closest in  Radiant sea anemonea
meaning to 1. The characteristic of the sea anemonea
2. Form (line 1)
(a) sizes
3. Petals
(b) extents
(c) aspects 4. Area related to sea anemonea
(d) standards 5. Attached to stationary surfaces
6. Catch (line 8)
7. Pullback (line 11)
8. Alters its shape
9. Buiding, forming eggs, or dividing
10. Line 7-10 (food gathering)
50. All of the following are true except 11. Are usually tiny (except)

(a) scientific management was concerned

 North america
with
1. Early attemps at colonizing nort
productivity.
america
(b) the beginnings of modern
2. They were acting on their own
management
3. He never settlend in north america
thought commenced in the 19th
4. 1548
century.
5. Some did not survive
(c) Frank Gilbreth’s fame was enhanced by
6. 1585
two of
7. The fate of its inhabitants in unknown
 Awarded the Nobel prize for physics in
 Botany 1918, German physics Max Planck is best
1. They probably had ektensive remembered as the originator of the
quantum theory. His work helped user in a
knowledge of plants
new era in theoretical physics and
2. It is not suprising that early humans revolutionized the scientific community’s
had a detailed knowledge of plants understanding of atomic and sub-atomic
(line 6) processes.
3. Sheep raising
4. Line 7-9 (describe the benetical Planck intriduced an idea that led to the
properties) quantum theory, which became the
foundation of twentieth century physics. In
5. The discovery of grasses that could be
December 1900, Plnck worked out an
harvested and replanted equation that described the distribution of
6. Direct contact with a variety of plants radiation accurately over the range of low to
has decreased high frequencies. He had developed a theory
7. To give botanical examples that all which depended on a model of matter that
readers will recognize (line 16) seemed very strange at the time. The model
required the emission of electromagnetic
radiation in small chunks or particles. These
 Inual art : (inspiration themes in inuit particles were later called quantums. The
art) energy associated with each quatum is
1. The subject of inuit art measured by multiplying the frequency of
2. To present the radiation, v, by a universal constant, h.
3. Realistic atau drama Thus, energy, or E, equals hv. The constant,
4. An animal h, is known as Planck’s constant. It is now
recognized as one of the fundamental
5. Modern art
constant of the world.
6. Enlarge
7. Follow Planck announced his finding in 1900, but it
8. Closely was years before teh full consequences of
9. A chewing clothes woman his revolutionary quantum theory were
recognized. Throughout his life, Planck
made significant contributions to optics,
 Glacier : (18000 years ago, the glaciers)
thermodynamics and stastistical mechanics,
1. Eating human habit physical chemistry, and other fields. In
2. Implausible = unconvicing 1930, He was elected president of the Kaiser
3. Total Wilhelm society, which was renamed the
4. Decreased Max II. Though deeply opposed to the
5. Fixed, closed, attach, bond, fresh fascist regime of Adolf Hitler, Planck
6. Strength remained in Germany throughout teh war.
He died in Gottingen on October 4, 1947.
7. Best yield
8. Grassland 1. In which of the following fields did
9. Cultivate Max Planck NOT make a significant
contribution?
 Angler fish : (although the deep sea a) Optics
anglerfish has been subject) b) Thermodynamics
c) Stastistical mechanics
1. The unique characteristic an odd fish
d) Biology
2. For below 2. The word “revolutionary” as used in
3. Varies greatly line 13, means…
4. Antenae a) Dangerous
5. How to anglerfish get it names b) Extremist
6. Need to salt to live and multipled c) Momentous
7. Small group d) Militarist
3. It can inferred from the passage that c) e
Planck’s work led to the d) E
development of which of the
following? Reading tentang two decades yang ada
a) The rocket microbe
b) The atomic bomb
c) The internal combustion engine 1. what is the main topic of the
d) The computer pessage?
