Failure Analysis of Fibre Reinforced Composite Laminates: 1. Use of The Program 1.1 1.1.1 General Notes

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FAILURE ANALYSIS OF FIBRE REINFORCED COMPOSITE LAMINATES
1. USE OF THE PROGRAM
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 General notes
This Item together with ESDUpac A8418 provides a Fortran computer program for the failure analysis of
a fibre reinforced composite laminate subjected to consecutive systems of combined in-plane, moment and
thermal loading. The program differentiates between individual layer matrix material failure, termed
damage, and individual layer fibre failure or matrix material failure of all the layers, both termed laminate
failure. The consecutive loading systems can be applied with either the damage of each loading system in
turn carried over to the next or with each new loading system applied to the laminate as originally
ESDU Copyright material. For current status contact ESDU.
undamaged. If laminate failure does not occur under a particular loading system an assessment of the level
at which failure would occur for that system is provided before the analysis returns to the next loading
system. The program applies to balanced or unbalanced laminates that are initially unrestrained but also
includes the effect of holding the unloaded laminate flat (for storage) if required. While thermal effects
have been included in the analysis moisture effects have not because of the less certain, time dependent,
long term nature of such effects. However, moisture degradation can be incorporated for each individual
layer by providing reduced values of layer material properties and allowable stresses (X, Y and Q),
particularly for the matrix material.
The first part of the Item gives details of the theoretical basis of the program. It gives guidance on the
application of the program, instructions for its use and examples of input and output.
The second part of the Item gives supporting information on the organisation of the program and the method
of analysis.
The program is available in two formats: (a) a Fortran source code with example input and output files, and
(b) an executable program for PCs. Both versions can be found on the Compact Disc and on disk in the
Sub-series Software Volume.
The failure assessment is based on a linear elastic layer-by-layer plate analysis of the laminate in which the
stresses in each layer in turn are compared to the Puck Modified Criterion (see Data Item No. 83014*)
which differentiates between fibre and matrix material failures. If a layer matrix failure occurs the matrix
material properties of that layer are removed by assuming that its (in-plane) transverse direct and shear
stiffnesses are zero. It is assumed that when this happens the fibre can still take load in its axial direction
and that the laminate through-the-thickness shear integrity is retained. Therefore, during further
computation, the layer longitudinal (fibre) stiffness properties are retained as is the allowance for the
thickness of the layer. Because these layer matrix failures can lead to the progressive failure of other layers
their development is traced through the gradual application of a loading system in which matrix material
failures are present to provide a damage history under that system. This continues until either total matrix
failure has occurred throughout the laminate or a single longitudinal (fibre) layer failure occurs, at which
point total laminate failure is assumed.
The program provides a layer damage history for the laminate up to failure under the specified loading
systems applied consecutively. It first gives an input data check. This is followed by an analysis of the
effect of holding the laminate flat if this has been requested for which the required restraining moments,
layer stresses and damage (if any) are recorded. Each loading system is then applied in turn to the
*
Data Item No. 83014 “Failure criteria for an individual layer of a fibre reinforced composite laminate under in-plane loading”.
Issued September 1984
With Amendments A to D
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unrestrained laminate incorporating any held flat damage if this has occurred. In each case this starts with
the laminate under thermal loading only, for which layer stresses and damage (if any) are again recorded.
The specified mechanical loading is then added to the thermal loading. If damage or failure occurs at this
level of mechanical loading the loading is reduced to the level at which damage first occurs (maintaining
ratios of component loads). The damage is then tracked back up to the specified load level or to the level
of laminate failure if that occurs first. If laminate failure has not occurred when the specified load level is
reached or, initially, no damage or failure has occurred when the specified load is first applied, then the
specified loads are boosted in ratio to trace the layer damage until laminate failure does occur. Subsequent
loading systems will then be applied as specified by the user either to (a) the laminate incorporating the
layer damage sustained at the preceding specified load level (not the boosted load level) or to (b) the laminate
as initially undamaged. Note that if the held flat condition has been specified in either case any resulting
damage will be passed on, in the case of (a) to the first applied load system and in the case of (b) to each
applied load system in turn.
A choice of three forms of output is given. First a full output of the damage/failure and stress analysis
history of the laminate may be specified. Secondly a short output may be requested which gives only the
