HCM 2010

HCM 2010
HIGHWAY CAPACITY MANUAL
WASHINGTON, DC | WWW.TRB.ORG
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
2010 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE*
Chair: Michael R. Morris, Director of Transportation, Rebecca M. Brewster, President and COO, American
North Central Texas Council of Governments, Transportation Research Institute, Smyrna, Georgia
Arlington (ex officio)
Vice Chair: Neil J. Pedersen, Administrator, Maryland George Bugliarello, President Emeritus and University
State Highway Administration, Baltimore Professor, Polytechnic Institute of New York
Executive Director: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation University, Brooklyn; Foreign Secretary, National
Research Board Academy of Engineering, Washington, D.C. (ex officio)
Anne S. Ferro, Administrator, Federal Motor Carrier Safety
Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation
J. Barry Barker, Executive Director, Transit Authority of (ex officio)
River City, Louisville, Kentucky LeRoy Gishi, Chief, Division of Transportation, Bureau of
Allen D. Biehler, Secretary, Pennsylvania Department of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior,
Transportation, Harrisburg Washington, D.C. (ex officio)
Larry L. Brown, Sr., Executive Director, Mississippi Edward R. Hamberger, President and CEO, Association of
Department of Transportation, Jackson American Railroads, Washington, D.C. (ex officio)
Deborah H. Butler, Executive Vice President, Planning, and John C. Horsley, Executive Director, American Association
CIO, Norfolk Southern Corporation, Norfolk, Virginia of State Highway and Transportation Officials,
William A. V. Clark, Professor, Department of Geography, Washington, D.C. (ex officio)
University of California, Los Angeles David T. Matsuda, Deputy Administrator, Maritime
Eugene A. Conti, Jr., Secretary of Transportation, North Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation
Carolina Department of Transportation, Raleigh (ex officio)
Nicholas J. Garber, Henry L. Kinnier Professor, Victor M. Mendez, Administrator, Federal Highway
Department of Civil Engineering, and Director, Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation
Center for Transportation Studies, University of (ex officio)
Virginia, Charlottesville William W. Millar, President, American Public
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Airports Commission, Minneapolis, Minnesota (ex officio) (Past Chair, 1992)
Paula J. Hammond, Secretary, Washington State Tara O’Toole, Under Secretary for Science and Technology,
Department of Transportation, Olympia U.S. Department of Homeland Security (ex officio)
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Adib K. Kanafani, Cahill Professor of Civil Engineering, Security (ex officio)
University of California, Berkeley (Past Chair, 2009) Cynthia L. Quarterman, Administrator, Pipeline and
Susan Martinovich, Director, Nevada Department of Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, U.S.
Transportation, Carson City Department of Transportation (ex officio)
Debra L. Miller, Secretary, Kansas Department of Peter M. Rogoff, Administrator, Federal Transit
Transportation, Topeka (Past Chair, 2008) Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation
Sandra Rosenbloom, Professor of Planning, University of (ex officio)
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Sverdrup Civil, Inc., St. Louis, Missouri Polly Trottenberg, Assistant Secretary for Transportation
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Officer, Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority, Robert L. Van Antwerp (Lt. General, U.S. Army), Chief of
Atlanta, Georgia Engineers and Commanding General, U.S. Army
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Daniel Sperling, Professor of Civil Engineering and
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Copyright 2010 by the National Academy of Sciences.
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* Membership as of December 2010.
Highway Capacity Manual 2010
CHAPTER 27
FREEWAY WEAVING: SUPPLEMENTAL
CONTENTS
1. ALTERNATIVE TOOL EXAMPLES FOR FREEWAY WEAVING
SEGMENTS ............................................................................................................27‐1
Determining the Weaving Segment Capacity ................................................ 27‐2
Effect of Demand on Performance ................................................................... 27‐3
Effect of Queue Backup from a Downstream Signal on the Exit Ramp...... 27‐4

CHAPTER 28
FREEWAY MERGES AND DIVERGES: SUPPLEMENTAL
CONTENTS
1. ALTERNATIVE TOOL EXAMPLES FOR FREEWAY RAMPS.....................28‐1
Problem 1: Ramp‐Metering Effects .................................................................. 28‐1
Problem 2: Conversion of Leftmost Lane to an HOV Lane .......................... 28‐4

CHAPTER 29
URBAN STREET FACILITIES: SUPPLEMENTAL
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................29‐1
2. BASIC EXAMPLE PROBLEM CONFIGURATION ........................................29‐2
3. SIGNAL TIMING PLAN DESIGN ....................................................................29‐4
Deterministic STPD Tools ................................................................................. 29‐4
Performance Measures....................................................................................... 29‐5
Initial Timing Plan Design................................................................................. 29‐7
Initial Timing Plan Performance ...................................................................... 29‐8
Adjustments to Improve Progression Quality................................................ 29‐9
Time–Space Diagrams........................................................................................ 29‐9
Other Graphic Displays ................................................................................... 29‐11
Potential Improvements from Phasing Optimization ................................. 29‐15
4. EFFECT OF MIDSEGMENT PARKING ACTIVITIES ................................29‐17
5. EFFECT OF PLATOONED ARRIVALS AT A ROUNDABOUT ................29‐20
6. QUEUE LENGTH ANALYSIS BASED ON VEHICLE TRAJECTORIES..29‐23
Queuing Characteristics .................................................................................. 29‐23
BOQ Assessment .............................................................................................. 29‐26
7. REFERENCES .......................................................................................................29‐28

CHAPTER 30
URBAN STREET SEGMENTS: SUPPLEMENTAL
CONTENTS
1. TRAFFIC DEMAND ADJUSTMENTS..............................................................30‐1
Capacity Constraint and Volume Balance ...................................................... 30‐1
Origin–Destination Distribution....................................................................... 30‐3
Spillback Check................................................................................................... 30‐5
2. SIGNALIZED SEGMENT ANALYSIS............................................................30‐11
Discharge Flow Profile..................................................................................... 30‐11
Running Time ................................................................................................... 30‐12
Projected Arrival Flow Profile ........................................................................ 30‐12
Proportion of Time Blocked ............................................................................ 30‐15
3. DELAY DUE TO TURNS ...................................................................................30‐17
Delay due to Left Turns ................................................................................... 30‐17
Delay due to Right Turns ................................................................................ 30‐22
4. QUICK ESTIMATION METHOD....................................................................30‐26
Introduction....................................................................................................... 30‐26
Input Data Requirements ................................................................................ 30‐26
Methodology ..................................................................................................... 30‐27
Example Problem.............................................................................................. 30‐32
5. FIELD MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES........................................................30‐35
Free‐Flow Speed ............................................................................................... 30‐35
Average Travel Speed ...................................................................................... 30‐36
6. COMPUTATIONAL ENGINE DOCUMENTATION...................................30‐39
Flowcharts ......................................................................................................... 30‐39
Linkage Lists ..................................................................................................... 30‐42
7. REFERENCES .......................................................................................................30‐45

CHAPTER 31
SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS: SUPPLEMENTAL
CONTENTS
1. TRAFFIC SIGNAL CONCEPTS..........................................................................31‐1
Types of Traffic Signal Control......................................................................... 31‐1
Intersection Traffic Movements........................................................................ 31‐2
Signal Phase Sequence ....................................................................................... 31‐2
Operational Modes............................................................................................. 31‐4
Left‐Turn Phase Sequence ................................................................................. 31‐5
Traffic Flow Characteristics............................................................................... 31‐6
2. CAPACITY AND PHASE DURATION...........................................................31‐10
Actuated Phase Duration ................................................................................ 31‐10
Lane Group Flow Rate on Multiple‐Lane Approaches ............................... 31‐30
Pretimed Phase Duration ................................................................................ 31‐37
Pedestrian and Bicycle Adjustment Factors.................................................. 31‐42
3. QUEUE ACCUMULATION POLYGON .........................................................31‐48
Introduction....................................................................................................... 31‐48
Concepts ............................................................................................................ 31‐48
General Procedure............................................................................................ 31‐49
Procedure for Selected Lane Groups ............................................................. 31‐51
4. QUEUE STORAGE RATIO................................................................................31‐68
Introduction....................................................................................................... 31‐68
Concepts ............................................................................................................ 31‐68
Introduction....................................................................................................... 31‐83
Input Requirements.......................................................................................... 31‐83
Methodology ..................................................................................................... 31‐84
Field Measurement of Intersection Control Delay....................................... 31‐97
Field Measurement of Saturation Flow Rate .............................................. 31‐103
7. COMPUTATIONAL ENGINE DOCUMENTATION.................................31‐109
Flowcharts........................................................................................................ 31‐109
Linkage Lists.................................................................................................... 31‐111
8. SIMULATION EXAMPLES .............................................................................31‐117
Introduction..................................................................................................... 31‐117
Effect of Storage Bay Overflow..................................................................... 31‐117
Effect of Right‐Turn‐on‐Red Operation....................................................... 31‐119
Effect of Short Through Lanes ...................................................................... 31‐122
Effect of Closely Spaced Intersections ......................................................... 31‐123
9. REFERENCES .....................................................................................................31‐125
CHAPTER 32
STOP-CONTROLLED INTERSECTIONS: SUPPLEMENTAL
CONTENTS
1. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL ON TWSC POTENTIAL CAPACITY ........32‐1
2. TWSC MOVEMENT CAPACITY ACCOUNTING FOR PEDESTRIAN
EFFECTS ..................................................................................................................32‐3
Step 6: Rank 1 Movement Capacity ................................................................. 32‐3
Step 8: Compute Movement Capacities for Rank 3 Movements.................. 32‐5
3. TWSC SUPPLEMENTAL EXAMPLE PROBLEMS..........................................32‐7
TWSC Example Problem 3: Flared Approaches and Median Storage ........ 32‐7
TWSC Example Problem 4: TWSC Intersection Within Signalized
Urban Street Segment ............................................................................... 32‐23
TWSC Example Problem 5: Six‐Lane Street with U‐Turns and
Pedestrians ................................................................................................. 32‐34
4. METHODOLOGY FOR THREE‐LANE AWSC APPROACHES.................32‐42
5. AWSC SUPPLEMENTAL EXAMPLE PROBLEMS .......................................32‐52
Headway Adjustment Factor Calculation Details for AWSC Example
Problem 1.................................................................................................... 32‐52
AWSC Example Problem 2: Multilane, Four‐Leg Intersection................... 32‐53

CHAPTER 33
ROUNDABOUTS: SUPPLEMENTAL
CONTENTS
1. SUPPLEMENTAL GUIDANCE ..........................................................................33‐1
Variability and Uncertainty............................................................................... 33‐1
Lane‐Use Assignment ........................................................................................ 33‐1
Capacity Model Calibration .............................................................................. 33‐3
2. REFERENCES .........................................................................................................33‐4

Chapter 33/Roundabouts: Supplemental Page 33-i Contents

December 2010
CHAPTER 34
INTERCHANGE RAMP TERMINALS: SUPPLEMENTAL
CONTENTS
1. EXAMPLE PROBLEMS.........................................................................................34‐1
Introduction......................................................................................................... 34‐1
Example Problem 1: Diamond Interchange .................................................... 34‐1
Example Problem 2: Parclo A‐2Q Interchange ............................................... 34‐8
Example Problem 3: Diamond Interchange with Queue Spillback ........... 34‐14
Example Problem 4: Diamond Interchange with Demand Starvation...... 34‐21
Example Problem 5: Single‐Point Urban Interchange ................................. 34‐28
Example Problem 6: Diamond Interchange with Adjacent Intersection... 34‐34
Example Problem 7: Diamond Interchange with Roundabouts ................ 34‐42
Example Problem 8: Alternative Analysis Tool............................................ 34‐44

CHAPTER 35
ACTIVE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................35‐1
Purpose ................................................................................................................ 35‐1
Organization........................................................................................................ 35‐2
Scope and Limitations........................................................................................ 35‐2
2. ACTIVE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES ......................................35‐3
Overview ............................................................................................................. 35‐3
Roadway Metering ............................................................................................. 35‐3
Congestion Pricing ............................................................................................. 35‐4
Traveler Information Systems........................................................................... 35‐5
Managed Lanes ................................................................................................... 35‐6
Speed Harmonization ........................................................................................ 35‐7
Traffic Signal Control......................................................................................... 35‐7
Specialized Applications of ATM Strategies................................................... 35‐8
3. METAMEASURES OF EFFECTIVENESS.......................................................35‐10
Introduction....................................................................................................... 35‐10
Need for Meta‐MOEs ....................................................................................... 35‐10
Candidate Meta‐MOEs .................................................................................... 35‐10
Indices of Performance .................................................................................... 35‐11
4. GENERAL EFFECTS ...........................................................................................35‐12
Introduction....................................................................................................... 35‐12
Roadway Metering ........................................................................................... 35‐12
Congestion Pricing ........................................................................................... 35‐13
Traveler Information Systems......................................................................... 35‐14
Managed Lanes ................................................................................................. 35‐15
Traffic Signal Control....................................................................................... 35‐17
Speed Harmonization ...................................................................................... 35‐18
5. REFERENCES .......................................................................................................35‐19

CHAPTER 1
HCM USER’S GUIDE
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................1‐1
2. HCM PURPOSE AND SCOPE ..............................................................................1‐2
Purpose and Objectives ....................................................................................... 1‐2
Intended Use ......................................................................................................... 1‐2
Target Users........................................................................................................... 1‐2
3. STRUCTURE ............................................................................................................1‐3
Overview ............................................................................................................... 1‐3
Volume 1: Concepts.............................................................................................. 1‐3
Volume 2: Uninterrupted Flow .......................................................................... 1‐3
Volume 3: Interrupted Flow................................................................................ 1‐4
Volume 4: Applications Guide ........................................................................... 1‐4
Computational Engines ....................................................................................... 1‐5
Commercial Software........................................................................................... 1‐5
4. INTERNATIONAL USE.........................................................................................1‐6
Applications .......................................................................................................... 1‐6
Metric Conversion Guide .................................................................................... 1‐6
5. WHAT’S NEW IN THE HCM 2010.......................................................................1‐8
Overview ............................................................................................................... 1‐8
Methodological Changes by System Element ................................................ 1‐10
6. COMPANION DOCUMENTS............................................................................1‐14
Highway Safety Manual .................................................................................... 1‐14
A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets.............................. 1‐14
Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices .................................................. 1‐14
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual ........................................... 1‐14
7. REFERENCES .........................................................................................................1‐15
Chapter 1/HCM User’s Guide Page 1-i Contents

December 2010
LIST OF EXHIBITS
Exhibit 1‐1 Metric Conversion Table......................................................................... 1‐7
Exhibit 1‐2 Major Research Projects Contributing to the HCM 2010.................... 1‐8