4. The particles of electromagnetic a. The microbe hunter
radiation given off by matter are b. The potential of genetic
known as… engineering
a) Quantums c. The progress of model medical
b) Atoms research
c) Electrons d. The discovery of enzymes
d) Valences 2. The word “which” in line 4 refers to?
5. The word “universal”, as used in line a. Diseases
10 most nearly means… b. Microbe
a) Planetary c. Cholera
b) Cosmic d. Diphtheria
c) Worldwide 3. The word “incriminated” in line 4
d) Always present meaning to?
6. The implication in this passage is a. Investigated
that… b. Blamed
a) Only a German physics could c. Eliminated
discover such a theory d. Produced
b) Quantum theory, which led to 4. Which of the following can be curred
the development of twentieth by a change in diet?
century physics, is basically a a. Tuberculosis
mathematical formula b. Cholera
c) Planck’s constant was not c. Cystic fibrosis
discernible before 1900 d. Pellagra
d) Radiation was hard to study 5. The word “strived” in line 9 meaning
7. “An idea” as used in line 4, refers to?
to… a. Failed
a) A model of matter b. Tried
b) Emission of electromagnetic c. Experimented
radiation d. Studied
c) Quantums 6. How do vitamins influence health?
d) The equation that described the a. They are neccessary for some
distribution of radiation enzymes to function
accurately over the range of low to b. They protect the body from
high frequencies microbes
8. The word “emission” as used in line c. They keep food spoiling
8 means… d. They are broken down by cells to
a) Giving off produce energy
b) Holding on to 7. In the third paragraph, the author
c) Throwing away compares..
d) Taking back a. Gardens
9. Planck’s constant, expressed in a b. Factories
mathematical formula, is… c. Hunters
a) e = v/h d. Spotlights
b) E = h/v 8. “them” → Genes
c) e = h-v 9. “occupy the spotlight” → reveive
d) E = hv the most attention
10. What is known as Planck’s constant? 10. The author implies future will be?
a) v a. The function of the brain
b) h b. Inherited diseases
 c. The operation of vitamin
d. The structure of gener
11. The last paragraph of the passage?
a. Critical
b. Speculative
c. Appreciative
d. Emotional
12. a. The focus of medical research
will change in the next two decades
A distinctively American architecture began
with Frank Lloyd Wright, who had taken to
heart the admonition that form should follow
function, and who thought of buildings not
as separate architectural entities but as parts
of an organic whole that included the land,
the community, and the society. In a very
real way the houses of colonial New
England and some of the southern
plantations had been functional, but Wright
was the first architect to make functionalism
the authoritative principle for public as well
as for domestic buildings. As early as 1906
he built the Unity Temple in Oak Park,
Illinois, the first of those churches that did
so much to revolutionize ecclesiastical
architecture in the United States. Thereafter
he turned his genius to such miscellaneous
structures as houses, schools, office
buildings, and factories, among them the
famous Larkin Building in Buffalo, New
York, and the Johnson Wax Company
Building in Racine, Wisconsin.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The architecture of public buildings
(B) An architectural pioneer
(C) New England architecture
(D) principles of architecture
2. The phrase “taken to heart” in lines 1-2 is
closest in meaning to which of the
following?
(A) Taken seriously
(B) Criticized
(C) Memorized
(D) Taken offence
3. The word “admonition” in line 2 is closest
in meaning to
(A) monition
(B) support
(C) discussion
(D) consideration
4. The word “entities” in line 3 is closest in
meaning to
(A) principles
(B) existences
(C) subtractions
(D) properties
5. In what way did Wright's public buildings
differ from most of those built by earlier
architects?
(A) They were built on a larger scale.
(B) Their materials came from the southern
United States.
(C) They looked more like private homes.
(D) Their designs were based on how they