initial conditions and the final layer damage at each specified loading and at laminate failure. Thirdly an
extract of the analysis may be chosen which gives only the applied loads, failure loads and cause of failure
for each load case. In the full and short forms of output the layer data may be given for all the layers or
restricted to the layers approaching a critical level of damage specified by the user.
The program considers only failure within an individual layer and does not consider interlaminar and
delamination effects; these may be significant at the edges of a plate, for such effects see Data Item No.
95028*. Since in practice such interlaminar effects are important and the matrix material stress-strain
properties in particular are likely to be inelastic, the analysis should be used with caution and adequately
supported by testing. Fibre reinforced laminates can fail in many ways and guidance on the failure modes
of the laminates, including those not considered by this analysis, are given in Data Item No. 82025†. The
program is likely to prove most useful in the initial assessment of the relative strengths of different lay-ups.
Note that like any other non-linear load-stress analysis the results obtained cannot necessarily be factored
for different load levels.
1.1.2 Scope of the program
Criteria
The program performs a linear elastic analysis of the stresses in the individual layers of a laminate based
on the method given in Data Items Nos 94004‡ and 94003**and compares these stresses with the Puck
Modified Criterion. This criterion treats layer failure in longitudinal tension or compression (1-direction,
see Sketch 1.1), a fibre dominated mode, separately from the matrix material dominated transverse direct
and shear failure. Laminate failure is judged to have occurred when any layer fails in the 1-direction (fibre
failure) or all the layers have failed under a combination of transverse direct (2-direction) and shear stress.
Laminate constitution
The laminate is considered to be built up from orthotropic homogeneous layers which may have different
material elastic and thermal properties, thicknesses and orientations of their principal axes of orthotropy.
The material direct and shear stress-strain properties are assumed to be elastic (linear) to failure.
Through-the-thickness (z-direction) forces and shears are neglected as are interlaminar effects including
*
Data Item No. 95028 “Delamination and free edge stresses in composite laminates subjected to uniform prescribed axial strain and
temperature change”.
†
Data Item No. 82025 “Failure modes of fibre reinforced laminates”.
‡
Data Item No. 94004 “Stress analysis of laminated flat plates”.
**
Data Item No. 94003 “Stiffnesses of laminated flat plates”.
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delamination.
Laminate loading
The laminate may be subjected to any combination of moments and in-plane loads (see Sketch 1.1). Thermal
loading is applied as the difference between the stress-free (cure) temperature and the layer working
temperatures. The latter can either vary linearly from the outer to the centre layers of the laminate or be
specified separately for each layer so that any thermal distribution can be simulated. The layers whether
unrestrained or held flat are analysed at the working temperature level. The program will accept a sequence
of thermal and mechanical loading systems, each loading system being applied consecutively to the laminate
in an initially unrestrained condition although the user may specify whether or not it will include layer
matrix material damage resulting from previous loading systems. It will provide a history of layer matrix
material failures throughout that sequence until either matrix material failure has occurred in all the layers
or a fibre failure has occurred in a single layer. Either of these events is assumed to constitute laminate
failure. If no such failure has occurred after a particular loading system has been applied that system will
be boosted, in ratio, to a level at which laminate failure (assessed as indicated) does occur, before then
proceeding to the next system.
1.2 Notation
Attention is drawn to the sign convention used in this Item. The convention is that now in common
use and differs from that used in the previous version (Amendment C) which this version supersedes.
The sign convention for moments and curvatures has been changed. The convention used in this
Item is consistent with that used in Data Items associated with ESDU programs for the analysis of
composites.
Both SI and British Units are quoted but any coherent system of units may be used.
1.2.1 Coordinate system (see Sketch 1.1)
Note: It is implicit in the program that the z = 0 plane is midway between the upper and lower surface of
the laminate.
0 ( x, y, z ) laminate reference axes
0 ( 1, 2 ) principal axes of orthotropy of layer
1.2.2 Sign convention for stresses
Tensile stresses are positive, compressive stresses are negative; the positive value is taken for all allowable
stresses (X, Y and Q).
1.2.3 Stresses
Q allowable shear stress of layer in 1, 2-plane (see Sketch 1.1) N/m2 lbf/in2
X allowable direct stress of layer in fibre direction N/m2 lbf/in2
Y allowable direct stress of layer normal to fibre (in-plane) N/m2 lbf/in2
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σ stress N/m2 lbf/in2
σ1 layer direct stress in fibre direction (see Sketch 1.2) N/m2 lbf/in2
σ2 layer direct stress normal to fibre (in-plane) (see Sketch 1.2) N/m2 lbf/in2
σ6 layer shear stress in 1, 2-plane (see Sketch 1.2) N/m2 lbf/in2
1.2.4 Loading (mechanical)
L sequential identification numbers for loading systems (from 1 to