Contents Page 1-ii Chapter 1/HCM User’s Guide

December 2010
CHAPTER 2
APPLICATIONS
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................2‐1
2. LEVELS OF ANALYSIS..........................................................................................2‐2
Overview ............................................................................................................... 2‐2
Operational Analysis............................................................................................ 2‐2
Design Analysis .................................................................................................... 2‐2
Planning and Preliminary Engineering Analysis............................................. 2‐3
Relationship Between Analysis Levels and Objectives ................................... 2‐3
3. ROADWAY SYSTEM ELEMENTS.......................................................................2‐4
Types of Roadway System Elements ................................................................. 2‐4
Analysis of Individual System Elements........................................................... 2‐6
Assessment of Multiple Facilities ....................................................................... 2‐7
System Performance Measurement.................................................................... 2‐7
4. TRAVEL MODES ....................................................................................................2‐9
Automobile............................................................................................................ 2‐9
Pedestrian .............................................................................................................. 2‐9
Bicycle .................................................................................................................... 2‐9
Transit .................................................................................................................... 2‐9
5. OPERATING CONDITIONS..............................................................................2‐10
Uninterrupted Flow ........................................................................................... 2‐10
Interrupted Flow................................................................................................. 2‐10
Undersaturated Flow ......................................................................................... 2‐11
Oversaturated Flow............................................................................................ 2‐11
Queue Discharge Flow....................................................................................... 2‐12
6. HCM ANALYSIS AS PART OF A BROADER PROCESS .............................2‐13
Noise Analysis .................................................................................................... 2‐13
Air Quality Analysis .......................................................................................... 2‐13
Economic Analysis ............................................................................................. 2‐13
Multimodal Planning Analysis......................................................................... 2‐14
System Performance Measurement.................................................................. 2‐14
Summary.............................................................................................................. 2‐14
7. REFERENCES .........................................................................................................2‐16
Chapter 2/Applications Page 2-i Contents

December 2010
LIST OF EXHIBITS
Exhibit 2‐1 Illustrative Roadway System Elements................................................. 2‐4
Exhibit 2‐2 HCM Service Measures by System Element and Mode ..................... 2‐6
Exhibit 2‐3 Components of Traveler‐Perception Models Used in the HCM ....... 2‐6
Exhibit 2‐4 HCM Automobile Performance Measures for Environmental and
Economic Analyses ............................................................................................ 2‐15

Contents Page 2-ii Chapter 2/Applications

December 2010
CHAPTER 3
MODAL CHARACTERISTICS
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................3‐1
2. AUTOMOBILE MODE...........................................................................................3‐2
Vehicle and Human Factors................................................................................ 3‐2
Variations in Demand .......................................................................................... 3‐3
Travel Time Variability...................................................................................... 3‐12
Automobile Facility Types ................................................................................ 3‐13
Measured and Observed Volumes and Flow Rates....................................... 3‐14
Interactions with Other Modes......................................................................... 3‐15
3. PEDESTRIAN MODE...........................................................................................3‐17
Overview ............................................................................................................. 3‐17
Human Factors.................................................................................................... 3‐17
Variations in Demand ........................................................................................ 3‐18
Pedestrian Facility Types................................................................................... 3‐18
4. BICYCLE MODE....................................................................................................3‐22
Overview ............................................................................................................. 3‐22
Human Factors.................................................................................................... 3‐22
Variations in Demand ........................................................................................ 3‐23
Bicycle Facility Types......................................................................................... 3‐24
Measured and Observed Volumes................................................................... 3‐25
5. TRANSIT MODE...................................................................................................3‐26
Overview ............................................................................................................. 3‐26
Human Factors.................................................................................................... 3‐26
On‐Street Transit Characteristics...................................................................... 3‐27
Travel Time Variability...................................................................................... 3‐28
On‐Street Transit Facility Types ....................................................................... 3‐28
Measured and Observed Volumes................................................................... 3‐29
6. REFERENCES .........................................................................................................3‐31
Chapter 3/Modal Characteristics Page 3-i Contents

December 2010
LIST OF EXHIBITS
Exhibit 3‐1 Examples of Monthly Traffic Volume Variations for a Highway ..... 3‐4

Exhibit 3‐2 Examples of Monthly Traffic Volume Variations for the Same
Interstate Highway (Rural and Urban Segments) ........................................... 3‐4
Exhibit 3‐3 Examples of Daily Traffic Variation by Type of Route....................... 3‐5
Exhibit 3‐4 Daily Variation in Traffic by Vehicle Type for the Right Lane of an
Urban Freeway ..................................................................................................... 3‐5
Exhibit 3‐5 Examples of Hourly Traffic Variations for Rural Routes ................... 3‐6
Exhibit 3‐6 Repeatability of Hourly Traffic Variations for Urban Streets ............ 3‐7
Exhibit 3‐7 Ranked Hourly Volumes ........................................................................ 3‐8
Exhibit 3‐8 Example of a Change in Travel Patterns Following Removal of a
Capacity Constraint ............................................................................................. 3‐9
Exhibit 3‐9 Example K‐Factors by AADT ............................................................... 3‐10
Exhibit 3‐10 Example Directional Distribution Characteristics ........................... 3‐10
Exhibit 3‐11 Lane Distribution by Vehicle Type.................................................... 3‐11
Exhibit 3‐12 Automobile Facility Types.................................................................. 3‐13
Exhibit 3‐13 Temporal Variations in Pedestrian Demand.................................... 3‐18
Exhibit 3‐14 Pedestrian Facility Types .................................................................... 3‐19
Exhibit 3‐15 Temporal Variations in Bicycle Demand .......................................... 3‐23
Exhibit 3‐16 Example Variations in Bicycle Demand due to Temperature........ 3‐23
Exhibit 3‐17 Bicycle Facility Types .......................................................................... 3‐24
Exhibit 3‐18 Daily Weekday Bicycle Volumes on Selected U.S. Bicycle
Facilities (2006–2008).......................................................................................... 3‐25
Exhibit 3‐19 Transit Commuting to Downtowns (2000)....................................... 3‐26
Exhibit 3‐20 Transit Modes Addressed in the HCM ............................................. 3‐27
Exhibit 3‐21 Observed On‐Street, Peak‐Direction, Peak‐Hour Bus and
Passenger Volumes (1995–2000)....................................................................... 3‐29

Contents Page 3-ii Chapter 3/Modal Characteristics

December 2010
CHAPTER 4
TRAFFIC FLOW AND CAPACITY CONCEPTS
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................4‐1
2. AUTOMOBILE MODE...........................................................................................4‐2
Basic Automobile Flow Parameters ................................................................... 4‐2
Additional Uninterrupted‐Flow Parameters .................................................... 4‐9
Additional Interrupted‐Flow Parameters ....................................................... 4‐10
Capacity Concepts .............................................................................................. 4‐17
Estimation of Traffic Flow Parameters ............................................................ 4‐21
3. PEDESTRIAN MODE...........................................................................................4‐24
Pedestrian Characteristics ................................................................................. 4‐24
Pedestrian Flow Parameters.............................................................................. 4‐25
4. BICYCLE MODE....................................................................................................4‐33
Bicycle Flow Parameters.................................................................................... 4‐33
Delay .................................................................................................................... 4‐34
5. TRANSIT MODE...................................................................................................4‐35
Bus Speed Parameters........................................................................................ 4‐35
6. REFERENCES .........................................................................................................4‐42
Chapter 4/Traffic Flow and Capacity Concepts Page 4-i Contents

December 2010
LIST OF EXHIBITS
Exhibit 4‐1 Relationship Between Short‐Term and Hourly Flows........................ 4‐3
Exhibit 4‐2 Typical Relationship Between Time Mean and Space Mean
Speeds .................................................................................................................... 4‐5
Exhibit 4‐3 Generalized Relationships Among Speed, Density, and Flow Rate
on Uninterrupted‐Flow Facilities....................................................................... 4‐8
Exhibit 4‐4 Example Freeway Speed–Flow Data ..................................................... 4‐8
Exhibit 4‐5 Time Headway Distribution for Long Island Expressway............... 4‐10
Exhibit 4‐6 Acceleration Headways at a Signalized Intersection ........................ 4‐11
Exhibit 4‐7 Concept of Saturation Flow Rate and Lost Time ............................... 4‐12
Exhibit 4‐8 Generalized Cycle Length and Delay Relationship .......................... 4‐13
Exhibit 4‐9 Idealized Queuing Diagram for a Two‐Phase Signalized
Intersection.......................................................................................................... 4‐16
Exhibit 4‐10 Typical Examples of Vehicle Trajectory Plots .................................. 4‐22
Exhibit 4‐11 Pedestrian Body Ellipse for Standing Areas and Pedestrian
Walking Space Requirement............................................................................. 4‐24
Exhibit 4‐12 Observed Older and Younger Pedestrian Walking Speed
Distribution at Unsignalized Intersections ..................................................... 4‐25
Exhibit 4‐13 Relationships Between Pedestrian Speed and Density................... 4‐26
Exhibit 4‐14 Relationships Between Pedestrian Flow and Space ........................ 4‐26
Exhibit 4‐15 Relationships Between Pedestrian Speed and Flow........................ 4‐27
Exhibit 4‐16 Relationships Between Pedestrian Speed and Space ...................... 4‐28
Exhibit 4‐17 Probability of Conflict Within Pedestrian Cross‐Flows.................. 4‐30
Exhibit 4‐18 Minute‐by‐Minute Variations in Pedestrian Flow........................... 4‐31
Exhibit 4‐19 Platoon Flow on a Sidewalk ............................................................... 4‐31
Exhibit 4‐20 Relationship Between Platoon Flow and Average Flow ................ 4‐32
Exhibit 4‐21 Age Effects on Bicyclist Speed............................................................ 4‐33
Exhibit 4‐22 Illustrative Bus Speed Relationship to Bus Lane v/c Ratio ............. 4‐36
Exhibit 4‐23 Bus Loading Areas, Stops, and Facilities .......................................... 4‐39
Exhibit 4‐24 Capacity Factors for Bus Facilities ..................................................... 4‐41
Contents Page 4-ii Chapter 4/Traffic Flow and Capacity Concepts

December 2010
CHAPTER 5
QUALITY AND LEVEL-OF-SERVICE CONCEPTS
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................5‐1
2. QUALITY OF SERVICE .........................................................................................5‐2
3. LEVEL OF SERVICE ...............................................................................................5‐3
Definition ............................................................................................................... 5‐3
Usage ...................................................................................................................... 5‐3
4. SERVICE MEASURES ............................................................................................5‐7
Definition and Characteristics ............................................................................ 5‐7
Service Measure Selection ................................................................................... 5‐7
Determination of LOS F....................................................................................... 5‐9
Service Measures for Specific System Elements ............................................... 5‐9
5. REFERENCES .........................................................................................................5‐16
Chapter 5/Quality and Level-of-Service Concepts Page 5-i Contents

December 2010
LIST OF EXHIBITS
Exhibit 5‐1 Example of the Step Function Nature of LOS ...................................... 5‐4
Contents Page 5-ii Chapter 5/Quality and Level-of-Service Concepts

December 2010
CHAPTER 6
HCM AND ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS TOOLS
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................6‐1
2. HCM‐BASED TOOLS.............................................................................................6‐2
Generalized Service Volume Tables................................................................... 6‐2
Application of Default Values to HCM Methodologies.................................. 6‐3
Operations‐Level HCM Analysis ....................................................................... 6‐3
3. ALTERNATIVE TOOLS.........................................................................................6‐4
Overview ............................................................................................................... 6‐4
Traffic Modeling Concepts and Terminology .................................................. 6‐5
Conceptual Differences Between Deterministic and Simulation Tools......... 6‐9
Appropriate Use of Alternative Tools ............................................................... 6‐9
Application Framework for Alternative Tools ............................................... 6‐13
Performance Measures from Alternative Tools.............................................. 6‐16
Traffic Analysis Tool Selection Criteria ........................................................... 6‐17
Application Guidelines for Simulation Tools ................................................. 6‐25
4. REFERENCES .........................................................................................................6‐29
APPENDIX A: DEVELOPING LOCAL DEFAULT VALUES............................6‐31
Reference.............................................................................................................. 6‐31
APPENDIX B: DEVELOPING LOCAL SERVICE VOLUME TABLES ...........6‐32
Introduction......................................................................................................... 6‐32
Table Construction Process ............................................................................... 6‐32
Reference.............................................................................................................. 6‐34
Chapter 6/HCM and Alternative Analysis Tools Page 6-i Contents

December 2010
LIST OF EXHIBITS
Exhibit 6‐1 Comparison of Methods for Addressing Traffic Phenomena by
the HCM and Typical Microsimulation Tools................................................ 6‐10
Exhibit 6‐2 Typical Applications for Alternative Traffic Analysis Tools ........... 6‐12
Exhibit 6‐3 Freeway Modeling Framework for the HCM and Alternative
Tools ..................................................................................................................... 6‐13
Exhibit 6‐4 Urban Street Modeling Framework for the HCM and Alternative
Tools ..................................................................................................................... 6‐14
Exhibit 6‐5 Corridor and Areawide Analysis Modeling Framework for the
HCM and Alternative Tools ............................................................................. 6‐15
Exhibit 6‐6 Principal Performance Measures from the HCM and Alternative
Tools ..................................................................................................................... 6‐17
Contents Page 6-ii Chapter 6/HCM and Alternative Analysis Tools

December 2010
CHAPTER 7
INTERPRETING HCM AND ALTERNATIVE TOOL RESULTS
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................7‐1
2. UNCERTAINTY AND VARIABILITY ................................................................7‐2
Uncertainty and Variability Concepts ............................................................... 7‐2
Sources of Uncertainty......................................................................................... 7‐3
Sensitivity Analysis .............................................................................................. 7‐4
Accuracy and Precision ....................................................................................... 7‐7
Average Values ..................................................................................................... 7‐8
3. DEFINING AND COMPUTING UNIFORM PERFORMANCE
MEASURES...............................................................................................................7‐9
Performance Measures Reported by HCM Procedures .................................. 7‐9
Use of Vehicle Trajectory Analysis in Comparing Performance
Measures....................................................................................................... 7‐13
Requirements for Computing Performance Measures by Vehicle
Trajectory Analysis...................................................................................... 7‐17
Stochastic Aspects of Simulation Analysis...................................................... 7‐26
Comparing HCM Analysis Results with Alternative Tools ......................... 7‐29
4. PRESENTATION OF RESULTS .........................................................................7‐37
Guidance on the Display of HCM Results ...................................................... 7‐37
Presenting Results to Facilitate Interpretation................................................ 7‐38
Graphic Representation of Results................................................................... 7‐39
5. REFERENCES .........................................................................................................7‐42
Chapter 7/Interpreting HCM and Alternative Tool Results Page 7-i Contents
December 2010
LIST OF EXHIBITS
Exhibit 7‐1 Example Sensitivity Analysis for Selected Basic Freeway Segment
Model Inputs......................................................................................................... 7‐5
Exhibit 7‐2 Example Sensitivity Analysis of Urban Street Link Pedestrian LOS
Score ....................................................................................................................... 7‐6
Exhibit 7‐3 Example Sensitivity Analysis of All‐Way STOP‐Control Model
Outputs Based on Varying Volume Inputs ...................................................... 7‐7
Exhibit 7‐4 Performance Measures Reported by HCM Procedures...................... 7‐9
Exhibit 7‐5 Mathematical Properties of Vehicle Trajectories ............................... 7‐14
Exhibit 7‐6 Trajectory Plot for Uniform Arrivals and Departures ...................... 7‐16
Exhibit 7‐7 Queue Backup from a Downstream Signal ........................................ 7‐17
Exhibit 7‐8 Definition of Delay Terms in Time and Space ................................... 7‐22
Exhibit 7‐9 Effect of Demand Volume on Variability of Simulated Delay on
an Approach to a Signalized Intersection ....................................................... 7‐28
Exhibit 7‐10 Variability of Overall Performance Measures for a Large Urban
Network............................................................................................................... 7‐28
Exhibit 7‐11 Application Framework for Alternative Tools ................................ 7‐31
Exhibit 7‐12 Oversaturated Delay Representation by the HCM and
Simulation Modeling ......................................................................................... 7‐34
Exhibit 7‐13 Comparison of HCM and Simulation Delay Definitions for
Four Oversaturated Periods.............................................................................. 7‐36
Exhibit 7‐14 Example of a Graphic Display of LOS .............................................. 7‐39
Exhibit 7‐15 Example of a Thematic Graphic Display of LOS ............................. 7‐40
Exhibit 7‐16 Example of a Cost‐Effectiveness Graph ............................................ 7‐40
Contents Page 7-ii Chapter 7/Interpreting HCM and Alternative Tool Results
December 2010
CHAPTER 9
GLOSSARY AND SYMBOLS
CONTENTS
1. GLOSSARY...............................................................................................................9‐1
A .......................................................................................................................... 9‐1
B .......................................................................................................................... 9‐2
C .......................................................................................................................... 9‐3
D .......................................................................................................................... 9‐5
E .......................................................................................................................... 9‐7
F .......................................................................................................................... 9‐7
G .......................................................................................................................... 9‐8
H .......................................................................................................................... 9‐9
I .......................................................................................................................... 9‐9
J ........................................................................................................................ 9‐10
K ........................................................................................................................ 9‐10
L ........................................................................................................................ 9‐10
M ........................................................................................................................ 9‐11
N ........................................................................................................................ 9‐12
O ........................................................................................................................ 9‐13
P ........................................................................................................................ 9‐13
Q ........................................................................................................................ 9‐15
R ........................................................................................................................ 9‐15
S ........................................................................................................................ 9‐16
T ........................................................................................................................ 9‐19
U ........................................................................................................................ 9‐21
V ........................................................................................................................ 9‐21
W ........................................................................................................................ 9‐21
Y ........................................................................................................................ 9‐22
2. LIST OF SYMBOLS...............................................................................................9‐23
Chapter 9/Glossary and Symbols Page 9-i Contents

