HUAWEI FusionSolar Smart String ESS Solution

01 Company Overview 02 Trends & Challenge 03 Smart String ESS

Huawei Confidential
Continuously Creating Values for Customers
Rose to the Challenges, Sustainable Robust Growth

2020 Q3 Sales Revenue

CNY 671.3 Billion YoY increased by 9.9% 77 5G commercial contracts
123.0
US$ 104.4 Billion
Carrier 560,000 5G base stations shipped
105.2 BG
92.5 104.4

75.1 Consumer 240+ million smartphone

estimated shipment of 2019
BG

63.1

Enterprise 3+ million
47.6
serving more than 700 cities
39.3 BG partners with 228 of Global Fortune 500

Cloud & AI Launched a Computing Strategy

the fastest AI processor Ascend 910
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020Q3
BG

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Focusing on ICT technology to provide products, solutions, and services to
three customer groups
Carriers worldwide

Consumer Enterprise
Carrier Business Cloud Business
Business Business

Information transmission

& storage
Information processing
Information distribution &

Devices Connectivity Computing

Public cloud General-purpose Storage
Wireless network Digital energy
Smartphones boards/servers Machine vision
Enterprise network Intelligent O&M Hybrid cloud
Wearables AI boards/servers/
Carrier IP network Core network
interaction

Smart home devices clusters

Transport network IoT
Telematics Big data
Access network
Lifestyle services across all Data base
scenarios

Information learning & inference + Intelligence

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Digital energy：Leading Energy Digitalization and Building a Green and
Intelligent World

Smart PV Site Power Data Center Energy mPower Modular Power Supply
Make every PV plant Make each watt to carry Make each watt to support Make every watt drive Enable power consumption in
produce more watt more bits more hash rate more miles every industries

Green power
Efficient power consumption
generation
Key Technology
Power electronics technology ICT Digital technology

Topology encapsulating(3D)
5G
PLC CAN NB-IoT Wifi iMaster TIE Cloud Gauss DB
material(SiC, GaN) Component

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Continuous Innovation, Leading Solar Industry Development
String solution has been
the MAINSTREAM in utility
Central String
FusionSolar Smart PV 160GW
Accumulative Global Shipment
by the end of 2020

61%
59%
57%
53%
51%
50%
38%

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

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 01 Company Overview 02 Trends & Challenge 03 Smart String ESS

Huawei Confidential
No Photo

Energy Strategy Transformation

Promoting Solar & Wind to Become the Major Energy
PV: the major energy supply for power plant installation Governments & corporations specify low-carbon targets

TWh/yr China
60000
Carbon neutral realized in 2060

50000 Peak value by 2030, 20% renewable energy

40000 EU
Wind Carbon neutral realized in 2050
30000
86% GHG emission -60% by 2030, 32% renewable energy
Solar
20000 25% Renewable
energy Strategic transformation of energy Various Power consumption companies join
Renewable
10000 energy giants accelerate Carbon Neutral RE100 & promise to achieve 100% renewable
energy power consumption
0

2017 2030 2040 2050

TransformingEnergy Scenario

Others (incl. marine) CSP Bioenergy Nuclear Oil

Geothermal Hydro Natural gas Coal
(excl. pumped)

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Huawei Confidential
PV LCOE Continuously Decrease
Speeding Up Innovative Technology

PV LCOE Continuously Block Size Inverter Module Table

≤1.6 2021~ System Voltage
Decrease
‘±1500V’ Typically Smart String
Tracker + AI-
550W+ aided
PV to be Mainstream Energy >8MW Inverter Wider Current Range
Unit: ￠/kWh Algorithm

6.8 2020
10 1.3 1500V 450W+
String Inverter Tracker
6MW Bi-facial Mono-
Astronomical Algorithm
PV Grid Parity Times crystalline silicon

11.4
2016
26.6 7.5

1000V Central 350W+ Fixed / Seasonal

1 – 1.6MW
Inverter Mono Polysilicon Adjustable Table
PV Relying on Subsidy
37.8 2010
51.4 18.8
600V Early String Inverter/
<1MW <300W Fixed Table
Central Inverter
Source: IRENA
PV Making Robust Progress
199x
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No Photo

Increasing Renewable Energy Penetration Rate Causing

Weakened Grid Strength
Grid strength weakened by mass RE installation Thermal power can‘t meet rising freq-regulation demand