Lmax)
M x , M y , M xy column matrix of bending moment intensities acting in xz- and N m/m lbf in/in
yz-planes and twisting moment acting about x- and y-axis
respectively (see Sketch 1.1)
N x , N y , N xy column matrix of direct load intensities and shear load intensity N/m lbf/in
referred to (x, y) coordinates (see Sketch 1.1)
1.2.5 Loading (thermal)
T0 initial (cure) temperature at which laminate is stress free °C °C
Tk final (working) temperature of layer °C °C
α 1 ,α 2 layer coefficients of linear thermal expansion in 1-direction °C–1 °C–1

and 2-direction respectively
T o1 value of T k at outside of laminate at layer 1 °C °C
Tm value of T k for mid-plane (z = 0) of laminate °C °C
T on value of T k at outside of laminate at layer n °C °C
δT difference between initial and final temperature, °C °C

δT = T 0 – T k
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1.2.6 Failure criteria
R(1) ratio of layer direct stress in longitudinal (in-plane, fibre)

1-direction to respective allowable stress, derived from Puck
Modified Criterion,
R ( 1 ) = σ 1 /X t (if σ 1 is positive, tensile)
R ( 1 ) = σ 1 / – X c (if σ 1 is negative, compressive)
Note: R ( 1 ) ≥ 1 is assumed fibre failure
R(2) relationship between layer transverse (in-plane) direct and shear

stresses and respective allowable stresses, derived from Puck
Modified Criterion,
2 2
R ( 2 ) = ( σ 2 /Y t Y c ) + ( σ 2 ( 1 /Y t – 1/Y c ) ) + ( σ 6 /Q )
Note: R ( 2 ) ≥ 1 is assumed matrix material failure
1.2.7 Moduli, stiffnesses, compliances and Poisson’s ratios
A in-plane stiffness matrix for laminate N/m lbf/in
B coupled in-plane and flexural stiffness matrix for laminate N lbf
D flexural stiffness matrix for laminate Nm lbf in
E1 , E2 modulus of elasticity of layer in 1- and 2-directions N/m2 lbf/in2

respectively, E 1 = 1/S 11 and E 2 = 1/S 22
G 12 shear modulus of layer, G 12 = 1/S 66 N/m2 lbf/in2
S 11 , S 22 compliances of layer material (see Data Item No. 94003) (note m2/N in2/lbf
S 12 , S 21 that S 12 = S 21 )
S 66
ν 12 longitudinal Poisson’s ratio of layer, ratio of transverse

(in-plane) strain to longitudinal (fibre direction) strain due to
an applied longitudinal direct stress ν 12 = – S 21 /S 11
ν 21 transverse Poisson’s ratio of layer, ratio of longitudinal strain

to transverse strain due to an applied transverse direct stress,
ν 21 = – S 12 /S 22
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1.2.8 Laminate geometry
C sequential identification number for layer configurations

(from 1 to Cmax)
cfr chosen fraction for failure criteria R(1) and R(2) controlling
layers which are printed out
hf identification for held flat condition
k layer identification
n number of layers in laminate
op identification of output form

t thickness of layer (see Sketch 1.1) m in
z distance of layer middle surface from reference plane m in

measured along z-axis (see Sketch 1.1)
ψ angle of principal axis of orthotropy, 1-direction of layer degree degree

measured from laminate reference axis (see Sketch 1.1)
1.2.9 Suffixes
c compression
k layer identification
max maximum
t tension
x, y, z refer to laminate coordinate system (see Sketch 1.1)
1, 2, 6 refer to layer coordinate system (see Sketch 1.2)
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Sketch 1.1 Sign convention for forces and moments
Sketch 1.2 Stress system aligned with principal (fibre) axis of orthotropy for individual layer in
plane stress
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1.3 References
The references are recommended as sources of information supplementary to that in this Item.
1. JONES, R.M. Mechanics of composite materials. McGraw Hill Book Co., New York,
1975.
2. TSAI, S.W. Composite materials workbook. Air Force Materials Laboratory,
et al. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, AFML-TR-78-33, March 1978.
3. TSAI, S.W. Introduction to composite materials. Technomic Publishing Co.,
HAHN, H.T. Westpoint, Connecticut, 1980.
1.4 Data Input Information