December 2010
CHAPTER 10
FREEWAY FACILITIES
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................10‐1
Segments and Influence Areas.......................................................................... 10‐2
Free‐Flow Speed ................................................................................................. 10‐3
Capacity of Freeway Facilities .......................................................................... 10‐4
LOS: Component Segments and the Freeway Facility .................................. 10‐8
Service Flow Rates, Service Volumes, and Daily Service Volumes for a
Freeway Facility......................................................................................... 10‐10
Generalized Daily Service Volumes for Freeway Facilities ........................ 10‐11
Active Traffic Management and Other Measures to Improve
Performance ............................................................................................... 10‐14
2. METHODOLOGY ...............................................................................................10‐16
Scope of the Methodology............................................................................... 10‐16
Limitations of the Methodology ..................................................................... 10‐17
Overview ........................................................................................................... 10‐18
Computational Steps........................................................................................ 10‐19
3. APPLICATIONS ..................................................................................................10‐40
Operational Analysis........................................................................................ 10‐40
Planning, Preliminary Engineering, and Design Analysis ......................... 10‐41
Traffic Management Strategies ....................................................................... 10‐41
Use of Alternative Tools .................................................................................. 10‐42
4. EXAMPLE PROBLEMS.......................................................................................10‐48
Example Problem 1: Evaluation of an Undersaturated Facility ................. 10‐48
Example Problem 2: Evaluation of an Oversaturated Facility ................... 10‐54
Example Problem 3: Capacity Improvements to an Oversaturated
Facility......................................................................................................... 10‐58
5. REFERENCES .......................................................................................................10‐63
Chapter 10/Freeway Facilities Page 10-i Contents

December 2010
LIST OF EXHIBITS
Exhibit 10‐1 Influence Areas of Merge, Diverge, and Weaving Segments ........ 10‐2

Exhibit 10‐2 Basic Freeway Segments on an Urban Freeway .............................. 10‐3
Exhibit 10‐3 Ramp Density Determination............................................................. 10‐4
Exhibit 10‐4 Example of the Effect of Segment Capacity on a Freeway
Facility.................................................................................................................. 10‐5
Exhibit 10‐5 Free‐Flow Speed vs. Base Capacity for Freeways............................ 10‐6
Exhibit 10‐6 Base Capacity vs. Total Ramp Density.............................................. 10‐7
Exhibit 10‐7 LOS Criteria for Freeway Facilities.................................................... 10‐9
Exhibit 10‐8 Generalized Daily Service Volumes for Urban Freeway
Facilities (1,000 veh/day) ................................................................................. 10‐13
Exhibit 10‐9 Generalized Daily Service Volumes for Rural Freeway
Facilities (1,000 veh/day) ................................................................................. 10‐14
Exhibit 10‐10 Freeway Facility Methodology....................................................... 10‐18
Exhibit 10‐11 Example Time–Space Domain for Freeway Facility Analysis ... 10‐20
Exhibit 10‐12 Defining Analysis Segments for a Ramp Configuration ............ 10‐22
Exhibit 10‐13 Defining Analysis Segments for a Weaving Configuration ....... 10‐23
Exhibit 10‐14 Capacity of Long‐Term Construction Zones (veh/h/ln) ............. 10‐28
Exhibit 10‐15 Capacity Reductions due to Weather and Environmental
Conditions in Iowa........................................................................................... 10‐29
Exhibit 10‐16 Capacities on German Autobahns Under Various Conditions
(veh/h/ln) ........................................................................................................... 10‐29
Exhibit 10‐17 Proportion of Freeway Segment Capacity Available Under
Incident Conditions.......................................................................................... 10‐30
Exhibit 10‐18 Illustration of Speed–Flow Curves for Different Weather
Conditions ......................................................................................................... 10‐31
Exhibit 10‐19 Illustration of Adjusted Speed–Flow Curves for Indicated
Capacity Reductions ........................................................................................ 10‐32
Exhibit 10‐20 Node–Segment Representation of a Freeway Facility ................ 10‐35
Exhibit 10‐21 Mainline and Segment Flow at On‐ and Off‐Ramps................... 10‐35
Exhibit 10‐22 Required Input Data for Freeway Facility Analysis.................... 10‐40
Exhibit 10‐23 Limitations of the HCM Freeway Facilities Analysis
Procedure .......................................................................................................... 10‐43
Exhibit 10‐24 List of Example Problems ............................................................... 10‐48
Exhibit 10‐25 Freeway Facility in Example Problem 1........................................ 10‐48
Exhibit 10‐26 Geometry of Directional Freeway Facility for Example
Problem 1........................................................................................................... 10‐48
Exhibit 10‐27 Demand Inputs for Example Problem 1 ....................................... 10‐50
Exhibit 10‐28 Segment Capacities for Example Problem 1................................. 10‐50
Contents Page 10-ii Chapter 10/Freeway Facilities

December 2010
Exhibit 10‐29 Segment Demand‐to‐Capacity Ratios for Example Problem 1.. 10‐51
Exhibit 10‐30 Volume‐Served Matrix for Example Problem 1........................... 10‐51
Exhibit 10‐31 Speed Matrix for Example Problem 1 ........................................... 10‐52
Exhibit 10‐32 Density Matrix for Example Problem 1 ........................................ 10‐52
Exhibit 10‐33 LOS Matrix for Example Problem 1 .............................................. 10‐52
Exhibit 10‐34 Facility Performance Measure Summary for Example
Problem 1........................................................................................................... 10‐53
Exhibit 10‐35 Demand Inputs for Example Problem 2 ....................................... 10‐55
Exhibit 10‐36 Segment Capacities for Example Problem 2 ................................ 10‐55
Exhibit 10‐38 Volume‐Served Matrix for Example Problem 2........................... 10‐57
Exhibit 10‐41 Expanded LOS Matrix for Example Problem 2 ........................... 10‐57
Problem 2........................................................................................................... 10‐58
Exhibit 10‐43 Freeway Facility in Example Problem 3 ....................................... 10‐58
Exhibit 10‐44 Geometry of Directional Freeway Facility in Example
Problem 3........................................................................................................... 10‐58
Exhibit 10‐45 Segment Capacities for Example Problem 3 ................................ 10‐60
Exhibit 10‐49 LOS Matrix for Example Problem 3 .............................................. 10‐61
Problem 3........................................................................................................... 10‐62

Chapter 10/Freeway Facilities Page 10-iii Contents

December 2010
CHAPTER 11
BASIC FREEWAY SEGMENTS
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................11‐1
Base Conditions .................................................................................................. 11‐1
Flow Characteristics Under Base Conditions ................................................. 11‐2
Capacity Under Base Conditions ..................................................................... 11‐4
LOS for Basic Freeway Segments ..................................................................... 11‐5
Required Input Data........................................................................................... 11‐8
2. METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................11‐9
Limitations of Methodology ............................................................................. 11‐9
Overview of Methodology ................................................................................ 11‐9
Sensitivity of Results ........................................................................................ 11‐19
3. APPLICATIONS ..................................................................................................11‐21
Default Values................................................................................................... 11‐21
Establish Analysis Boundaries........................................................................ 11‐22
Types of Analysis ............................................................................................. 11‐22
Example Problem 1: Four‐Lane Freeway LOS.............................................. 11‐29
Example Problem 2: Number of Lanes Required for Target LOS.............. 11‐31
Example Problem 3: Six‐Lane Freeway LOS and Capacity ........................ 11‐33
Example Problem 4: LOS on Upgrades and Downgrades.......................... 11‐36
Example Problem 5: Design‐Hour Volume and Number of Lanes ........... 11‐39
Example Problem 6: Service Flow Rates and Service Volumes.................. 11‐41
5. REFERENCES .......................................................................................................11‐44
APPENDIX A: COMPOSITE GRADES...............................................................11‐45
Example Problem.............................................................................................. 11‐45
Procedural Steps ............................................................................................... 11‐47
Discussion.......................................................................................................... 11‐47
Chapter 11/Basic Freeway Segments Page 11-i Contents

December 2010
LIST OF EXHIBITS
Exhibit 11‐1 Three Types of Freeway Flow ............................................................ 11‐2

Exhibit 11‐2 Speed−Flow Curves for Basic Freeway Segments Under Base
Conditions ........................................................................................................... 11‐3
Exhibit 11‐3 Equations Describing Speed−Flow Curves in Exhibit 11‐2
(Speeds in mi/h) .................................................................................................. 11‐4
Exhibit 11‐4 LOS Examples....................................................................................... 11‐5
Exhibit 11‐5 LOS Criteria for Basic Freeway Segments ........................................ 11‐7
Exhibit 11‐6 LOS for Basic Freeway Segments....................................................... 11‐8
Exhibit 11‐7 Overview of Operational Analysis Methodology for Basic
Freeway Segments ............................................................................................ 11‐10
Exhibit 11‐8 Adjustment to FFS for Average Lane Width.................................. 11‐11
Exhibit 11‐9 Adjustment to FFS for Right‐Side Lateral Clearance, fLC (mi/h) .. 11‐12
Exhibit 11‐10 PCEs for Heavy Vehicles in General Terrain Segments ............. 11‐15
Exhibit 11‐11 PCEs for Trucks and Buses (ET) on Upgrades.............................. 11‐16
Exhibit 11‐12 PCEs for RVs (ER) on Upgrades ..................................................... 11‐17
Exhibit 11‐13 PCEs for Trucks and Buses (ET) on Specific Downgrades .......... 11‐17
Exhibit 11‐14 Sensitivity of FFS to Total Ramp Density ..................................... 11‐19
Exhibit 11‐15 Speed Versus v/c Ratio ................................................................... 11‐20
Exhibit 11‐16 Required Input Data and Default Values for Basic Freeway
Segments ............................................................................................................ 11‐21
Exhibit 11‐17 Maximum Service Flow Rates in Passenger Cars per Hour
per Lane for Basic Freeway Segments Under Base Conditions.................. 11‐23
Exhibit 11‐18 Limitations of HCM Basic Freeway Segments Procedure.......... 11‐26
Exhibit 11‐20 Graphical Solution for Example Problem 1 .................................. 11‐31
Exhibit 11‐21 Determination of Composite Grade Equivalents for Example
Problem 4 ........................................................................................................... 11‐37
Exhibit 11‐22 Service Flow Rates, Service Volumes, and Daily Service
Volumes for Example Problem 6 .................................................................... 11‐43
Exhibit 11‐A1 Performance Curves for 200‐lb/hp Truck .................................... 11‐45
Exhibit 11‐A2 Solution Using Composite Grade Procedure .............................. 11‐46
Contents Page 11-ii Chapter 11/Basic Freeway Segments

December 2010
CHAPTER 12
FREEWAY WEAVING SEGMENTS
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................12‐1
2. WEAVING SEGMENT CHARACTERISTICS .................................................12‐2
Overview ............................................................................................................. 12‐2
Length of a Weaving Segment .......................................................................... 12‐2
Width of a Weaving Segment ........................................................................... 12‐3
Configuration of a Weaving Segment.............................................................. 12‐4
3. METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................12‐9
Limitations of the Methodology ....................................................................... 12‐9
Overview of the Methodology .......................................................................... 12‐9
Parameters Describing a Weaving Segment ................................................. 12‐10
Computational Procedures ............................................................................. 12‐12
Special Cases ..................................................................................................... 12‐23
4. APPLICATIONS ..................................................................................................12‐25
Default Values ................................................................................................... 12‐25
Example Problem 1: LOS of a Major Weaving Segment ............................. 12‐31
Example Problem 2: LOS of a Ramp‐Weaving Segment ............................. 12‐36
Example Problem 3: LOS of a Two‐Sided Weaving Segment .................... 12‐40
Example Problem 4: Design of a Major Weaving Segment for a Desired
LOS .............................................................................................................. 12‐44
Example Problem 5: Constructing a Service Volume Table for a
Weaving Segment...................................................................................... 12‐50
6. REFERENCES .......................................................................................................12‐55

Chapter 12/Freeway Weaving Segments Page 12-i Contents

December 2010
LIST OF EXHIBITS
Exhibit 12‐1 Formation of a Weaving Segment...................................................... 12‐2
Exhibit 12‐2 Measuring the Length of a Weaving Segment ................................. 12‐2
Exhibit 12‐3 One‐Sided Weaving Segments Illustrated ........................................ 12‐4
Exhibit 12‐4 Two‐Sided Weaving Segments Illustrated ....................................... 12‐5
Exhibit 12‐5 Configuration Parameters Illustrated ............................................... 12‐6
Exhibit 12‐6 Weaving Methodology Flowchart ................................................... 12‐10
Exhibit 12‐7 Weaving Variables for One‐Sided Weaving Segments ................. 12‐11
Exhibit 12‐8 Weaving Variables for a Two‐Sided Weaving Segment ............... 12‐12
Exhibit 12‐9 Variation of Weaving Length Versus Volume Ratio and
Number of Weaving Lanes (ft) ....................................................................... 12‐16
Exhibit 12‐10 LOS for Weaving Segments ............................................................ 12‐23
Exhibit 12‐12 Major Weaving Segment for Example Problem 1........................ 12‐31
Exhibit 12‐13 Determination of Configuration Variables for Example
Problem 1 ........................................................................................................... 12‐33
Exhibit 12‐14 Ramp‐Weave Segment for Example Problem 2 ........................... 12‐36
Exhibit 12‐15 Configuration Characteristics for Example Problem 2 ............... 12‐37
Exhibit 12‐16 Weaving Segment for Example Problem 3 ................................... 12‐40
Exhibit 12‐17 Configuration Characteristics for Example Problem 3 ............... 12‐42
Exhibit 12‐18 Weaving Segment for Example Problem 4 ................................... 12‐45
Exhibit 12‐19 Trial Design 1 for Example Problem 4 .......................................... 12‐46
Exhibit 12‐20 Trial Design 2 for Example Problem 4 .......................................... 12‐48
Exhibit 12‐21 Service Flow Rates Under Ideal Conditions (SFI) for Example
Problem 5 (pc/h)................................................................................................ 12‐53
Exhibit 12‐22 Service Flow Rates Under Prevailing Conditions (SF) for
Example Problem 5 (veh/h) ............................................................................. 12‐53
Exhibit 12‐23 Service Volumes Under Prevailing Conditions (SV) for
Example Problem 5 (veh/h) ............................................................................. 12‐54
Exhibit 12‐24 Daily Service Volumes Under Prevailing Conditions (DSV)
for Example Problem 5 (veh/day)................................................................... 12‐54
Contents Page 12-ii Chapter 12/Freeway Weaving Segments