SCR estimated based on renewable energy penetration rates released by Bloomberg 100%
7
Shanxi, China
80%
Inverter terminal SCR

Grid strength is mainly affected by the 60%

6 2020 Renewable energy penetration rate
of the local grid. 40%

20% Thermal Power Capacity Frequency Regulation

5 For Frequency Regulation Requirement in 2021
0%

3
0
1
2

4
5
6
7
8
9

17
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

18
19
20
21
22
23
4
2020
Grid connection standards become stricter
3 2020 2020

2025
2 2030 2025
2020
Inverter terminal SCR of
1 strong grids 2020
2025
Inverter terminal SCR 2025
of weak grids 2019.08 UK 2020.05 India 2020.06 Spain
0 Black out caused by New grid code put into NTS required terminal to
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70%
Lighting effect support SCR=1.5
Renewable energy penetration rate
And more…
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Storage - Necessary Enabling Technologies
Promoting Renewable Energy from Grid Adaptation to be Gird Strengthening
PV PV + ESS + Algorithm

Current Source Voltage Source

Grid following [Software] Algorithm Optimization Grid Supporting
Control Mode Adjustment
Passive acceptance Proactive integration
IGBT Drive DSP Solar energy: Exciter + synchronous generator Solar energy:
+ turbine shaft system
Cannot be stored Can be stored as electricity
Generated electricity: Generated electricity:
Difficult to control Easy to control

The electricity cost of solar/wind storage will be close to or even lower Main reasons for choosing PV + storage & wind + storage
than current mainstream peak-shifting methods
200 • Low power supply costs
LCOS [$/MWh]

150 Energy can be directly absorbed from PV or wind systems, reducing power
100 transmission and distribution costs.
50

0 • Reduced initial investment

Australia Germany UK India Japan
Storage and PV/wind share the step-up station and external transmission line,
Open-cycle gas turbine PV + Storage (4h backup)
reducing system investment and ROI period.

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 01 Company Overview 02 Trends & Challenge 03 Smart String ESS

Huawei Confidential
Smart String ESS: Delicacy Management, More Discharge Capacity
Traditional“Central”ESS Smart String ESS

No Battery Pack Balancing Design Battery Pack Pack-level Optimization / Control

No-balancing among packs, insufficient charging/discharging Less Capacity Loss inside racks
Auto-adjustment of new battery packs
Experts are required for spare pack adjustment
Experts are not requited for on-site troubleshooting

Paralleled Battery Rack Central Management Battery Rack-level Optimization

No rack-level voltage adjustment Rack Independent battery rack operation
Reducing Initial Battery Configuration by ~7% full charging & discharging per rack

Central PCS Modular PCS

All battery racks cannot work due to a single PCS failure
PCS A single PCS fault affects partial output
Availability＞98% Availability＞99.9%

Central Air Conditioning String-level Air Conditioning

Centralized heat dissipation with 1~2 AC
Cooling Independent AC for each rack, independent heat dissipation
Temp-rise up to10°C, affecting battery life Temp-rise <5°@1C, For 15-year battery life

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Smart String ESS：Optimal LCOS，Active Safety

Step-up
LUNA2000 LUNA2000 Smart Transformer Station
Station
Grid
Smart String ESS Smart PCS

Smart DC LV Panel
Smart Management System

Reduce LCOS by 10%

LCOS：Levelized Cost of Storage

Distributed ESS Architecture

More Energy Optimal Design Simple O&M Safe & Reliable
Increase lifespan discharging Battery augmentation reduces Annual OPEX saving Availability up to 99.9%
energy by >13% initial capacity by ~30% ~$850/MWh AI-aided fire risk prediction

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Prefabricated & Pre-installed Battery Container
1 – Door Mounted HVAC
12 distributed AC for 1C
6 distributed AC for 0.5C

2 – Battery Pack
2 16S 320Ah Battery Cell
1 4 Pack-level Optimizer

3
Smart Cooling System
20ft Battery Container Distributed AC
LPF Battery Cell
4 5
3 – Battery Rack
21 x Battery Pack per Rack
5 6 x Rack per Container
4 – BCU
3 x Battery Control Unit
Distributed AC Distributed AC
6 x Smart Rack Controller
6

Capacity 2064kWh 5 – FFS + Distribution

Weight＜30 t 1 2 3
Panel

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Distributed AC Distributed AC Distributed AC
LFP Cell: Most Stable cell than Others, Less Fire Risk

