Approximation of Filters

Methods of finding poles/zeros of a specific kind of filter. There are two

kinds of approximations:

• Magnitude approximation

• Phase approximation

We will cover only Magnitude approximation of filters (lowpass, bandpass,

highpass ...) using one of the following methods:

• Butterworth approximation

• Chebyshev or Equi-ripple approximation

• Inverse Chebyshev approximation

• Cauer or Elliptic approximation

Properties of Magnitude approximation functions

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 1
Plot of y = --------------n- for different n
1+x
1.2

1 n=20
n=10
n=4
0.8 n=2
n=1

0.6
y

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
x

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 Butterworth Approximation

Butterworth lowpass filters:

1 1
T ( jω ) 2 = --------------------------- = -----------------------------------
-
⎛ ω ⎞ 2n 1 + ( εC n ( ω ) ) 2
1 + ------
⎝ ω 0⎠

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Butterworth response:
0

n=1

-20
2

-40
4
Magnitude [dB]

-60

-80
10

-100

-120
0.1 1 10
ω [rad/s]

0
10
6
2 4
-1
n=1

-2
Magnitude [dB]

-3

-4

-5
0.1 1
ω [rad/s]

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Butterworth poles and quadratic factors in the form ( s 2 + a 1 s + 1 ) and the
pole Q. Note that for n odd, there is a pole at s = – 1 , the corresponding
term is a linear factor ( s + 1 )

Order n Poles a1 Q
2 -0.7071 ± j 0.7071 1.4142 0.7071
3 -0.5000 ± j 0.8660 1.0000 1.0000
-1.0000
4 -0.3827 ± j 0.9239 0.7654 1.3066
-0.9239 ± j 0.3827 1.8478 0.5412
5 -0.3090 ± j 0.9511 0.6180 1.6180
-0.8090 ± j 0.5878 1.6180 0.6180
-1.0000
6 -0.2588 ± j 0.9659 0.5176 1.9319
-0.7071 ± j 0.7071 1.4142 0.7171
-0.9659 ± j 0.2588 1.9319 0.5176
7 -0.2225 ± j 0.9749 0.4450 2.2470
-0.6235 ± j 0.7818 1.2470 0.8019
-0.9010 ± j 0.4339 1.8019 0.5550
-1.0000
8 -0.1951 ± j 0.9808 0.3902 2.5629
-0.5556 ± j 0.8315 1.1111 0.9000
-0.8315 ± j 0.5556 1.6629 0.6013
-0.9808 ± j 0.1951 1.9616 0.5098
9 -0.1736 ± j 0.9848 0.3473 2.8794
-0.5000 ± j 0.8660 1.0000 1.0000
-0.7660 ± j 0.6428 1.5321 0.6527
-0.9397 ± j 0.3420 1.8794 0.5321
-1.0000

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Example: Design a Butterworth lowpass filter with maximum passband
attenuation of 0.5 dB in a passband of 0 - 1000 rad/s, minimum stopband
attenuation of 20 dB for frequencies greater than 2000 rad/s. Implement
the filter with a cascade of bilinear and biquad sections as needed.

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Section 1: Need biquad in the form:

1
T ( s ) = ------------------------------
1
s 2 + ----s + 1
Q

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Biquad section SK-1
C1

R1 R2
+
-
+
V1 +
RB
V2
C2 RA
-
SK-1

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Example: Lowpass Filter design (Butterworth)
10

-10
Magnitude [dB]

-20

-30

-40

-50

-60
1 10 100 1000
ω [rad/s]

0.1

-0.1

-0.2
Magnitude [dB]

-0.3

-0.4

-0.5

-0.6

-0.7

-0.8
1 10 100 1000
ω [rad/s]

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 200

150

100

50
Phase [degrees]

-50

-100

-150

-200

-250
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
ω [rad/s]

Semi-normalized sensitivity w.r.t. C3, R5, R6, C2, R4, C5, R3, R
0.3

0.2
∆ Magnitude for 1% element change [dB]

0.1

-0.1

-0.2

-0.3

-0.4
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
ω [rad/s]

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 Chebyshev or Equi-ripple Approximation

The Butterworth lowpass filters are of the form:

1 1
T ( jω ) 2 = --------------------------- = -----------------------------------
-
⎛ ω ⎞ 2n 1 + ( εC n ( ω ) ) 2
1 + ------
⎝ ω 0⎠

For Chebyshev approximation the function C n ( ω ) is given by

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Chebyshev response for ε = 0.1 corresponding to a ripple of 0.0432 dB.
0
n=1

-20 2

4
-40
Magnitude [dB]

-60 10

-80

-100
0.1 1 10
ω [rad/s]

-0.01

-0.02

-0.03

-0.04
Magnitude [dB]

-0.05

n=1
-0.06

-0.07

-0.08 2
10
-0.09

-0.1
0.1 1
ω [rad/s]

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Example: Design a Chebyshev lowpass filter with maximum passband
attenuation of 0.5 dB in a passband of 0 - 1000 rad/s, minimum stopband
attenuation of 20 dB for frequencies greater than 2000 rad/s. Implement
the filter with a cascade of bilinear and biquad sections as needed. Com-
pare with the equivalent Butterworth filter.

© 2005-09 A. Opal Filter Approximation 114

Section 1: Biquad section SK-2
C1

R1 R2
+
-
+
V1 +
V2
C2
-
SK-2

© 2005-09 A. Opal Filter Approximation 115

Example: Lowpass Filter design (Chebyshev)
10

-10
Magnitude [dB]

-20

-30

-40

-50

-60
1 10 100 1000
ω [rad/s]

0.4

0.2
Magnitude [dB]

-0.2

-0.4

1 10 100 1000
ω [rad/s]

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Example: Lowpass Filter design (Chebyshev)
20

Butterworth

-20
Chebyshev
Magnitude [dB]

-40

-60

-80

-100

-120
10 100 1000 10000
ω [rad/s]

0.1

0
Butterworth
-0.1

-0.2
Magnitude [dB]

-0.3

-0.4 Chebyshev

-0.5

-0.6

-0.7

-0.8
1 10 100 1000
ω [rad/s]

© 2005-09 A. Opal Filter Approximation 117

 200

100

0
Phase [degrees]

Butterworth
-100

-200

Chebyshev
-300

-400
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
ω [rad/s]

Semi-normalized sensitivity w.r.t. C3, R4, R3, C2, C5, R8, R7, C4
0.15

0.1
∆ Magnitude for 1% element change [dB]

0.05

-0.05

-0.1

-0.15

-0.2
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
ω [rad/s]

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