would be used.
6. The author mentions the Unity Temple
because it
(A) was Wright's first building
(B) influenced the architecture of
subsequent churches
(C) demonstrated traditional ecclesiastical
architecture
(D) was the largest church Wright ever
designed
7. Which of the following statements best
reflects one of Frank Lloyd Wright's
architectural principles?
(A) Beautiful design is more important than
utility.
(B) Ecclesiastical architecture should be
derived from traditional designs.
(C) A building should fit into its
surroundings.
(D) The architecture of public buildings
does not need to be revolutionary.
8. Which of the following is NOT
mentioned as a type of structure Frank Lloyd
Wright made ?
(A) houses
(B) factories
(C) southern plantations
(D) churches
Reading tentang: There are two basic types
of glaciers..
1. The different kinds of glaciers
2. “massive” → huge
3. They cover large areas of land
4. Sprending into the ocean
5. Alberta
6. “rare” → unusual
7. Their flow
8. “it” → glacier
9. “subtle” → slight
10. Ice caps
11. Ice sheets and mountain glaciers
Next to its sheer size, the profound isolation
of its many small islands is the most
distinctive feature of the Pacific Ocean.
Over 25,000 islands are scattered across the
surface of the Pacific, more than in all the
other oceans combined, but their land area
adds up to little more than 125,000 square
kilometers, about the size of New York
State, and their inhabitants total less than
two million people, about a quarter of the
number that live in New York City. The
oceanic islands of the Pacific are some of
the most isolated places on Earth. Many are
uninhabitable, by virtue of their small size
and particular characteristics, but even the
most favored are very isolated fragments of
land, strictly circumscribed by the ocean,
strictly limited in terms of the numbers of
people they can support. This basic fact of
environmental circumstance has been the
most pervasive influence in determining the
social arrangements, and cultural practices
of the people that settled in the Pacific
Islands.
The peopling of the Pacific Islands has been
described as the greatest feat of maritime
colonization in human history. Contrary to
the conclusions of Thor Heyerdahl's Kon-
Tiki expedition of 1946, the evidence of
plant dispersal, archaeology, linguistics, and
genetics now shows quite conclusively that
the Pacific Islands were not populated from
tile east by South Americans who drifted on
balsa-wood rafts and the prevailing wind
and current, but from the west, by groups
from mainland Asia who gradually spread
from island to island out into the Pacific.
The process began over 40,000 years ago
and reached Easter Island the most isolated
place on Earth-about 1.500 years ago. It
ended about 1,000 years ago, when people
first settled in Hawaii and New Zealand.
Simply surviving those ocean crossings of
indeterminate length, in open canoes, to
arrive on the shores of uninhabited and
hitherto unknown islands, was a formidable
achievement. But having found an oasis of
land in a watery wilderness, crossed its reef,
and landed, on its shores, the survivors then
faced a series of pressing problems for
which solutions had to be found quickly if
the small group was to become a vigorous,
self- sustaining island population.
32. The word "scattered" in line 2 is closest
in meaning toD
(A) widely known
(B) usually estimated
(C) rarely inhabited
(D) irregularly distributed
33. Why does the author mention New
population of the Pacific York City in line
5?
(A) To emphasize how small the Islands is
(B) To emphasize the extreme distances
between the Pacific Islands and other
regions
(C) To note the economic ties of the Pacific
Islands to other regions
(D) To note the lack of urban environments
on the Pacific Islands
34.The phrase "by virtue of" in line 6 is
closest in meaning to
(A) regarding Pacific Islands
(B) because of (D) how early explorers of the Pacific Ocean
(C) taking advantage of found their way from island to island
(D) in place of