Heat(J/g) Temp(℃)
Huawei Other Li-ion Battery
1200 600
1000 500
800 400
600 300
400 200
200 100
LFP LMO LCO NCM
0 0
Most Stable Stable Less Stable Less Stable LFP LMO NCM LCO
Heat Thermal Runaway

Charging TR Threshold (480℃)

LFP LiFePO4 FePO4 FePO4
Charging TR Threshold (180℃)
LMO LiMn2O4 LixMn2O4 Mn2O3 + O2
Charging TR Threshold (150℃)
LCO LiCoO2 Li0.5CoO2 LiCoO2 + Co3O4 + O2
Charging TR Threshold (180℃)
NCM LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 CoO2 + NiO2 NiOx + Mn3O4 + O2
Normal Charging Over-charge, over-discharge, and over-temp cause Thermal Runaway (TR)

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Modular Smart PCS Design+ DC Panel
Smart PCS
Rated AC Capacity：200KW
Rated Input Voltage：1200Vdc
Rated Output Voltage ：800Vac
Efficiency：DC-AC Max 99%
AC-DC Max 98.7%
Protection：IP66
Corrosion：C5M
Weight：＜90kg
Dimensions: 875×850×365mm
Smart PCS
LUNA2000-200KTL-P0
DC Panel
Max Inputs：9
DC Panel Max Outputs：5
DCBOX-9/5-H0 Rated Breaker Current：500A
Dimensions ：2000*900*1300mm

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 More
Lower CAPEX Optimal Design Simple O&M Safe & Reliable
Energy

Prefabricated & Pre-installed Battery Container

Simpler On-site Installation, Reducing Capex by 2~3%
Module Cooling system
High energy density design
Rack Fire fighting
system 20ft container, weight < 30t. Batteries can be
shipped inside container. No need of on-site
battery module movement

Prefabricated installation
Batteries and devices are prefabricated and pre-
installed. Reduced on-site installation cost
accounts for 2~3% of initial Capex

Smart String ESS

Delivery Schedule

Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5

Checking the condition onsite Installation and Training Battery cable wiring Installation Acceptance check
Commissioning
and setting up checking and COD

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 More
Lower CAPEX Optimal Design Simple O&M Safe & Reliable
Energy

Pack-level Optimization, Less Capacity Loss among Packs

Increase Lifespan Discharging Energy by ~6%
Smart String ESS
Case Analysis – Anhui, China  More usable capacity
Pack Pack Pack Reduce capacity loss from mismatch
among packs
Optimizer Optimizer Optimizer
On Off Off
 Higher availability
Damaged packs can be cut out to avoid
100% 95% 98% affecting other packs

 Advanced safety design

Max. Module SOC Pack-level Optimization Packs are shut down when out of work to
avoid electric shock

Central Solution
Min. Module SOC

10% 16% 4% • SOC difference between packs

causes insufficient battery
• SOC differences among battery packs in one rack reach
utilization
12% before connecting to grid 95% 100% 93% • Battery packs can not fully charge
or discharge at the same time
• As system operates, SOC difference will continue to
increase, and further reducing discharging energy No-Balancing Design

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 More
Lower CAPEX Optimal Design Simple O&M Safe & Reliable
Energy

Rack-level Optimization Avoids Loss from Rack Mismatch

Increase Lifespan Discharging Energy by ~7%
Smart String ESS
Case Analysis – Qinghai, China Low-
resistance Smart Rack Rack-level Optimization
SOC
4% Controller Smart PCS
U1 U
• Each rack is optimized with 1 smart
High-
SOC resistance Smart Rack rack controller for optimal battery
4% Controller rack operation
U2 U
• Ensure every rack can fully charge
& discharge
High- Smart PCS
SOC resistance Smart Rack
4% Controller
Un U

Central Solution

SOC Multiple Racks to 1 BUS

SOC Low-resistance
4%
U • Racks are parallel-connected to 1 PCS
• SOC differences among racks exist due to battery tolerance & • Mismatch among racks cause capacity loss
SOC High-resistance
working status 10% and reduce discharging energy
U
• Racks with higher inner resistance can not
• When discharging stops, SOC difference reaches 4.4% SOC Central PCS fully discharge
U
12%
• Total discharging energy differs by 5% High-resistance