December 2010
CHAPTER 13
FREEWAY MERGE AND DIVERGE SEGMENTS
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................13‐1
Ramp Components............................................................................................. 13‐1
Classification of Ramps...................................................................................... 13‐2
Ramp and Ramp Junction Analysis Boundaries ............................................ 13‐2
Ramp–Freeway Junction Operational Conditions ......................................... 13‐3
Base Conditions .................................................................................................. 13‐3
LOS Criteria for Merge and Diverge Segments.............................................. 13‐4
2. METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................13‐7
Scope of the Methodology................................................................................. 13‐7
Overview ............................................................................................................. 13‐7
Special Cases ..................................................................................................... 13‐22
Overlapping Ramp Influence Areas .............................................................. 13‐27
3. APPLICATIONS ..................................................................................................13‐28
Default Values................................................................................................... 13‐28
Establish Analysis Boundaries........................................................................ 13‐28
Example Problem 1: Isolated One‐Lane, Right‐Hand On‐Ramp to a
Four‐Lane Freeway ................................................................................... 13‐36
Example Problem 2: Two Adjacent Single‐Lane, Right‐Hand Off‐Ramps
on a Six‐Lane Freeway.............................................................................. 13‐38
Example Problem 3: One‐Lane On‐Ramp Followed by a One‐Lane
Off‐Ramp on an Eight‐Lane Freeway..................................................... 13‐43
Example Problem 4: Single‐Lane, Left‐Hand On‐Ramp on a Six‐Lane
Freeway....................................................................................................... 13‐48
Example Problem 5: Service Flow Rates and Service Volumes for an
Isolated On‐Ramp on a Six‐Lane Freeway............................................. 13‐51
5. REFERENCES .......................................................................................................13‐56
Chapter 13/Freeway Merge and Diverge Segments Page 13-i Contents

December 2010
LIST OF EXHIBITS
Exhibit 13‐1 Ramp Influence Areas Illustrated ...................................................... 13‐3

Exhibit 13‐2 LOS Criteria for Freeway Merge and Diverge Segments ............... 13‐4
Exhibit 13‐3 Measuring the Length of Acceleration and Deceleration Lanes.... 13‐6
Exhibit 13‐4 Flowchart for Analysis of Ramp–Freeway Junctions...................... 13‐8
Exhibit 13‐5 Key Ramp Junction Variables............................................................. 13‐9
Exhibit 13‐6 Models for Predicting PFM at On‐Ramps or Merge Areas ............ 13‐13
Exhibit 13‐7 Models for Predicting PFD at Off‐Ramps or Diverge Areas.......... 13‐14
Exhibit 13‐8 Capacity of Ramp–Freeway Junctions (pc/h)................................. 13‐18
Exhibit 13‐9 Capacity of High‐Speed Ramp Junctions on Multilane
Highways and C‐D Roadways (pc/h) ............................................................ 13‐18
Exhibit 13‐10 Capacity of Ramp Roadways (pc/h).............................................. 13‐18
Exhibit 13‐11 Estimating Speed at On‐Ramp (Merge) Junctions....................... 13‐20
Exhibit 13‐12 Estimating Speed at Off‐Ramp (Diverge) Junctions.................... 13‐21
Exhibit 13‐13 Estimating Average Speed of All Vehicles at Ramp–Freeway
Junctions............................................................................................................. 13‐21
Exhibit 13‐14 Typical Geometry of a Two‐Lane Ramp–Freeway Junction ...... 13‐22
Exhibit 13‐15 Common Geometries for Two‐Lane Off‐Ramp–Freeway
Junctions............................................................................................................. 13‐24
Exhibit 13‐16 Adjustment Factors for Left‐Hand Ramp–Freeway Junctions... 13‐25
Exhibit 13‐17 Expected Flow in Lane 5 of a 10‐Lane Freeway Immediately
Upstream of a Ramp–Freeway Junction........................................................ 13‐25
Exhibit 13‐18 Major Merge Areas Illustrated ....................................................... 13‐26
Exhibit 13‐19 Major Diverge Areas Illustrated .................................................... 13‐27
Exhibit 13‐20 Limitations of the HCM Ramps and Ramp Junctions
Procedure........................................................................................................... 13‐32
Exhibit 13‐22 Capacity Checks for Example Problem 2...................................... 13‐41
Exhibit 13‐23 Capacity Checks for Example Problem 3...................................... 13‐46
Exhibit 13‐24 Illustrative Service Flow Rates and Service Volumes Based
on Approaching Freeway Demand................................................................ 13‐54
Exhibit 13‐25 Illustrative Service Flow Rates and Service Volumes Based
on a Fixed Freeway Demand .......................................................................... 13‐55

Contents Page 13-ii Chapter 13/Freeway Merge and Diverge Segments

December 2010
CHAPTER 14
MULTILANE HIGHWAYS
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................14‐1
Types of Multilane Highways .......................................................................... 14‐1
Base Conditions .................................................................................................. 14‐1
Flow Characteristics Under Base Conditions ................................................. 14‐2
Capacity of Multilane Highway Segments ..................................................... 14‐4
LOS for Multilane Highway Segments............................................................ 14‐4
2. METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................14‐8
Limitations of Methodology ............................................................................. 14‐8
Automobile Mode............................................................................................... 14‐9
Bicycle Mode ..................................................................................................... 14‐19
3. APPLICATIONS ..................................................................................................14‐20
Default Values................................................................................................... 14‐20
Establishing Analysis Boundaries .................................................................. 14‐21
Generalized Daily Service Volumes............................................................... 14‐23
Example Problem 1: LOS on Undivided Four‐Lane Highway................... 14‐27
Example Problem 2: LOS on Five‐Lane Highway with TWLTL................ 14‐29
Example Problem 3: Design Cross Section Required to Provide Target
LOS .............................................................................................................. 14‐32
Example Problem 4: Multilane Highway Modernization........................... 14‐34
Example Problem 5: Future Cross Section Required to Provide Target
LOS .............................................................................................................. 14‐35
5. REFERENCES .......................................................................................................14‐38

Chapter 14/Multilane Highways Page 14-i Contents

December 2010
LIST OF EXHIBITS
Exhibit 14‐1 Multilane Highways ............................................................................ 14‐2

Exhibit 14‐2 Speed−Flow Curves for Multilane Highways Under Base
Conditions ........................................................................................................... 14‐3
Exhibit 14‐3 Equations Describing Speed−Flow Curves in Exhibit 14‐2 ............ 14‐3
Exhibit 14‐4 Automobile LOS for Multilane Highway Segments ....................... 14‐4
Exhibit 14‐5 LOS on Base Speed−Flow Curves...................................................... 14‐5
Exhibit 14‐6 Bicycle LOS on Multilane Highways................................................. 14‐5
Exhibit 14‐7 Overview of Multilane Highway Methodology for Automobile
Mode..................................................................................................................... 14‐9
Exhibit 14‐8 Adjustment to FFS for Average Lane Width.................................. 14‐11
Exhibit 14‐9 Adjustment to FFS for Lateral Clearances ...................................... 14‐12
Exhibit 14‐10 Adjustment to FFS for Median Type ............................................. 14‐12
Exhibit 14‐11 Adjustment to FFS for Access‐Point Density ............................... 14‐12
Exhibit 14‐12 PCEs for Heavy Vehicles in General Terrain Segments ............. 14‐15
Exhibit 14‐13 PCEs for Trucks and Buses (ET) on Upgrades.............................. 14‐16
Exhibit 14‐14 PCEs for RVs (ER) on Upgrades ..................................................... 14‐16
Exhibit 14‐15 PCEs for Trucks and Buses (ET) on Specific Downgrades .......... 14‐17
Exhibit 14‐16 Required Input Data and Default Values for Multilane
Highway Segments........................................................................................... 14‐20
Exhibit 14‐17 Maximum Service Flow Rates (pc/h/ln) for Multilane
Highway Segments Under Base Conditions................................................. 14‐22
Exhibit 14‐18 Generalized Daily Service Volumes for Rural Multilane
Highways (1,000 veh/day)............................................................................... 14‐24
Exhibit 14‐19 Generalized Daily Service Volumes for Urban Multilane
Highways (1,000 veh/day)............................................................................... 14‐25

Contents Page 14-ii Chapter 14/Multilane Highways

December 2010
CHAPTER 15
TWO-LANE HIGHWAYS
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................15‐1
Characteristics of Two‐Lane Highways .......................................................... 15‐1
Capacity and LOS............................................................................................... 15‐5
Required Input Data and Default Values........................................................ 15‐9
Demand Volumes and Flow Rates................................................................. 15‐10
2. METHODOLOGY ...............................................................................................15‐11
Automobile Mode............................................................................................. 15‐12
Bicycle Mode ..................................................................................................... 15‐36
3. APPLICATIONS ..................................................................................................15‐39
Default Values................................................................................................... 15‐39
Service Flow Rates, Service Volumes, and Daily Service Volumes ........... 15‐40
Generalized Daily Service Volumes............................................................... 15‐41
Example Problem 1: Class I Highway LOS................................................... 15‐44
Example Problem 2: Class II Highway LOS.................................................. 15‐48
Example Problem 3: Class III Highway LOS ................................................ 15‐51
Example Problem 4: Class I Highway LOS with a Passing Lane............... 15‐53
Example Problem 5: Two‐Lane Highway Bicycle LOS ............................... 15‐55
5. REFERENCES .......................................................................................................15‐58
APPENDIX A: DESIGN AND OPERATIONAL TREATMENTS ..................15‐59
Turnouts............................................................................................................. 15‐59
Shoulder Use ..................................................................................................... 15‐60
Wide Cross Sections ......................................................................................... 15‐60
Intersection Turn Lanes ................................................................................... 15‐61
Two‐Way Left‐Turn Lanes .............................................................................. 15‐62
References.......................................................................................................... 15‐64
Chapter 15/Two-Lane Highways Page 15-i Contents

December 2010
LIST OF EXHIBITS
Exhibit 15‐1 Two‐Lane Highway Classification Illustrated ................................. 15‐4

Exhibit 15‐2 Speed–Flow and PTSF Relationships for Directional Segments
with Base Conditions ......................................................................................... 15‐6
Exhibit 15‐3 Automobile LOS for Two‐Lane Highways....................................... 15‐7
Exhibit 15‐4 Bicycle LOS for Two‐Lane Highways ............................................... 15‐9
Exhibit 15‐5 Required Input Data and Default Values for Two‐Lane
Highways............................................................................................................. 15‐9
Exhibit 15‐6 Flowchart of the Two‐Lane Highway Methodology .................... 15‐13
Exhibit 15‐7 Adjustment Factor for Lane and Shoulder Width (fLS).................. 15‐15
Exhibit 15‐8 Adjustment Factor for Access‐Point Density (fA)........................... 15‐15
Exhibit 15‐9 ATS Grade Adjustment Factor (fg,ATS) for Level Terrain, Rolling
Terrain, and Specific Downgrades ................................................................. 15‐17
Exhibit 15‐10 ATS Grade Adjustment Factor (fg,ATS) for Specific Upgrades ..... 15‐18
Exhibit 15‐11 ATS Passenger Car Equivalents for Trucks (ET) and RVs (ER)
for Level Terrain, Rolling Terrain, and Specific Downgrades.................... 15‐18
Exhibit 15‐12 ATS Passenger Car Equivalents for Trucks (ET) on Specific
Upgrades............................................................................................................ 15‐20
Exhibit 15‐13 ATS Passenger Car Equivalents for RVs (ER) on Specific
Upgrades............................................................................................................ 15‐20
Exhibit 15‐14 ATS Passenger Car Equivalents (ETC) for Trucks on
Downgrades Traveling at Crawl Speed......................................................... 15‐21
Exhibit 15‐15 ATS Adjustment Factor for No‐Passing Zones (fnp,ATS)................ 15‐22
Exhibit 15‐16 PTSF Grade Adjustment Factor (fg,PTSF) for Level Terrain,
Rolling Terrain, and Specific Downgrades ................................................... 15‐23
Exhibit 15‐17 PTSF Grade Adjustment Factor (fg,PTSF) for Specific Upgrades... 15‐24
Exhibit 15‐18 PTSF Passenger Car Equivalents for Trucks (ET) and RVs (ER)
for Level Terrain, Rolling Terrain, and Specific Downgrades.................... 15‐24
Exhibit 15‐19 PTSF Passenger Car Equivalents for Trucks (ET) and RVs (ER)
on Specific Upgrades........................................................................................ 15‐25
Exhibit 15‐20 PTSF Coefficients for Use in Equation 15‐10 for Estimating
BPTSF ................................................................................................................. 15‐26
Exhibit 15‐21 No‐Passing‐Zone Adjustment Factor (fnp,PTSF) for
Determination of PTSF..................................................................................... 15‐26
Exhibit 15‐22 Operational Effect of a Passing Lane on PTSF ............................. 15‐29
Exhibit 15‐23 Downstream Length of Roadway Affected by Passing Lanes
on Directional Segments in Level and Rolling Terrain................................ 15‐29
Exhibit 15‐24 Optimal Lengths of Passing Lanes on Two‐Lane Highways..... 15‐30
Exhibit 15‐25 Effect of a Passing Lane on PTSF ................................................... 15‐31
Contents Page 15-ii Chapter 15/Two-Lane Highways

December 2010
Exhibit 15‐26 Adjustment Factor for the Impact of a Passing Lane on PTSF
(fpl,PTSF) ................................................................................................................. 15‐31
Exhibit 15‐27 Impact of a Passing Lane on ATS .................................................. 15‐32
Exhibit 15‐28 Adjustment Factor for Estimating the Impact of a Passing
Lane on ATS (fpl,ATS) .......................................................................................... 15‐33
Exhibit 15‐29 Adjustment Factors (fpl) for Estimating ATS and PTSF
Within a Climbing Lane................................................................................... 15‐34
Exhibit 15‐30 Generalized Daily Service Volumes for Two‐Lane Highways .. 15‐42
Exhibit 15‐32 Interpolation for ATS Adjustment Factor..................................... 15‐46
Exhibit 15‐33 Interpolation for Exponents a and b for Equation 15‐10 ............. 15‐47
Exhibit 15‐34 Interpolation for fnp,PTSF for Equation 15‐9 ..................................... 15‐47
Exhibit 15‐35 Region Lengths for Use in Example Problem 4 ........................... 15‐54
Exhibit 15‐A1 Typical Turnout Illustrated ........................................................... 15‐60
Exhibit 15‐A2 Typical Two‐Lane Highway Intersection with Left‐Turn
Lane .................................................................................................................... 15‐61
Exhibit 15‐A3 Effect of Turning Delays at Intersections on PTSF ..................... 15‐62
Exhibit 15‐A4 Typical Shoulder Bypass Lane at a Three‐Leg Intersection on
a Two‐Lane Highway....................................................................................... 15‐62
Exhibit 15‐A5 Typical TWLTL on a Two‐Lane Highway................................... 15‐63
Exhibit 15‐A6 Estimated Delay Reduction with a TWLTL on a Two‐Lane
Highway Without Paved Shoulders .............................................................. 15‐63
Chapter 15/Two-Lane Highways Page 15-iii Contents