35. The word "circumscribed" in line 7 is The languages spoken by early Europeans
closest in meaning to are still shrouded in mystery. There is no
(A) located linguistic continuity between the languages
(B) flooded of Old Europe (a term sometimes used for
(C) restricted Europe between 7000 and 3000 B.C.) and
the languages of the modem world, and we
(D) pushed
cannot yet translate the Old European script,
Scholars have deciphered other ancient
36. Which of the following is NOT languages, such as Sumerian, Akkadian, and
mentioned as evidence used to determine the Babylonian, which used the cuneiform
origins of Pacific Islands people? script, because of the fortuitous discovery of
(A) Oral histories bilingual inscriptions, When cuneiform
(B) Plant dispersal tablets were first discovered in the
eighteenth century, scholars could not
(C) Linguistics
decipher them. Then inscriptions found in
(D) Archaeology baa at the end of the eighteenth century
provided a link: these inscriptions were
37. According to the-passage, where did the written in cuneiform and in two other
original inhabitants of the Pacific Islands ancient languages, Old Persian and New
come from? Elamite--languages that had already been
(A) South America deciphered. It took several decades, but
scholars eventually translated the ancient
(B) Hawaii
cuneiform script via the more familiar Old
(C) New Zealand Persian language.
(D) Asia
Similarly, the hieroglyphic writing of the
38.The word "It” in line 16 refers to Egyptians remained a mystery until French
(A) Pacific troops unearthed the famous Rosetta stone in
(B) process the late eighteenth century. The stone carried
the same message written in ancient Greek,
(C) isolated place Egyptian hieroglyphs, and Egyptian hieratic,
(D) Earth a simplified form of hieroglyphs. The
Rosetta stone thwarted scholars' efforts for
39. The word "indeterminate" in line 18 is several decades until the early nineteenth
closest in meaning to century when several key hieroglyphic
(A) undecided phrases were decoded using the Greek
inscriptions. Unfortunately, we have no Old
(B) uncertain
European Rosetta stone to chart
(C) unacceptable correspondences between Old European
(D) increasing script and the languages that replaced it.