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 More
Lower CAPEX Optimal Design Simple O&M Safe & Reliable
Energy

Smart Cooling Design, Temp-rise inside Container <5℃ @1C

Ensure Battery 15-year Operation
Pack – Even-Cooling Algorithm – Multi-model Smart Cooling

Temp difference among cells Pack Distributed AC

inside the pack <7°C@1C 1 Mass Built-in Sensors Temp Sensor

Current Sensor
Temp Sensor
Velocity Sensor
Data are fully collected … …
and uploaded
Reduce cell difference for 0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0 0 0 0
optimal battery utilization 1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1 1 1 1
Original Data

2 Auto Data Filter

Select temp-control-related Data Pick-out Noise Reduction Normalization
…
Container – Distributed Cooling parameters

Publicized Data
0 0

Distributed AC to replace 1
0
1
1
0
1

4 5 6 0 0

3
1 Optimal LCOS Point
1

centralized AC Smart Algorithm Optimization

Change cooling strategy for optimal Battery Life Model
1 2 3
LCOS, live
Each rack is cooled individually to Battery Activity Model

Air Conditioner
minimize temp-rise difference in the
Environment Model
container

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 More
Lower CAPEX Optimal Design Simple O&M Safe & Reliable
Energy

Mix-use of Old & New Batteries, Enabling Battery Augmentation

Reducing Initial Battery Configuration by >30%

Central Solution Smart String ESS

Old and new batteries can’t be mix-used Rack-level optimization enables mix use

Old Rack
Old Rack Rated Capacity 70%，Usable Capacity 70%
Rated Capacity 70%，Usable Capacity 70% Smart Rack
Controller
U1 U1 U

U2 U
Smart Rack
Controller
U1
New Rack New Rack
Rated Capacity 100%，Usable Capacity 70% Rated Capacity 100%，Usable Capacity 100%

Real Case：100MW/100MWh ESS plant, same EOL @10th year

Augmentation can reduce ~30% initial configuration
• Internal resistance difference among old & new
Unit: MWh
batteries causes current circulation Configuration
Configuration Beginning Augmentation
Reduction
• Heat generation rises, accelerating degradation Initial over-configuration 167.3 0
Augmentation 117 41.3 30.1%

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Lower CAPEX Optimal Design Simple O&M Safe & Reliable
Energy

Example : Augmentation Plan

Adding 1 ESS Container @NthYear

LUNA2000-2064-S0 LUNA2000-2064-S0

LUNA2000-2064-S0 LUNA2000-2064-S0

LUNA2000-200KTL-P0 STS-6000K-H1 LUNA2000-200KTL-P0 STS-6000K-H1

LUNA2000-2064-S0 LUNA2000-2064-S0

Reserved Place
Foundation Finished

LUNA2000-2064-S0

Step 1: Initial Construction Step 2: Augmentation @Nth Year

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 More
Lower CAPEX Optimal Design Simple O&M Safe & Reliable
Energy

Spare Battery Packs Direct Plug-and-Play

No need of Expert for On-site Troubleshooting
Smart String ESS – Experts are not requited for on-site troubleshooting

① O&M personnel visit ②Replace the pack onsite Auto-adjustment of new battery packs
the site No manual adjustment is required.
Pack Pack Pack
Travel expenses 0 USD
Optimizer Optimizer Optimizer
X On On On Maintenance labor
~50 USD
cost
100% 100% 100%

Traditional Solution - Experts are required for spare pack adjustment

① Expert site ② Detect the SOC of ③ Adjust the SOC of the ④ Replace the spare pack
visit damaged pack spare pack. onsite. One-time Maintenance

Travel expenses ~500 USD

X X Maintenance
SOC 50% ~150 USD
SOC 50% 20~30 labor cost
minutes

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Lower CAPEX Optimal Design Simple O&M Safe & Reliable
Energy

AI-aided Internal Short Circuit Analysis

Predict Fire Hazard in Advance
Smart Internal Short Circuit Analysis

Severe short circuit cycle circuit Sudden Internal Short Circuit

– Identification Algorithm
Internal short circuit can

Voltage/V
trigger thermal runaway & • 100% capture the fluctuation of the
charge/discharge curve.
cause fire Instantaneous fluctuation of cell • Instantly identify & cut out packs with hazard
charge/discharge curve
t/s
for maintenance safety.