December 2010
CHAPTER 16
URBAN STREET FACILITIES
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................16‐1
Overview of the Methodology.......................................................................... 16‐1
Urban Street Facility Defined............................................................................ 16‐5
LOS Criteria......................................................................................................... 16‐7
2. METHODOLOGY ...............................................................................................16‐16
Overview ........................................................................................................... 16‐16
Automobile Mode............................................................................................. 16‐16
Pedestrian Mode ............................................................................................... 16‐18
Bicycle Mode ..................................................................................................... 16‐21
Transit Mode ..................................................................................................... 16‐23
3. APPLICATIONS ..................................................................................................16‐25
Generalized Daily Service Volumes for Urban Street Facilities ................. 16‐26
Active Traffic Management Strategies........................................................... 16‐27
Example Problem 1: Auto‐Oriented Urban Street ....................................... 16‐29
Example Problem 2: Pedestrian and Bicycle Improvements ...................... 16‐36
Example Problem 3: Pedestrian and Parking Improvements..................... 16‐41
5. REFERENCES .......................................................................................................16‐47

Chapter 16/Urban Street Facilities Page 16-i Contents

December 2010
LIST OF EXHIBITS
Exhibit 16‐1 Three Alternative Study Approaches................................................ 16‐2
Exhibit 16‐2 Integrated Multimodal Evaluation Framework............................... 16‐4
Exhibit 16‐3 Signal Spacing Associated with Effectively Isolated Operation.... 16‐7
Exhibit 16‐4 LOS Criteria: Automobile Mode ........................................................ 16‐8
Exhibit 16‐5 LOS Criteria: Pedestrian Mode .......................................................... 16‐9
Exhibit 16‐6 LOS Criteria: Bicycle and Transit Modes.......................................... 16‐9
Exhibit 16‐7 Input Data Requirements: Automobile Mode................................ 16‐10
Exhibit 16‐8 Input Data Requirements: Nonautomobile Modes ....................... 16‐12
Exhibit 16‐9 Automobile Methodology for Urban Street Facilities................... 16‐16
Exhibit 16‐10 Pedestrian Methodology for Urban Street Facilities ................... 16‐19
Exhibit 16‐11 Qualitative Description of Pedestrian Space ................................ 16‐19
Exhibit 16‐12 Bicycle Methodology for Urban Street Facilities ......................... 16‐22
Exhibit 16‐13 Transit Methodology for Urban Street Facilities ......................... 16‐23
Exhibit 16‐14 Generalized Daily Service Volumes for Urban Street Facilities
(1,000 veh/day) ................................................................................................. 16‐27
Exhibit 16‐15 Example Problems ........................................................................... 16‐29
Exhibit 16‐16 Example Problem 1: Urban Street Schematic ............................... 16‐29
Exhibit 16‐17 Example Problem 1: Segment Geometry ...................................... 16‐30
Exhibit 16‐18 Example Problem 1: Intersection Turn Movement Counts ........ 16‐30
Exhibit 16‐19 Example Problem 1: Signal Conditions for Intersection 1 .......... 16‐31
Exhibit 16‐20 Example Problem 1: Geometric Conditions and Traffic
Characteristics for Signalized Intersection 1 ................................................. 16‐31
Exhibit 16‐21 Example Problem 1: Access Point Data......................................... 16‐32
Exhibit 16‐22 Example Problem 1: Intersection 1 Evaluation ............................ 16‐33
Exhibit 16‐24 Example Problem 1: Segment 1 Evaluation.................................. 16‐34
Exhibit 16‐26 Example Problem 1: Facility Evaluation ....................................... 16‐35
Exhibit 16‐32 Example Problem 2: Facility Evaluation ....................................... 16‐40
Contents Page 16-ii Chapter 16/Urban Street Facilities

December 2010

Exhibit 16‐38 Example Problem 3: Facility Evaluation....................................... 16‐45
Chapter 16/Urban Street Facilities Page 16-iii Contents

December 2010
CHAPTER 17
URBAN STREET SEGMENTS
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................17‐1
Urban Street Segment Defined ......................................................................... 17‐4
LOS Criteria......................................................................................................... 17‐6
2. METHODOLOGY ...............................................................................................17‐27
Overview ........................................................................................................... 17‐27
Automobile Mode............................................................................................. 17‐27
Pedestrian Mode ............................................................................................... 17‐44
Bicycle Mode ..................................................................................................... 17‐55
Transit Mode ..................................................................................................... 17‐59
3. APPLICATIONS ..................................................................................................17‐67
Default Values................................................................................................... 17‐67
Example Problem 1: Automobile LOS ........................................................... 17‐76
Example Problem 2: Pedestrian LOS ............................................................. 17‐84
Example Problem 3: Bicycle LOS.................................................................... 17‐90
Example Problem 4: Transit LOS.................................................................... 17‐95
5. REFERENCES .....................................................................................................17‐100
Chapter 17/Urban Street Segments Page 17-i Contents

December 2010
LIST OF EXHIBITS
Exhibit 17‐3 LOS Criteria: Pedestrian Mode .......................................................... 17‐8
Exhibit 17‐4 LOS Criteria: Bicycle and Transit Modes.......................................... 17‐8
Exhibit 17‐5 Input Data Requirements: Automobile Mode.................................. 17‐9
Exhibit 17‐7 Pavement Condition Rating ............................................................. 17‐21
Exhibit 17‐8 Automobile Methodology for Urban Street Segments ................. 17‐29
Exhibit 17‐9 Entry and Exit Volume on Example Segment................................ 17‐31
Exhibit 17‐10 Example Origin–Destination Distribution Matrix....................... 17‐31
Exhibit 17‐11 Base Free‐Flow Speed Adjustment Factors .................................. 17‐33
Exhibit 17‐12 Speed–Flow Relationship for Urban Street Segments................. 17‐35
Exhibit 17‐13 Delay due to Turning Vehicles....................................................... 17‐35
Exhibit 17‐14 Use of an Arrival Flow Profile to Estimate the Volume
Arriving During Green .................................................................................... 17‐38
Exhibit 17‐15 Pedestrian Methodology for Urban Street Segments.................. 17‐45
Exhibit 17‐17 Width Adjustments for Fixed Objects ........................................... 17‐48
Exhibit 17‐18 Variables for Pedestrian LOS Score for Link................................ 17‐51
Exhibit 17‐19 Diversion Distance Components ................................................... 17‐53
Exhibit 17‐20 Bicycle Methodology for Urban Street Segments ........................ 17‐55
Exhibit 17‐21 Variables for Bicycle LOS Score for Link ...................................... 17‐58
Exhibit 17‐22 Transit Methodology for Urban Street Segments ........................ 17‐59
Exhibit 17‐23 Transit Vehicle Running Time Loss............................................... 17‐63
Exhibit 17‐24 Default Values: Automobile Mode ................................................ 17‐68
Exhibit 17‐25 Default Turn Proportions for Access Point Intersections ........... 17‐69
Exhibit 17‐26 Default Values: Nonautomobile Modes........................................ 17‐71
Exhibit 17‐28 Example Problem 1: Urban Street Segment Schematic............... 17‐76
Exhibit 17‐29 Example Problem 1: Intersection Turn Movement Counts ........ 17‐77
Exhibit 17‐30 Example Problem 1: Signal Conditions for Intersection 1 .......... 17‐77
Exhibit 17‐31 Example Problem 1: Geometric Conditions and Traffic
Characteristics for Signalized Intersection 1 ................................................. 17‐78
Exhibit 17‐32 Example Problem 1: Segment Data ............................................... 17‐79
Exhibit 17‐33 Example Problem 1: Access Point Data......................................... 17‐79
Exhibit 17‐34 Example Problem 1: Movement‐Based Output Data .................. 17‐79
Contents Page 17-ii Chapter 17/Urban Street Segments

December 2010
Exhibit 17‐35 Example Problem 1: Timer‐Based Phase Output Data ............... 17‐80

Exhibit 17‐36 Example Problem 1: Timer‐Based Movement Output Data ...... 17‐82
Exhibit 17‐37 Example Problem 1: Movement‐Based Access Point
Output Data....................................................................................................... 17‐82
Exhibit 17‐38 Example Problem 1: Performance Measure Summary ............... 17‐83
Chapter 17/Urban Street Segments Page 17-iii Contents

December 2010
CHAPTER 18
SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................18‐1
LOS Criteria......................................................................................................... 18‐5
2. METHODOLOGY ...............................................................................................18‐31
Overview ........................................................................................................... 18‐31
Automobile Mode............................................................................................. 18‐31
Pedestrian Mode ............................................................................................... 18‐59
Bicycle Mode ..................................................................................................... 18‐70
3. APPLICATIONS ..................................................................................................18‐74
Default Values................................................................................................... 18‐74
Introduction....................................................................................................... 18‐85
Example Problem 1: Automobile LOS ........................................................... 18‐85
Example Problem 2: Pedestrian LOS ............................................................. 18‐95
Example Problem 3: Bicycle LOS.................................................................. 18‐102
5. REFERENCES .....................................................................................................18‐105
Chapter 18/Signalized Intersections Page 18-i Contents

December 2010
LIST OF EXHIBITS
Exhibit 18‐2 Intersection Traffic Movements and Numbering Scheme.............. 18‐4
Exhibit 18‐3 Dual‐Ring Structure with Illustrative Movement Assignments.... 18‐5
Exhibit 18‐5 Level of Service Criteria: Pedestrian and Bicycle Modes................ 18‐7
Exhibit 18‐6 Input Data Requirements: Automobile Mode with Pretimed,
Fully Actuated, or Semiactuated Signal Control ............................................ 18‐8
Exhibit 18‐7 Input Data Requirements: Automobile Mode with Coordinated‐
Actuated Signal Control .................................................................................... 18‐8
Exhibit 18‐8 Relationship Between Arrival Type and Progression Quality..... 18‐12
Exhibit 18‐10 Intersection Corner Geometry and Pedestrian Movements....... 18‐26
Exhibit 18‐11 Automobile Methodology for Signalized Intersections.............. 18‐32
Exhibit 18‐12 Typical Lane Groups for Analysis ................................................. 18‐34
Exhibit 18‐13 Lane Width Adjustment Factor...................................................... 18‐36
Exhibit 18‐14 Time Elements Influencing Actuated Phase Duration................ 18‐40
Exhibit 18‐15 Critical Path Determination with Protected Left‐Turn Phases .. 18‐43
Exhibit 18‐16 Critical Path Determination with Protected‐Permitted
Left‐Turn Operation ......................................................................................... 18‐44
Exhibit 18‐17 Decomposition of Queue Accumulation Polygon....................... 18‐47
Exhibit 18‐18 Cumulative Arrivals and Departures During an
Oversaturated Analysis Period....................................................................... 18‐49
Exhibit 18‐19 Initial Queue Delay with Increasing Queue Size......................... 18‐50
Exhibit 18‐20 Initial Queue Delay with Decreasing Queue Size ....................... 18‐50
Exhibit 18‐21 Initial Queue Delay with Queue Clearing .................................... 18‐50
Exhibit 18‐22 Polygon for Uniform Delay Calculation ....................................... 18‐51
Exhibit 18‐23 Pedestrian Methodology for Signalized Intersections ................ 18‐60
Exhibit 18‐25 Condition 1: Minor‐Street Crossing............................................... 18‐61
Exhibit 18‐26 Condition 2: Major‐Street Crossing ............................................... 18‐61
Exhibit 18‐27 Bicycle Methodology for Signalized Intersections ...................... 18‐71
Exhibit 18‐28 Default Values: Automobile Mode with Fully or
Semiactuated Signal Control ........................................................................... 18‐76
Exhibit 18‐29 Progression Quality and Arrival Type.......................................... 18‐77
Exhibit 18‐30 Default Lane Utilization Adjustment Factors .............................. 18‐77
Exhibit 18‐31 Default Parking Maneuver Rate .................................................... 18‐78
Contents Page 18-ii Chapter 18/Signalized Intersections

December 2010
Exhibit 18‐32 Default Values: Automobile Mode with Coordinated‐
Actuated Signal Control .................................................................................. 18‐78
Exhibit 18‐33 Default System Cycle Length ......................................................... 18‐78
Exhibit 18‐34 Default Values: Nonautomobile Modes ....................................... 18‐80
Exhibit 18‐35 Effect of Cycle Length on Delay..................................................... 18‐83
Exhibit 18‐37 Example Problem 1: Intersection Plan View ................................ 18‐85
Exhibit 18‐38 Example Problem 1: Signal Conditions......................................... 18‐86
Exhibit 18‐39 Example Problem 1: Traffic and Geometric Conditions............. 18‐86
Exhibit 18‐40 Example Problem 1: Movement‐Based Output Data.................. 18‐87
Exhibit 18‐41 Example Problem 1: Timer‐Based Phase Output Data ............... 18‐88
Exhibit 18‐42 Example Problem 1: Timer‐Based Movement Output Data ...... 18‐90
Exhibit 18‐43 Example Problem 1: Timer‐Based Left Lane Group Output
Data .................................................................................................................... 18‐91
Exhibit 18‐44 Example Problem 1: Timer‐Based Middle Lane Group Output
Data .................................................................................................................... 18‐94
Exhibit 18‐45 Example Problem 1: Timer‐Based Right Lane Group Output
Data .................................................................................................................... 18‐94
Exhibit 18‐46 Example Problem 1: Performance Measure Summary ............... 18‐95
Exhibit 18‐47 Example Problem 2: Pedestrian Flow Rates ................................. 18‐96
Exhibit 18‐48 Example Problem 2: Vehicular Demand Flow Rates .................. 18‐96
Exhibit 18‐49 Example Problem 3: Vehicular Demand Flow Rates and
Cross‐Section Element Widths...................................................................... 18‐102
Chapter 18/Signalized Intersections Page 18-iii Contents

December 2010
CHAPTER 20
ALL-WAY STOP-CONTROLLED INTERSECTIONS
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................20‐1
Intersection Analysis Boundaries and Travel Modes .................................... 20‐2
Level‐of‐Service Criteria .................................................................................... 20‐2
2. METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................20‐4
Overview ............................................................................................................. 20‐4
Automobile Mode............................................................................................... 20‐9
Pedestrian Mode ............................................................................................... 20‐17
Bicycle Mode ..................................................................................................... 20‐19
3. APPLICATIONS ..................................................................................................20‐20
Default Values................................................................................................... 20‐20
Establish Intersection Analysis Boundaries .................................................. 20‐20
4. EXAMPLE PROBLEM .........................................................................................20‐22
Example Problem 1: Single‐Lane, T‐Intersection ......................................... 20‐22
5. REFERENCES .......................................................................................................20‐28