40. The passage is most likely followed by a

discussion of
(A) how settlers adapted to newly
discovered Pacific Ocean Islands
(B) the design and construction of canoes
used in the Pacific Islands
(C) the characteristics sties of reefs in the
Tim incursions of Indo-European tribes into
Old Europe from the late fifth to the early
third millennia B.C. caused a linguistic and
cultural discontinuity. These incursions
disrupted the Old European sedentary
farming lifestyle that had existed for 3,000
years As the Indo-Europeans encroached on
Old Europe from the east, the continent
underwent upheavals. These severely
affected the Balkans, where the Old
European cultures abundantly employed
script. The Old European way of life
deteriorated rapidly, although pockets of Old
European culture remained for several
millennia, ~ new peoples spoke completely
different languages belonging to the Indo-
European linguistic family. The Old
European language or languages, and the
script used to write them, declined and
eventually vanished.
22. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Reasons for the failure to understand the
written records of Old European culture
(B) Influences on the development of Old
European script
(C) Similarities between Old European
script and other ancient writing systems
(D) Events leading to the discovery of Old
European script
23. According to the passage, New Elamite
is
(A) a language that was written in the
cuneiform script
(B) a modem language that came from Old
Persian
(C) one of the languages spoken by the Old
Europeans
(D) a language that was understood by the
late eighteenth century
24. According to the passage, scholarswere
able to decipher cuneiform script with the
help of
(A) the Sumerian, Akkadian, and
Babylonian languages
(B) Old Persian
(C) tablets written in Old European
(D) a language spoken in eighteenth century
Iran
25. The word “fortuitous” in line 5 is closet
in meaning to
(A) important
(B) sudden
(C) early
(D) lucky
26. The word "them" in line 6 refers to
(A) Sumerian, Akkadian, and Babylonian
(B) bilingual inscriptions
(C) cuneiform tablets
(D) scholars
27. When does the passage suggest that
ancient Egyptian hieroglypttic script was
finally deciphered?
(A) At around the same time as cuneiform
script was deciphered
(B) Shortly before the Rosetta stone was
unearthed
(C) As soon as additional bilingual
inscriptions became available to scholars
(D) A few decades after the hieratic script
was decoded
28. According to the passage, which of the
following is true of the Rosetta stone?
(A) It was found by scholars trying to
decode ancient languages.
(B) It contains two versions of hieroglyphic
script.
(C) Several of its inscriptions were decoded
within a few months of its discovery.
(D) Most of its inscriptions have still not
been decoded.
29. The word "thwarted" in line 14 is closest
in meaning to
(A) continued
(B) influenced
(C) encouraged
(D) frustrated
30. According to the passage, Indo-
European incursions caused Old European
populations to
(A) separate into different tribes
(B) move eastward
(C) change their ways of living obtaining
food
(D) start recording historical events in
Writing
31. The author mentions the Balkans in the
passage in order to explain why
(A) Indo-European languages were slow to
spread in Old Europe
(B) the inhabitants of Old Europe were not
able to prevent Indo-European incursions
(C) the use of the Old European script
declined
(D) the Old European culture survived for a
time after the Indo-European incursions
Lichens, probably the hardiest of all plants,
live where virtually nothing else can---not 2. The word "hardiest" in line 1 is closest in
just on rugged mountain peaks but also on meaning to
sunbaked desert rocks. They are usually the (A) most unusual
first life to appear on a mountainside that (B) most basic
has been scraped bare by an avalanche. (C) most abundant
Unlike other members of the plant kingdom, (D) most vigorous
lichens are actually a partnership between
two plants. The framework of a lichen is 3. The word "framework" in line 4 is closest
usually a network of minute hairlike fungus in meaning to
that anchors the plant. The other component (A) structure
is an alga (similar to the green film of plant (B) fragment
life that grows on stagnant pools) that is (C) condition
distributed throughout the fungus. Being (D)environment
green plants, algae are capable of
photosynthesis--that is, using energy from
the Sun to manufacture their own food. The 4, The author mentions "the green film of
fungi are believed to supply water, minerals, plant life that grows on stagnant pools"
and physical support to the partnership. (lines 5-6) in order to explain
(A) how the sun affects lichens
Lichens are famous for their ability to (B) why plants depend on water
survive ~ water shortage. When water is (C) where fungi become algae
scarce (as is often the case on a mountain), (D) what algae are
lichens may become dormant and remain in
that condition for prolonged periods of time. 5. It can be inferred from the passage that
Some lichens can even grow where there is lichens use less energy and grow more
no rain at all, surviving on only occasional slowly when
dew--the moisture that condenses on the (A) the environment is polluted
surface of the plants at night. And unlike (B) they are exposed to ultraviolet rays
most other plants, lichens are little affected (C) they are very old
by the strong ultraviolet rays in the (D) the supply of water is inadequate
mountains.

Lichens use little energy, for they grow 6. Which of the following term is defined in
slowly. Some grow so slowly and are so old the passage?
that they are called "time stains." You may (A) "anchors" (line 5)
find lichens that are centuries old; certain of
these lichen colonies have been established (B) "stagnant" (line 6)
for an estimated 2,000 years. For decades, (C) "dew" (line 11)
scientists wondered how the offspring of an (D) "ultraviolet" (line 13)
alga and a fungus got together to form a new
lichen, it seemed unlikely that they would
just happen to encounter one another. It was 7. The word "prolonged" in line 10 is closest
finally discovered that in many cases the two in meaning to
partners have never been separated. (A) precise
Stalklike "buds" that form on certain lichens (B) extended
are broken off by the wind or by animals;
(C) approximate
these toll or are blown to a new location
(D) regular