Separator damage
caused by crystal
dendrite, high internal Series circuit cycle curve Derived Internal Short Circuit
temp, etc. – AI Outliers Algorithm

Voltage/V
Lithium plating caused

Voltage/V
• Accurately calculate internal resistance &
by extra-high charging
Chronic offset of cell charge and capture the slight deviation in the curve
current / low temp, etc.
discharge curve
caused by resistance change.
• Accurately locate and warn potential risks in
t/s
advance

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 Optimal
Lower CAPEX Extended Life Simple O&M Safe & Reliable
Configuration

Modular design, No Quick-wear Parts

System Availability ≥ 99.9%
Smart String ESS - System availability ≥ 99.9%
Inside the rack Inside the container
The faulty pack can be cut-out separately without affecting Modular PCS design minimizes the impact of PCS faults on the ESS.
the charging and discharging of other pack.

Pack Pack Pack 1 If a single PCS fails, other PCS can

continue to work.
Optimizer Optimizer Optimizer

…
On Off Off
2 The system will not shut down when
the device fails, and
greatly reduces the impact on system
availability.
Modular PCS

Traditional Solution – Fault impact reduces system availability

Inside the rack Inside the container
Battery rack will stop working with single pack failure. All racks have to stop due to a single PCS failure.

Central PCS

…
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Network Diagram
1. Each pack has a BMU monitoring its status.
2. Each rack has a BCU communicating with BMU within
the rack and monitoring other rack level status.
3. BCU is also communicated with rack controller.
4. Each battery container has a CMU. The CMU reports
BCU information and other data in the container to the
SACU.
5. Each array has a SACU which communicates with all
PCSs, CMU/BCU, transformer monitoring device within
the array.
6. PPC gets the power set point from
EMS/AGC/AVC/SCADA or other devices, then
distributed into each SACU according to the status of
each array (power capacity, energy capacity, equipment
status, etc).
7. SACU gets the power set point from PPC, then
distributed into each PCS & Rack controller according
to the status of each PCS/Rack(power capacity, energy
capacity, equipment status, etc.).

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FFS Configuration & Logic
Device Num Remarks

FM200 Fire cylinder and 1pcs Contains a 38 L gas cylinder and

pipeline
Heptafluoropropane
extinguishing agent
Gas extinguishing controller
(single-zone)
Smoke detector
auxiliary pipe components.
~26K Heptafluoropropane
g extinguishing agent (HFC-227ea),
26 kg (10% density, 2 kg
reserved)
1pcs Outside the door of the power
chamber
2pcs Two in one BESS container

Temperature detector 2pcs Two in one BESS container

Audible and visual alarm 1pcs outside of BESS container

Fire alarm bell 1pcs outside of BESS container

Emergency start/shutdown 1pcs outside of BESS container

button
Gas release indicator 1pcs outside of BESS container

Firefighting sprinkler 1pcs outside of BESS container

Pressure switch 1pcs Controls the gas release indicator.

Solenoid valve 1pcs Matched with the fire cylinder

hydrogen exhaust system 1pcs Install in battery chamber

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Over 10-year R&D Experience and Application in ESS Storage

E2E Verification Accumulated ESS Battery Shipment > 5 GWh

from Cell to System Various harsh environment applications
10-year +
ESS R&D
- 40℃
Outdoor Site Date Center Power 5G on the
200,000+ Sets Everest
500+ 64,000+ Sets

ESS R&D
Team 50℃
Pole-mounted Site
Power

6GWh Cell & Pack ESS System

Residential Micro-grid
Long-term cycle charge and Safety and fire protection test High humidity & high salt
ESS Battery discharge Field verification 11,000+ Sets 2000+ Sets
spray
Production Life Accelerating Aging Test … Over 15-year lifetime
…

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Thank you. 把数字世界带入每个人、每个家庭、
每个组织，构建万物互联的智能世界。
Bring digital to every person, home and
organization for a fully connected,
intelligent world.

Copyright©2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

All Rights Reserved.

The information in this document may contain predictive

statements including, without limitation, statements regarding
the future financial and operating results, future product
portfolio, new technology, etc. There are a number of factors that
could cause actual results and developments to differ materially
from those expressed or implied in the predictive statements.
Therefore, such information is provided for reference purpose
only and constitutes neither an offer nor an acceptance. Huawei
may change the information at any time without notice.