Chapter 20/All-Way STOP-Controlled Intersections Page 20-i Contents

December 2010
LIST OF EXHIBITS
Exhibit 20‐1 Analysis Cases for AWSC Intersections............................................ 20‐1
Exhibit 20‐3 Operation Patterns at AWSC Intersections ...................................... 20‐4
Exhibit 20‐4 AWSC Configuration: Formulation 1................................................ 20‐5
Exhibit 20‐5 AWSC Configuration: Formulation 2................................................ 20‐6
Exhibit 20‐6 Probability of Degree‐of‐Conflict Case ............................................. 20‐7
Exhibit 20‐7 Degree‐of‐Conflict Cases for Two‐Lane Approaches ..................... 20‐9
Exhibit 20‐8 Degree‐of‐Conflict Cases for Three‐Lane Approaches ................... 20‐9
Exhibit 20‐9 AWSC Intersection Methodology.................................................... 20‐10
Exhibit 20‐10 Geometry Groups ............................................................................ 20‐11
Exhibit 20‐11 Saturation Headway Adjustments by Geometry Group ............ 20‐12
Exhibit 20‐12 Probability of aj ................................................................................. 20‐12
Exhibit 20‐13 Probability of Degree‐of‐Conflict Case: Multilane AWSC
Intersections (Two‐Lane Approaches, by Lane) .......................................... 20‐13
Exhibit 20‐14 Saturation Headway Values by Case and Geometry Group ..... 20‐15
Exhibit 20‐15 Volumes and Lane Configurations for Example Problem 1 ...... 20‐22
Contents Page 20-ii Chapter 20/All-Way STOP-Controlled Intersections

December 2010
CHAPTER 21
ROUNDABOUTS
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................21‐1
Intersection Analysis Boundaries and Travel Modes .................................... 21‐1
Level of Service Criteria..................................................................................... 21‐1
2. METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................21‐4
Overview ............................................................................................................. 21‐4
Automobile Mode............................................................................................. 21‐11
Pedestrian Mode ............................................................................................... 21‐21
Bicycle Mode ..................................................................................................... 21‐21
3. APPLICATIONS ..................................................................................................21‐22
Default Values................................................................................................... 21‐22
Calibration of Capacity Model........................................................................ 21‐23
Example Problem 1: Single‐Lane Roundabout with Bypass Lanes ........... 21‐28
Example Problem 2: Multilane Roundabout................................................. 21‐33
5. REFERENCES .......................................................................................................21‐39
Chapter 21/Roundabouts Page 21-i Contents

December 2010
LIST OF EXHIBITS

Exhibit 21‐2 Analysis on One Roundabout Leg..................................................... 21‐5
Exhibit 21‐3 Example of One‐Lane Entry Conflicted by One Circulating
Lane ...................................................................................................................... 21‐6
Exhibit 21‐4 Example of Two‐Lane Entry Conflicted by One Circulating
Lane ...................................................................................................................... 21‐7
Exhibit 21‐5 Example of One‐Lane Entry Conflicted by Two Circulating
Lanes..................................................................................................................... 21‐8
Exhibit 21‐6 Example of Two‐Lane Entry Conflicted by Two Circulating
Lanes..................................................................................................................... 21‐8
Exhibit 21‐7 Capacity of Single‐Lane and Multilane Entries ............................... 21‐9
Exhibit 21‐8 Right‐Turn Bypass Lanes .................................................................. 21‐10
Exhibit 21‐9 Roundabout Analysis Methodology ............................................... 21‐11
Exhibit 21‐10 Passenger Car Equivalencies .......................................................... 21‐12
Exhibit 21‐11 Calculation of Circulating Flow ..................................................... 21‐13
Exhibit 21‐12 Calculation of Exiting Flow ............................................................ 21‐14
Exhibit 21‐13 Assumed (de facto) Lane Assignments......................................... 21‐15
Exhibit 21‐14 Volume Assignments for Two‐Lane Entries ................................ 21‐15
Exhibit 21‐15 Capacity Equations for Entry Lanes.............................................. 21‐15
Exhibit 21‐16 Capacity Equations for Bypass Lanes ........................................... 21‐16
Exhibit 21‐17 Model of Entry Capacity Adjustment Factor for Pedestrians
Crossing a One‐Lane Entry (Assuming Pedestrian Priority)...................... 21‐16
Exhibit 21‐18 Illustration of Entry Capacity Adjustment Factor for
Pedestrians Crossing a One‐Lane Entry (Assuming Pedestrian
Priority) .............................................................................................................. 21‐16
Exhibit 21‐19 Model of Entry Capacity Adjustment Factor for Pedestrians
Crossing a Two‐Lane Entry (Assuming Pedestrian Priority) ..................... 21‐17
Exhibit 21‐20 Illustration of Entry Capacity Adjustment Factor for
Pedestrians Crossing a Two‐Lane Entry (Assuming Pedestrian
Priority) .............................................................................................................. 21‐17
Exhibit 21‐21 Assumed Default Values for Lane Utilization for Two‐Lane
Approaches........................................................................................................ 21‐22
Exhibit 21‐23 Demand Volumes and Lane Configurations for Example
Problem 1 ........................................................................................................... 21‐28
Exhibit 21‐24 Demand Volumes and Lane Configurations for Example
Problem 2 ........................................................................................................... 21‐33
Contents Page 21-ii Chapter 21/Roundabouts

December 2010
CHAPTER 23
OFF-STREET PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLE FACILITIES
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................23‐1
Overview ............................................................................................................. 23‐1
Analysis Boundaries........................................................................................... 23‐2
LOS Criteria ......................................................................................................... 23‐2
2. METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................23‐7
Overview ............................................................................................................. 23‐7
Exclusive Off‐Street Pedestrian Facilities........................................................ 23‐9
Shared‐Use Paths.............................................................................................. 23‐13
Off‐Street Bicycle Facilities.............................................................................. 23‐15
3. APPLICATIONS ..................................................................................................23‐24
Default Values................................................................................................... 23‐24
Analysis Boundaries......................................................................................... 23‐24
Special Cases ..................................................................................................... 23‐25
Example Problem 1: Pedestrian LOS on Shared‐Use and Exclusive
Paths ............................................................................................................ 23‐28
Example Problem 2: Bicycle LOS on a Shared‐Use Path ............................. 23‐30
5. REFERENCES .......................................................................................................23‐34

Chapter 23/Off-Street Pedestrian and Bicycle Facilities Page 23-i Contents

December 2010
LIST OF EXHIBITS
Exhibit 23‐1 Average Flow LOS Criteria for Walkways ....................................... 23‐3

Exhibit 23‐2 Platoon‐Adjusted LOS Criteria for Walkways................................. 23‐3
Exhibit 23‐3 LOS Criteria for Stairways.................................................................. 23‐3
Exhibit 23‐4 Pedestrian LOS Criteria for Shared‐Use Paths................................. 23‐4
Exhibit 23‐5 LOS Criteria for Bicycles on Shared‐Use and Exclusive Paths ...... 23‐4
Exhibit 23‐6 Required Input Data by Exclusive Pedestrian and Bicycle
Facility Type........................................................................................................ 23‐4
Exhibit 23‐7 Flowchart for Analysis of Exclusive Off‐Street Pedestrian
Facilities ............................................................................................................... 23‐7
Exhibit 23‐8 Flowchart for Analysis of Pedestrian LOS on Shared Off‐Street
Facilities ............................................................................................................... 23‐8
Exhibit 23‐9 Flowchart for Analysis of Bicycle LOS on Off‐Street Facilities...... 23‐8
Exhibit 23‐10 Width Adjustments for Fixed Obstacles ......................................... 23‐9
Exhibit 23‐11 Typical Fixed‐Object Effective Widths.......................................... 23‐10
Exhibit 23‐12 Schematic of Active Passing Events .............................................. 23‐17
Exhibit 23‐13 Schematic of Meeting Events.......................................................... 23‐18
Exhibit 23‐14 Effective Lanes by Path Width ....................................................... 23‐19
Exhibit 23‐15 Required Bicycle Passing Distance ................................................ 23‐19
Exhibit 23‐16 Frequency of Blocking of Two Lanes ............................................ 23‐21
Exhibit 23‐17 Default Values for Exclusive Off‐Street Bicycle Facilities .......... 23‐24
Exhibit 23‐18 Pedestrian Circulation Space in a Pedestrian Plaza .................... 23‐26
Exhibit 23‐19 Effect of Vertical Climb on Horizontal Distance Walked ........... 23‐27
Contents Page 23-ii Chapter 23/Off-Street Pedestrian and Bicycle Facilities

December 2010
CHAPTER 25
FREEWAY FACILITIES: SUPPLEMENTAL
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................25‐1
Scope of Chapter................................................................................................. 25‐1
Limitations........................................................................................................... 25‐1
2. GLOSSARY OF VARIABLE DEFINITIONS....................................................25‐3
Global Variables.................................................................................................. 25‐3
Segment Variables .............................................................................................. 25‐4
Node Variables.................................................................................................... 25‐5
On‐Ramp Variables ............................................................................................ 25‐5
Off‐Ramp Variables............................................................................................ 25‐6
Facilitywide Variables........................................................................................ 25‐6
3. OVERALL PROCEDURE DESCRIPTION........................................................25‐7
Step 1: Collect Input Data.................................................................................. 25‐7
Step 2: Demand Estimation ............................................................................... 25‐8
Step 3: Establish Spatial and Time Units ......................................................... 25‐9
Step 4: Demand Adjustment ............................................................................. 25‐9
Step 5: Segment Capacity Estimation and Adjustment............................... 25‐10
Step 6: Demand‐to‐Capacity Ratios ............................................................... 25‐11
Step 7: Undersaturated Segment Evaluation ................................................ 25‐12
Step 8: Oversaturated Segment Evaluation................................................... 25‐12
Step 9: Directional Facility Summary............................................................. 25‐12
4. UNDERSATURATED SEGMENT EVALUATION ......................................25‐13
5. OVERSATURATED SEGMENT EVALUATION..........................................25‐14
Procedure Parameters ...................................................................................... 25‐14
Flow Estimation ................................................................................................ 25‐16
Segment and Ramp Performance Measures ................................................. 25‐28
6. DIRECTIONAL FACILITY MODULE.............................................................25‐30
Flowcharts ......................................................................................................... 25‐32
Linkage Lists ..................................................................................................... 25‐36
8. REFERENCES .......................................................................................................25‐39
Chapter 25/Freeway Facilities: Supplemental Page 25-i Contents

December 2010
LIST OF EXHIBITS
Exhibit 25‐1 Overall Procedure Layout................................................................... 25‐7
Exhibit 25‐2 Alternative Speed–Flow Curves for Indicated Capacity
Adjustment Factors .......................................................................................... 25‐11
Exhibit 25‐3 Node–Segment Representation of a Directional Freeway
Facility ................................................................................................................ 25‐14
Exhibit 25‐4 Recommended Time Step Duration for Oversaturated
Analysis.............................................................................................................. 25‐14
Exhibit 25‐5 Segment Flow–Density Function ..................................................... 25‐16
Exhibit 25‐6 Oversaturated Analysis Procedure.................................................. 25‐17
Exhibit 25‐7 Definitions of Mainline and Segment Flows .................................. 25‐22
Exhibit 25‐8 Flow–Density Function with a Shock Wave................................... 25‐24
Exhibit 25‐9 Opening Dialog Module Flowchart................................................. 25‐33
Exhibit 25‐10 Input Formatting Module Flowchart ............................................ 25‐33
Exhibit 25‐11 Weaving Calculator Input Module Flowchart ............................. 25‐34
Exhibit 25‐12 Main Analysis Module Flowchart ................................................. 25‐35
Exhibit 25‐13 MOE Calculation Module Flowchart ............................................ 25‐36
Exhibit 25‐14 Opening Dialog Module Routines................................................. 25‐37
Exhibit 25‐15 Input Formatting Module Routines............................................... 25‐37
Exhibit 25‐16 Input Revision Module Routines ................................................... 25‐37
Exhibit 25‐17 Weaving Calculator Input Module Routines ............................... 25‐37
Exhibit 25‐18 Main Analysis Module Routines ................................................... 25‐38
Exhibit 25‐19 Supplemental Calculation Module Routines ............................... 25‐38
Exhibit 25‐20 MOE Calculation Module Routines .............................................. 25‐38
Contents Page 25-ii Chapter 25/Freeway Facilities: Supplemental

December 2010
CHAPTER 26
FREEWAY AND HIGHWAY SEGMENTS: SUPPLEMENTAL
CONTENTS
1. ALTERNATIVE TOOL EXAMPLES FOR BASIC FREEWAY
SEGMENTS ............................................................................................................26‐1
Example Problem 1: Development of HOV Lane .......................................... 26‐1
Example Problem 2: Incident Occurrence ....................................................... 26‐6
2. STATE‐SPECIFIC HEAVY‐VEHICLE DEFAULT VALUES ........................26‐10
3. REFERENCE..........................................................................................................26‐12

Chapter 26/Freeway and Highway Segments: Supplemental Page 26-i Contents

December 2010
LIST OF EXHIBITS
Exhibit 26‐1 Graphical View of Basic Freeway Segment with HOV Lane ......... 26‐1

Exhibit 26‐2 Density of Basic Freeway Segment with HOV Lane as a
Function of Carpool Percentage ....................................................................... 26‐2
Exhibit 26‐3 Capacity of Basic Freeway Segment with HOV Lane as a
Function of Carpool Percentage ....................................................................... 26‐3
Function of Percent of HOV Usage .................................................................. 26‐3
Function of Percent of HOV Usage .................................................................. 26‐4
Function of HOV Warning Sign Distance ....................................................... 26‐4
Function of HOV Warning Sign Distance ....................................................... 26‐5
Function of Percent of HOV Violators ............................................................. 26‐5
Function of Percent of HOV Violators ............................................................. 26‐6
Exhibit 26‐10 Density of Basic Freeway Segment for Varying Incident
Duration ............................................................................................................... 26‐7
Exhibit 26‐11 Capacity of Basic Freeway Segment for Varying Incident
Duration ............................................................................................................... 26‐7
Exhibit 26‐12 Link Density of Basic Freeway Segment for Varying Length of
Segment Affected................................................................................................ 26‐8
Exhibit 26‐13 Capacity of Basic Freeway Segment for Varying Length of
Segment Affected................................................................................................ 26‐8
Exhibit 26‐14 Density of Basic Freeway Segment for Varying Location of
Warning Sign....................................................................................................... 26‐9
Exhibit 26‐15 Capacity of Basic Freeway Segment for Varying Location of
Warning Sign....................................................................................................... 26‐9
Exhibit 26‐16 State‐Specific Default Values for Percentage of Heavy
Vehicles on Freeways ....................................................................................... 26‐10
Exhibit 26‐17 State‐Specific Default Values for Percentage of Heavy
Vehicles on Multilane and Two‐Lane Highways ......................................... 26‐11
Contents Page 26-ii Chapter 26/Freeway and Highway Segments: Supplemental

December 2010
CHAPTER 27
FREEWAY WEAVING: SUPPLEMENTAL
CONTENTS
1. ALTERNATIVE TOOL EXAMPLES FOR FREEWAY WEAVING
SEGMENTS ............................................................................................................27‐1
Determining the Weaving Segment Capacity ................................................ 27‐2
Effect of Demand on Performance ................................................................... 27‐3
Effect of Queue Backup from a Downstream Signal on the Exit Ramp...... 27‐4

Chapter 27/Freeway Weaving: Supplemental Page 27-i Contents

December 2010
LIST OF EXHIBITS
Exhibit 27‐1 Major Weaving Segment for Example Problem 1............................ 27‐1
Exhibit 27‐2 Link–Node Structure for the Simulated Weaving Segment........... 27‐1
Exhibit 27‐3 Input Data for Various Demand Levels............................................ 27‐2
Exhibit 27‐4 Determining the Capacity of a Weaving Segment by
Simulation............................................................................................................ 27‐3
Exhibit 27‐5 Simulated Effect of Demand Volume on Weaving Segment
Capacity and Speed ............................................................................................ 27‐3
Exhibit 27‐6 Exit Ramp Signal Operating Parameters .......................................... 27‐4
Exhibit 27‐7 Deterioration of Weaving Segment Operation due to Queue
Backup from a Traffic Signal............................................................................. 27‐5
Exhibit 27‐8 Effect of Demand on Weaving Segment Throughput with Exit
Ramp Backup ...................................................................................................... 27‐6
Exhibit 27‐9 Effect of Demand on Exit Ramp Throughput with Signal
Queuing ............................................................................................................... 27‐6
Contents Page 27-ii Chapter 27/Freeway Weaving: Supplemental