1. Which of the following questions does the
passage answer?
(A) Where can the oldest lichen be found?
(B) How long does it take for lichens to
establish themselves?
(C) How large can lichens he?
(D) Where do lichens usually occur?
8. All of the following are mentioned in the
discussion of lichens EXCEPT
(A) They are capable of producing their own
food.
(B) They require large amounts of
minerals to prosper.
(C) They are a union of two separate plants.
(D) They can live thousands of years.
After 1785, the production of children's
books in the Untied States increased but
remained largely reprints of British books,
often those published by John Newbery, the
first publisher to produce books aimed
primarily at diverting a child audience.
Ultimately, however, it was not the cheerful,
commercial-minded Newbery, but Anglo-
Irish author Maria Edgeworth who had the
strongest influence on this period of
American children's literature. The
eighteenth century had seen a gradual shift
away from the spiritual intensity of earlier
American religious writings for children,
toward a more generalized moralism.
Newbery notwithstanding, Americans still
looked on children's books as vehicles for
instruction, not amusement, though they
would accept a moderate amount of fictional
entertainment for the sake of more
successful instruction. As the children's
book market expanded, then, what both
public and publishers wanted was the kind
of fiction Maria Edgeworth wrote: stories
interesting enough to attract children and
morally instructive enough to allay adult
distrust of fiction.
American reaction against imported books
for children set in after the War of 1812 with
the British. A wave of nationalism
permeated everything, and the self-
conscious new nation found foreign writings
(particularly those from the British
monarchy) unsuitable for the children of a
democratic republic, a slate of self-
governing, equal citizens. Publishers of
children's books began to encourage
American writers to write for American
children. When they responded, the pattern
established by Maria Edgeworth was at
hand, attractive to most of them for both its
rationalism and its high moral tone. Early in
the 1820's, stories of willful children
learning to obey, of careless children
learning to take care, of selfish children
learning to "tire for others," started to flow
from American presses, successfully
achieving Edgeworth's tone, though rarely
her lively style. Imitative as they were, these
early American stories were quite
distinguishable from their British
counterparts. Few servants appeared in
them, and if class distinctions had by no
means disappeared, there was much
democratic insistence on the worthiness of
every level of birth and work. The characters
of children in this fiction were serious,
conscientious, self-reflective, and
independent-testimony to the continuing
influence of the earlier American moralistic
tradition in children's books.
 1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The career of Maria Edgeworth as an
author of children's books
(B) The development of children's
literature in the United States
(C) Successful publishers of children's
books in Britain and North America
(D) Basic differences between British and
American
2. The publisher John Newbery is
principally known for which of the
following reasons?
(A) He produced and sold books written by
Maria Edgeworth.
(B) He had more influence on children
American children's literature than any other
publisher
(C) He published books aimed at amusing
children rather than instructing them.
(D) He was commercially minded and
cheerful.
3. The word "notwithstanding" in line 8 is
closest in meaning to
(A) in spite of
(B) in addition to
(C) as a result of
(D) as a part of
4. The word "they" in line 9 refers to
(A) children
(B) Americans
(C) books classes
(D) vehicles
10. The word" testimony to" in line 28 is
5. The word "allay" in line 11 is closest in closest in meaning to
meaning to (A) inspiration for
(A) clarify (B) evidence of
(B) attack (C) requirement for
(C) reduce (D) development of
(D) confirm

6. It can be inferred from the passage that

American children's books sold before 1785
were almost always
(A) written by Maria Edgeworth
(B) attractive and interesting to children
(C) written by American authors
(D) intended only for religious and moral
instruction

7. By the end of the eighteenth century, the

publishers of children’s looks in the United
States were most concerned about which of
the following?
(A) Attracting children with entertaining
stories that provided lessons of correct
behavior
(B) Publishing literature consisting of
exciting stories that would appeal to both
children and adults
(C) Expanding markets for books in both
Britain and the United States
(D) Reprinting fictional books from earlier
in the century

8. The word "permeated" in line 15

(A) opposed
(B) improved
(C) competed with
(D) spread through

9. According to the passage, American

children's stories differed from their British
equivalents in that the characters in
American stories were
(A) children who showed a change of
behavior
(B) children who were well behaved
(C) rarely servants
(D) generally not from a variety of social