December 2010
CHAPTER 28
FREEWAY MERGES AND DIVERGES: SUPPLEMENTAL
CONTENTS
1. ALTERNATIVE TOOL EXAMPLES FOR FREEWAY RAMPS.....................28‐1
Problem 1: Ramp‐Metering Effects .................................................................. 28‐1
Problem 2: Conversion of Leftmost Lane to an HOV Lane .......................... 28‐4

Chapter 28/Freeway Merges and Diverges: Supplemental Page 28-i Contents

December 2010
LIST OF EXHIBITS
Exhibit 28‐1 Graphics Capture of the Ramp Merge with Ramp Metering......... 28‐2
Exhibit 28‐2 Density as a Function of Ramp‐Metering Headways ..................... 28‐2
Exhibit 28‐3 Capacity at a Ramp Junction as a Function of Ramp‐Metering
Headways ............................................................................................................ 28‐3
Exhibit 28‐4 Queue Length on the Ramp as a Function of Ramp‐Metering
Headways ............................................................................................................ 28‐3
Exhibit 28‐5 Graphics Capture of the Segment with an HOV Lane.................... 28‐4
Exhibit 28‐6 Density of a Ramp Junction as a Function of the Carpool
Percentage............................................................................................................ 28‐4
Exhibit 28‐7 Capacity of a Ramp Junction as a Function of the Carpool
Percentage............................................................................................................ 28‐5
Exhibit 28‐8 Density of a Ramp Junction as a Function of the HOV Violation
Percentage............................................................................................................ 28‐5
Exhibit 28‐9 Capacity of a Ramp Junction as a Function of the HOV Violation
Percentage............................................................................................................ 28‐6
Exhibit 28‐10 Density of a Ramp Junction as a Function of the Distance at
Which Drivers Begin to React ........................................................................... 28‐6
Exhibit 28‐11 Capacity of a Ramp Junction as a Function of the Distance at
Which Drivers Begin to React ........................................................................... 28‐7
Exhibit 28‐12 Density of a Ramp Junction as a Function of the Percentage of
HOV Usage.......................................................................................................... 28‐7
Exhibit 28‐13 Capacity of a Ramp Junction as a Function of the Percentage of
HOV Usage.......................................................................................................... 28‐8
Contents Page 28-ii Chapter 28/Freeway Merges and Diverges: Supplemental

December 2010
CHAPTER 29
URBAN STREET FACILITIES: SUPPLEMENTAL
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................29‐1
2. BASIC EXAMPLE PROBLEM CONFIGURATION ........................................29‐2
3. SIGNAL TIMING PLAN DESIGN ....................................................................29‐4
Deterministic STPD Tools ................................................................................. 29‐4
Performance Measures....................................................................................... 29‐5
Initial Timing Plan Design................................................................................. 29‐7
Initial Timing Plan Performance ...................................................................... 29‐8
Adjustments to Improve Progression Quality................................................ 29‐9
Time–Space Diagrams........................................................................................ 29‐9
Other Graphic Displays ................................................................................... 29‐11
Potential Improvements from Phasing Optimization ................................. 29‐15
4. EFFECT OF MIDSEGMENT PARKING ACTIVITIES ................................29‐17
5. EFFECT OF PLATOONED ARRIVALS AT A ROUNDABOUT ................29‐20
6. QUEUE LENGTH ANALYSIS BASED ON VEHICLE TRAJECTORIES..29‐23
Queuing Characteristics .................................................................................. 29‐23
BOQ Assessment .............................................................................................. 29‐26
7. REFERENCES .......................................................................................................29‐28

Chapter 29/Urban Street Facilities: Supplemental Page 29-i Contents

December 2010
LIST OF EXHIBITS
Exhibit 29‐1 Base Configuration for the Examples................................................ 29‐2
Exhibit 29‐2 Demand Flow Rates and Phasing Plan for Each Intersection ........ 29‐2
Exhibit 29‐3 Elements of a Typical Signal Timing Design Tool........................... 29‐5
Exhibit 29‐4 Cycle Length Optimization Results................................................... 29‐7
Exhibit 29‐5 Timing Plan Developed by Split and Offset Optimization ............ 29‐8
Exhibit 29‐6 Performance Measures for the Initial Timing Plan.......................... 29‐8
Exhibit 29‐7 Progression Quality Measures for the Initial Design ...................... 29‐9
Exhibit 29‐8 Progression Quality Measures for the Improved Progression
Design................................................................................................................... 29‐9
Exhibit 29‐9 Time–Space Diagram for the Initial Design ................................... 29‐10
Exhibit 29‐10 Time–Space Diagram for the Modified Progression Design...... 29‐10
Exhibit 29‐11 Offset Changes for the Modified Progression Design ................ 29‐10
Exhibit 29‐12 Alternative Time–Space Diagram Format .................................... 29‐11
Exhibit 29‐13 Example Illustrating the Use of Flow Profiles.............................. 29‐12
Exhibit 29‐14 Composite Flow Profiles for the First Eastbound Segment........ 29‐13
Exhibit 29‐15 Variation of Queue Length Throughout the Signal Cycle for
the First Eastbound Segment .......................................................................... 29‐14
Exhibit 29‐16 Time–Space Diagram with Flows and Queues ............................ 29‐14
Exhibit 29‐17 Optimized Phasing Modifications ................................................. 29‐15
Exhibit 29‐18 Time–Space Diagram for the Optimized Phasing Plan .............. 29‐16
Exhibit 29‐19 Time–Space Diagram Showing Ideal Eastbound Progression... 29‐17
Exhibit 29‐20 Parameters for the Parking Example............................................. 29‐18
Exhibit 29‐21 Effect of Parking Activity Level on Travel Time and Delay ...... 29‐18
Exhibit 29‐22 Effect of Parking Activity Level on the Percentage of Stops...... 29‐19
Exhibit 29‐23 Roundabout Configuration for Intersection 3.............................. 29‐20
Exhibit 29‐24 Time–Space Diagrams Showing Simultaneous and
Alternating Platoon Arrivals at the Roundabout ......................................... 29‐21
Exhibit 29‐25 Performance Comparison for Simultaneous and Alternating
Platoon Arrivals at a Roundabout.................................................................. 29‐21
Exhibit 29‐26 Queuing Results for the Theoretical Example ............................. 29‐24
Exhibit 29‐27 Queuing Results for Simultaneous Platoons................................ 29‐24
Exhibit 29‐28 Queuing Results for Alternating Platoons.................................... 29‐25
Exhibit 29‐29 Queuing Results for Isolated TWSC Operation........................... 29‐26
Exhibit 29‐30 Effect of Cross‐Street Demand Volume on Queue Backup
Beyond 100 ft from the Stop Line ................................................................... 29‐27
Contents Page 29-ii Chapter 29/Urban Street Facilities: Supplemental

December 2010
CHAPTER 30
URBAN STREET SEGMENTS: SUPPLEMENTAL
CONTENTS
1. TRAFFIC DEMAND ADJUSTMENTS..............................................................30‐1
Capacity Constraint and Volume Balance ...................................................... 30‐1
Origin–Destination Distribution....................................................................... 30‐3
Spillback Check................................................................................................... 30‐5
2. SIGNALIZED SEGMENT ANALYSIS............................................................30‐11
Discharge Flow Profile..................................................................................... 30‐11
Running Time ................................................................................................... 30‐12
Projected Arrival Flow Profile ........................................................................ 30‐12
Proportion of Time Blocked ............................................................................ 30‐15
3. DELAY DUE TO TURNS ...................................................................................30‐17
Delay due to Left Turns ................................................................................... 30‐17
Delay due to Right Turns ................................................................................ 30‐22
Introduction....................................................................................................... 30‐26
Input Data Requirements ................................................................................ 30‐26
Methodology ..................................................................................................... 30‐27
Example Problem.............................................................................................. 30‐32
Free‐Flow Speed ............................................................................................... 30‐35
Average Travel Speed ...................................................................................... 30‐36
Flowcharts ......................................................................................................... 30‐39
Linkage Lists ..................................................................................................... 30‐42
7. REFERENCES .......................................................................................................30‐45

Chapter 30/Urban Street Segments: Supplemental Page 30-i Contents

December 2010
LIST OF EXHIBITS
Exhibit 30‐1 Entry and Exit Movements on the Typical Street Segment............ 30‐1
Exhibit 30‐2 Default Seed Proportions for Origin–Destination Matrix .............. 30‐4
Exhibit 30‐3 Platoon Dispersion Model ................................................................ 30‐13
Exhibit 30‐4 Arrival Flow Profile Estimation Procedure .................................... 30‐14
Exhibit 30‐5 Estimation of Blocked Period Duration .......................................... 30‐16
Exhibit 30‐6 Input Data Requirements for the Quick Estimation Method....... 30‐26
Exhibit 30‐7 Quick Estimation Method for Urban Street Segments.................. 30‐27
Exhibit 30‐8 Quick Estimation Running Time Worksheet ................................. 30‐28
Exhibit 30‐9 Quick Estimation Proportion Arriving During Green
Worksheet .......................................................................................................... 30‐29
Exhibit 30‐10 Quick Estimation Control Delay Worksheet................................ 30‐30
Exhibit 30‐11 Quick Estimation Stop Rate Worksheet........................................ 30‐31
Exhibit 30‐12 Quick Estimation Travel Speed and Spatial Stop Rate
Worksheet .......................................................................................................... 30‐32
Exhibit 30‐13 Quick Estimation Example Problem ............................................. 30‐33
Exhibit 30‐14 Travel Time Field Worksheet ......................................................... 30‐37
Exhibit 30‐15 Methodology Flowchart.................................................................. 30‐39
Exhibit 30‐16 Setup Module ................................................................................... 30‐40
Exhibit 30‐17 Segment Evaluation Module .......................................................... 30‐40
Exhibit 30‐18 Segment Analysis Module .............................................................. 30‐41
Exhibit 30‐19 Delay due to Turns Module............................................................ 30‐41
Exhibit 30‐20 Performance Measures Module ..................................................... 30‐42
Exhibit 30‐21 Segment Evaluation Module Routines.......................................... 30‐43
Exhibit 30‐22 Segment Analysis Module Routines ............................................. 30‐43
Exhibit 30‐23 Delay due to Turns Module Routines ........................................... 30‐44
Contents Page 30-ii Chapter 30/Urban Street Segments: Supplemental

December 2010
CHAPTER 31
SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS: SUPPLEMENTAL
CONTENTS
1. TRAFFIC SIGNAL CONCEPTS..........................................................................31‐1
Types of Traffic Signal Control......................................................................... 31‐1
Intersection Traffic Movements........................................................................ 31‐2
Signal Phase Sequence ....................................................................................... 31‐2
Operational Modes............................................................................................. 31‐4
Left‐Turn Phase Sequence ................................................................................. 31‐5
Traffic Flow Characteristics............................................................................... 31‐6
2. CAPACITY AND PHASE DURATION...........................................................31‐10
Actuated Phase Duration ................................................................................ 31‐10
Lane Group Flow Rate on Multiple‐Lane Approaches ............................... 31‐30
Pretimed Phase Duration ................................................................................ 31‐37
Pedestrian and Bicycle Adjustment Factors.................................................. 31‐42
3. QUEUE ACCUMULATION POLYGON .........................................................31‐48
Introduction....................................................................................................... 31‐48
Concepts ............................................................................................................ 31‐48
General Procedure............................................................................................ 31‐49
4. QUEUE STORAGE RATIO................................................................................31‐68
Introduction....................................................................................................... 31‐68
Concepts ............................................................................................................ 31‐68
Introduction....................................................................................................... 31‐83
Input Requirements.......................................................................................... 31‐83
Methodology ..................................................................................................... 31‐84
Field Measurement of Intersection Control Delay....................................... 31‐97
Field Measurement of Saturation Flow Rate .............................................. 31‐103
Chapter 31/Signalized Intersections: Supplemental Page 31-i Contents

December 2010
7. COMPUTATIONAL ENGINE DOCUMENTATION.................................31‐109
Flowcharts........................................................................................................ 31‐109
Linkage Lists.................................................................................................... 31‐111
8. SIMULATION EXAMPLES .............................................................................31‐117
Introduction..................................................................................................... 31‐117
Effect of Storage Bay Overflow..................................................................... 31‐117
Effect of Right‐Turn‐on‐Red Operation....................................................... 31‐119
Effect of Short Through Lanes ...................................................................... 31‐122
Effect of Closely Spaced Intersections ......................................................... 31‐123
9. REFERENCES .....................................................................................................31‐125
Contents Page 31-ii Chapter 31/Signalized Intersections: Supplemental

December 2010
LIST OF EXHIBITS
Exhibit 31‐1 Intersection Traffic Movements and Numbering Scheme ............. 31‐2

Exhibit 31‐2 Dual‐Ring Structure with Illustrative Movement Assignments.... 31‐3
Exhibit 31‐3 Illustrative Protected Lag–Lag and Permitted‐Only Phasing........ 31‐5
Exhibit 31‐4 Illustrative Protected Lead–Lag and Split Phasing ......................... 31‐6
Exhibit 31‐5 Fundamental Attributes of Traffic Flow at Signalized
Intersections ........................................................................................................ 31‐7
Exhibit 31‐6 Fundamental Variables of Traffic Flow at Signalized
Intersections ........................................................................................................ 31‐8
Exhibit 31‐7 Time Elements Influencing Actuated Phase Duration ................. 31‐11
Exhibit 31‐8 Detection Design and Maximum Allowable Headway................ 31‐16
Exhibit 31‐9 Force‐Off Points, Yield Point, and Phase Splits ............................. 31‐21
Exhibit 31‐10 Example Equivalent Maximum Green for Fixed Force Mode ... 31‐23
Exhibit 31‐11 Probability of a Lane Change ......................................................... 31‐31
Exhibit 31‐12 Input Variables for Lane Group Flow Rate Procedure ............... 31‐33
Exhibit 31‐13 Example Intersection ....................................................................... 31‐39
Exhibit 31‐14 Conflict Zone Locations .................................................................. 31‐42
Exhibit 31‐15 Queue Accumulation Polygon for Protected Movements ......... 31‐49
Exhibit 31‐16 Unblocked Permitted Green Time................................................. 31‐52
Exhibit 31‐17 QAP for Permitted Left‐Turn Operation in an Exclusive Lane . 31‐60
Exhibit 31‐18 QAP for Permitted Left‐Turn Operation in a Shared Lane........ 31‐61
Exhibit 31‐19 QAP for Leading, Protected‐Permitted Left‐Turn Operation in
an Exclusive Lane ............................................................................................. 31‐61
Exhibit 31‐20 QAP for Lagging, Protected‐Permitted Left‐Turn Operation in
Exhibit 31‐21 QAP for Leading, Protected‐Permitted Left‐Turn Operation in
a Shared Lane .................................................................................................... 31‐62
Exhibit 31‐22 QAP for Lagging, Protected‐Permitted Left‐Turn Operation in
a Shared Lane .................................................................................................... 31‐62
Exhibit 31‐23 Polygon for Uniform Delay Calculation....................................... 31‐63
Exhibit 31‐24 Time–Space Diagram of Vehicle Trajectory on an Intersection
Approach ........................................................................................................... 31‐69
Exhibit 31‐25 Cumulative Arrivals and Departures During an Oversaturated
Analysis Period ................................................................................................. 31‐70
Exhibit 31‐26 Third‐Term Back‐of‐Queue Size with Increasing Queue ........... 31‐71
Exhibit 31‐27 Third‐Term Back‐of‐Queue Size with Decreasing Queue.......... 31‐71
Exhibit 31‐28 Third‐Term Back‐of‐Queue Size with Queue Clearing .............. 31‐71
Exhibit 31‐29 Arrival–Departure Polygon............................................................ 31‐74
Chapter 31/Signalized Intersections: Supplemental Page 31-iii Contents

December 2010
Exhibit 31‐30 ADP for Permitted Left‐Turn Operation in an Exclusive Lane . 31‐77
Exhibit 31‐31 ADP for Permitted Left‐Turn Operation in a Shared Lane ........ 31‐77
Exhibit 31‐32 ADP for Leading, Protected‐Permitted Left‐Turn Operation in
Exhibit 31‐33 ADP for Lagging, Protected‐Permitted Left‐Turn Operation in
Exhibit 31‐34 ADP for Leading, Protected‐Permitted Left‐Turn Operation in
a Shared Lane .................................................................................................... 31‐78
Exhibit 31‐35 ADP for Lagging, Protected‐Permitted Left‐Turn Operation in
a Shared Lane .................................................................................................... 31‐78
Exhibit 31‐36 Input Data Requirements for Quick Estimation Method ........... 31‐83
Exhibit 31‐37 Quick Estimation Input Worksheet ............................................... 31‐84
Exhibit 31‐38 Quick Estimation Left‐Turn Treatment Worksheet..................... 31‐86
Exhibit 31‐39 Quick Estimation Lane Volume Worksheet ................................. 31‐87
Exhibit 31‐40 Through‐Car Equivalents for Permitted Left Turns.................... 31‐89
Exhibit 31‐41 Shared‐Lane Left‐Turn Adjustment Factor .................................. 31‐90
Exhibit 31‐42 Quick Estimation Control Delay and Level‐of‐Service
Worksheet .......................................................................................................... 31‐91
Exhibit 31‐43 Phase Plans for Quick Estimation Method ................................... 31‐92
Exhibit 31‐44 Phase Plan Summary for Quick Estimation Method .................. 31‐92
Exhibit 31‐45 Intersection Status Criteria for Quick Estimation Method ......... 31‐94
Exhibit 31‐46 Progression Adjustment Factor...................................................... 31‐95
Exhibit 31‐47 Control Delay Field Study Worksheet .......................................... 31‐99
Exhibit 31‐48 Acceleration–Deceleration Correction Factor ............................ 31‐101
Exhibit 31‐49 Example Control Delay Field Study Worksheet........................ 31‐102
Exhibit 31‐50 Example Worksheet with Residual Queue at End .................... 31‐103
Exhibit 31‐51 Saturation Flow Rate Field Study Worksheet ............................ 31‐105
Exhibit 31‐52 Methodology Flowchart................................................................ 31‐109
Exhibit 31‐53 Setup Module ................................................................................. 31‐110
Exhibit 31‐54 Signalized Intersection Module ................................................... 31‐110
Exhibit 31‐55 Initial Queue Delay Module ......................................................... 31‐111
Exhibit 31‐56 Performance Measures Module ................................................... 31‐111
Exhibit 31‐57 Setup Module Routines................................................................. 31‐112
Exhibit 31‐58 Signalized Intersection Module: Main Routines........................ 31‐113
Exhibit 31‐59 Signalized Intersection Module: Main Routines (continued) .. 31‐114
Exhibit 31‐60 Signalized Intersection Module: ComputeQAPolygon
Routines ........................................................................................................... 31‐115
Exhibit 31‐61 Performance Measures Module Routines................................... 31‐116
Contents Page 31-iv Chapter 31/Signalized Intersections: Supplemental

December 2010
Exhibit 31‐62 Effect of Storage Bay Length on Throughput and Delay ......... 31‐118

Exhibit 31‐63 Effect of Storage Bay Length on Capacity .................................. 31‐119
Exhibit 31‐64 Effect of Right‐Turn‐on‐Red and Lane Allocation on Delay.... 31‐120
Exhibit 31‐65 Effect of Right‐Turn‐on‐Red and Right‐Turn Volume
on Delay ........................................................................................................... 31‐121
Exhibit 31‐66 Effect of Right‐Turn‐on‐Red and Right‐Turn Protection on
Delay ................................................................................................................ 31‐122
Exhibit 31‐67 Closely Spaced Intersections ........................................................ 31‐123
Exhibit 31‐68 Effect of Closely Spaced Intersections on Capacity and Delay
........................................................................................................................... 31‐123
Chapter 31/Signalized Intersections: Supplemental Page 31-v Contents

December 2010
CHAPTER 32
STOP-CONTROLLED INTERSECTIONS: SUPPLEMENTAL
CONTENTS
1. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL ON TWSC POTENTIAL CAPACITY ........32‐1
2. TWSC MOVEMENT CAPACITY ACCOUNTING FOR PEDESTRIAN
EFFECTS ..................................................................................................................32‐3
3. TWSC SUPPLEMENTAL EXAMPLE PROBLEMS..........................................32‐7
TWSC Example Problem 3: Flared Approaches and Median Storage ........ 32‐7
TWSC Example Problem 4: TWSC Intersection Within Signalized
Urban Street Segment ............................................................................... 32‐23
TWSC Example Problem 5: Six‐Lane Street with U‐Turns and
Pedestrians ................................................................................................. 32‐34
4. METHODOLOGY FOR THREE‐LANE AWSC APPROACHES.................32‐42
5. AWSC SUPPLEMENTAL EXAMPLE PROBLEMS .......................................32‐52
Headway Adjustment Factor Calculation Details for AWSC Example
Problem 1.................................................................................................... 32‐52
AWSC Example Problem 2: Multilane, Four‐Leg Intersection................... 32‐53

Chapter 32/STOP-Controlled Intersections: Supplemental Page 32-i Contents

December 2010
LIST OF EXHIBITS
Exhibit 32‐1 Potential Capacity, cp,x, for Two‐Lane Major Streets ....................... 32‐1

Exhibit 32‐2 Potential Capacity, cp,x, for Four‐Lane Major Streets ....................... 32‐2
Exhibit 32‐3 Potential Capacity, cp,x, for Six‐Lane Major Streets .......................... 32‐2
Exhibit 32‐4 Relative Pedestrian–Vehicle Hierarchy for Rank 2 Movements.... 32‐4
Exhibit 32‐7 TWSC Example Problems ................................................................... 32‐7
Exhibit 32‐8 TWSC Example Problem 3: Volumes and Lane Configurations ... 32‐7
Exhibit 32‐9 TWSC Example Problem 3: Calculation of Peak 15‐min Flow
Rates, Movement Priorities ............................................................................... 32‐8
Exhibit 32‐10 TWSC Example Problem 4: TWSC Intersection Within
Signalized Urban Street Segment................................................................... 32‐24
Exhibit 32‐11 TWSC Example Problem 4: Flow Rates and Lane
Configurations .................................................................................................. 32‐24
Exhibit 32‐12 TWSC Example Problem 4: Movement‐Based Access Point
Output (from Chapter 17, Example Problem 1) ........................................... 32‐24
Rates, Movement Priorities ............................................................................. 32‐25
Exhibit 32‐14 TWSC Example Problem 5: Volumes and Lane
Configurations .................................................................................................. 32‐34
Rates, Movement Priorities ............................................................................. 32‐35
Exhibit 32‐16 Probability of Degree‐of‐Conflict Case: Multilane AWSC
Intersections (Three‐Lane Approaches, by Lane) (Cases 1–49).................. 32‐43
Exhibit 32‐17 AWSC Example Problems .............................................................. 32‐52
Exhibit 32‐18 AWSC Example Problem 2: 15‐min Volumes and Lane
Configurations .................................................................................................. 32‐54
Exhibit 32‐19 AWSC Example Problem 2: Hourly Flow Rates .......................... 32‐54
Contents Page 32-ii Chapter 32/STOP-Controlled Intersections: Supplemental

December 2010
CHAPTER 33
ROUNDABOUTS: SUPPLEMENTAL
CONTENTS
1. SUPPLEMENTAL GUIDANCE ..........................................................................33‐1
Variability and Uncertainty............................................................................... 33‐1
Lane‐Use Assignment ........................................................................................ 33‐1
Capacity Model Calibration .............................................................................. 33‐3
2. REFERENCES .........................................................................................................33‐4

Chapter 33/Roundabouts: Supplemental Page 33-i Contents

December 2010
LIST OF EXHIBITS
Exhibit 33‐1 Observed Combinations of Entry Flow and Conflicting Flow
During 1‐min Periods of Continuous Queuing at Single‐Lane
Roundabout Entries............................................................................................ 33‐1
Contents Page 33-ii Chapter 33/Roundabouts: Supplemental

December 2010
CHAPTER 35
ACTIVE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................35‐1
Purpose ................................................................................................................ 35‐1
Organization........................................................................................................ 35‐2
Scope and Limitations........................................................................................ 35‐2
2. ACTIVE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES ......................................35‐3
Overview ............................................................................................................. 35‐3
Roadway Metering ............................................................................................. 35‐3
Congestion Pricing ............................................................................................. 35‐4
Traveler Information Systems........................................................................... 35‐5
Managed Lanes ................................................................................................... 35‐6
Speed Harmonization ........................................................................................ 35‐7
Traffic Signal Control......................................................................................... 35‐7
Specialized Applications of ATM Strategies................................................... 35‐8
3. METAMEASURES OF EFFECTIVENESS.......................................................35‐10
Introduction....................................................................................................... 35‐10
Need for Meta‐MOEs ....................................................................................... 35‐10
Candidate Meta‐MOEs .................................................................................... 35‐10
Indices of Performance .................................................................................... 35‐11
4. GENERAL EFFECTS ...........................................................................................35‐12
Introduction....................................................................................................... 35‐12
Roadway Metering ........................................................................................... 35‐12
Congestion Pricing ........................................................................................... 35‐13
Traveler Information Systems......................................................................... 35‐14
Managed Lanes ................................................................................................. 35‐15
Traffic Signal Control....................................................................................... 35‐17
Speed Harmonization ...................................................................................... 35‐18
5. REFERENCES .......................................................................................................35‐19

Chapter 35/Active Traffic Management Page 35-i Contents

December 2010
LIST OF EXHIBITS
Exhibit 35‐1 Freeway Ramp Metering, SR‐94, Lemon Grove, California........... 35‐3
Exhibit 35‐2 Minnesota Dynamic Pricing for HOT Lanes .................................... 35‐4
Exhibit 35‐3 San Francisco Bay Area Traffic Map ................................................. 35‐5
Exhibit 35‐4 HOV Lane ............................................................................................. 35‐6
Exhibit 35‐5 Variable Speed Limit Signs, Rotterdam, Netherlands .................... 35‐7
Contents Page 35-ii Chapter 35/Active Traffic Management

December 2010

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HIGHWAY CAPACITY MANUAL

Chapter 33/Roundabouts: Supplemental Page 33-i Contents

Chapter 1/HCM User’s Guide Page 1-i Contents

Contents Page 1-ii Chapter 1/HCM User’s Guide

Chapter 2/Applications Page 2-i Contents

Contents Page 2-ii Chapter 2/Applications

Chapter 3/Modal Characteristics Page 3-i Contents

Exhibit 3‐1 Examples of Monthly Traffic Volume Variations for a Highway ..... 3‐4

Contents Page 3-ii Chapter 3/Modal Characteristics

Chapter 4/Traffic Flow and Capacity Concepts Page 4-i Contents

Contents Page 4-ii Chapter 4/Traffic Flow and Capacity Concepts

Chapter 5/Quality and Level-of-Service Concepts Page 5-i Contents

Exhibit 5‐1 Example of the Step Function Nature of LOS ...................................... 5‐4

Contents Page 5-ii Chapter 5/Quality and Level-of-Service Concepts

Chapter 6/HCM and Alternative Analysis Tools Page 6-i Contents

Contents Page 6-ii Chapter 6/HCM and Alternative Analysis Tools

Chapter 9/Glossary and Symbols Page 9-i Contents

Chapter 10/Freeway Facilities Page 10-i Contents

Exhibit 10‐1 Influence Areas of Merge, Diverge, and Weaving Segments ........ 10‐2

Contents Page 10-ii Chapter 10/Freeway Facilities

Chapter 10/Freeway Facilities Page 10-iii Contents

Chapter 11/Basic Freeway Segments Page 11-i Contents

Exhibit 11‐1 Three Types of Freeway Flow ............................................................ 11‐2

Contents Page 11-ii Chapter 11/Basic Freeway Segments

Chapter 12/Freeway Weaving Segments Page 12-i Contents

Contents Page 12-ii Chapter 12/Freeway Weaving Segments

Chapter 13/Freeway Merge and Diverge Segments Page 13-i Contents

Exhibit 13‐1 Ramp Influence Areas Illustrated ...................................................... 13‐3

Contents Page 13-ii Chapter 13/Freeway Merge and Diverge Segments

Chapter 14/Multilane Highways Page 14-i Contents

Exhibit 14‐1 Multilane Highways ............................................................................ 14‐2

Contents Page 14-ii Chapter 14/Multilane Highways

Chapter 15/Two-Lane Highways Page 15-i Contents

Exhibit 15‐1 Two‐Lane Highway Classification Illustrated ................................. 15‐4

Contents Page 15-ii Chapter 15/Two-Lane Highways

Chapter 15/Two-Lane Highways Page 15-iii Contents

Chapter 16/Urban Street Facilities Page 16-i Contents

Contents Page 16-ii Chapter 16/Urban Street Facilities

Exhibit 16‐34 Example Problem 3: Intersection 1 Evaluation ............................ 16‐42

Chapter 16/Urban Street Facilities Page 16-iii Contents

Chapter 17/Urban Street Segments Page 17-i Contents

Contents Page 17-ii Chapter 17/Urban Street Segments

Exhibit 17‐35 Example Problem 1: Timer‐Based Phase Output Data ............... 17‐80

Chapter 17/Urban Street Segments Page 17-iii Contents

Chapter 18/Signalized Intersections Page 18-i Contents

Contents Page 18-ii Chapter 18/Signalized Intersections

Chapter 18/Signalized Intersections Page 18-iii Contents

Chapter 20/All-Way STOP-Controlled Intersections Page 20-i Contents

Contents Page 20-ii Chapter 20/All-Way STOP-Controlled Intersections

Chapter 21/Roundabouts Page 21-i Contents

Exhibit 21‐1 LOS Criteria: Automobile Mode ........................................................ 21‐1

Contents Page 21-ii Chapter 21/Roundabouts

Chapter 23/Off-Street Pedestrian and Bicycle Facilities Page 23-i Contents

Exhibit 23‐1 Average Flow LOS Criteria for Walkways ....................................... 23‐3

Contents Page 23-ii Chapter 23/Off-Street Pedestrian and Bicycle Facilities

Chapter 25/Freeway Facilities: Supplemental Page 25-i Contents

Contents Page 25-ii Chapter 25/Freeway Facilities: Supplemental