Many parameters are required to perform the failure analysis of a laminate and these are needed in the
program input. Table 1.1 is given as a guide to the input for the Fortran program and an example input for
this is given in Section 1.6.
Prior to the input of materials values 3 lines are provided for run identification details. These lines may be
left blank or can carry up to 75 alphanumeric characters each. The contents of the lines appear in the output.
Also prior to the input of materials values, 2 lines are provided for the declaration of the units in which all
the input data are to be supplied. These lines may be left blank or can carry up to 75 alphanumeric characters
each. These lines also appear in the output. (Note that this is NOT an option to select units but simply the
invitation to state the units used in the input data and to echo this statement in the output.)
Input data are required to define the properties of the materials, the orientation and lay-up sequence of the
layers and the applied mechanical and thermal loading systems to which the laminate will be subjected. In
addition a choice between full, short and extract forms of output (as specified in Section 1.5) must be made
and a decision is required on whether or not the laminate is to be held-flat prior to application of the loading
systems.
The input routine is arranged to avoid unnecessary repetition wherever possible. Layers having the same
materials properties, thickness and fibre orientation (angle ψ , regardless of sign) are given a common
configuration number for which the information is entered only once. It will be seen in Table 1.1 that the
specific sequence in which particular layer configurations occur is later defined by entering the
configuration numbers in sequence from the positive z surface of the laminate to the negative z surface.
Reference to Sketch 1.1 will show the relationship between layer numbering and the direction of the loading.
The number of separate layer configurations is limited to 50 and the total number of layers to 500.
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The panel condition before mechanical loading is specified by choosing whether or not the laminate is to
be held flat and providing the stress-free (cure) temperature. The choice is then made as to whether or not
the damage sustained under each loading system is to be passed on to the next. If damage is to be passed
on and the held flat facility is specified this will be applied only at the first working temperature and
mechanical load level, which can therefore be used to analyse a storage condition. If damage is not to be
passed on and the held flat facility is specified it will be repeated at the start of each new loading system.
A single run specifying the held flat condition could be used to analyse a storage condition before a sequence
of load cases is analysed. The specification of a fraction (cfr) denoting the proportion of the failure criteria,
R(1) and R(2), for which the user requires layer data output is next required. This facility is provided
because the full damage history of all the layers in a many layered laminate could result in extensive output.
Only those layers for which R(1) and R ( 2 ) ≥ cfr will feature in the data printed out.
The number of loading systems, Lmax , (where L max ≤ 20 ) that are to be applied is specified followed by
a choice indicating which form of output is required: full, short or extract. The loading systems to be applied
to the laminate are entered in the order in which they are specified by the designer, regardless of relative
magnitudes. Care should be taken to ensure that the sign convention shown in Sketch 1.1, which shows
positive loads, moments and z-direction, is adhered to. It should be noted that if damage is to be passed on
from one system to the next the order in which the loading systems are placed will significantly affect the
occurrence of failure. The thermal loading of each layer is specified by entering the relevant values of Tk ,
the final (working) temperatures, for the particular applied loading system. They may be given as separate
values of Tk for each layer or as three values, To1, Tm and Ton, which allow for a separate linear variation
on each side of the middle surface (or layer) of the laminate. The applied (mechanical) loading for each
system follows the thermal loading. For each new loading system the layer thermal loading will be the
appropriate values of δT k (see Notation, Section 1.2.5). Each new loading system is applied to the
unrestrained laminate incorporating initial held flat damage and damage from previous load cases if
specified.
Examples of input for the program in both free and fixed format are given in Section 1.6. Guidance on the
tests necessary to provide values for the allowable stresses X t , X c , Y t , Y c and Q is given in Data Item No.
83014.
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TABLE 1.1 PROGRAM INPUT DATA
Enter the numerical values for the quantities indicated in free format. Each entry must be
in the order given and made on a separate line with no blank lines in between (except
Entry order
Entries 1 and 2). The values given for each entry must have a space or comma between
them. Some input systems may accept continuous data.
(1) Enter run identification data, input file title or notes. Three lines 75 characters wide
allowed. Lines may be left blank.
(2) Enter description of units of input (see Section 1.4). Two lines 75 characters wide
allowed. Lines may be left blank.
(3) Number of separate layer configurations (limited to 50)
Enter Cmax (highest value of C), where C max ≤ 50 .

(4) Material properties and geometry of each layer configuration
Enter C ψ t E 1 E 2 G ν 12 α 1 α 2
12
(5) Enter X t X c Y t Y c Q
Repeat (4) Repeat for each layer configuration.
and (5) as
required Note: enter ψ ≤ 90° above; layers with an orientation between 0 and –90° are entered as
a positive value, and the ± orientation is identified later (see (7) below). Where – ψ has
the same value as ψ for layers with the same properties only one entry is required.
Also 1 ≤ C ≤ 50 .
(6) Number of layers in laminate
Enter n where 1 ≤ n ≤ 500 .

(7) Sequence of layer configurations
Enter C for each layer.
Note: there must be n entries of the layer configuration identifier C, one for each layer
starting with the most positive z layer. Where ψ k is positive enter C, where ψ k is
negative enter –C. This angle should be compatible with the convention shown in Sketch
1.1. Limited to 25 entries per line, use new lines as required.
(8) Number of loading systems
Enter Lmax where Lmax is the number of loading systems (highest value of L).
Note that L max ≤ 20 .
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TABLE 1.1 PROGRAM INPUT DATA (continued)
(9) Form of output
Enter op.
Note: op = 0 requests short output 

op = 1 requests full output  see Section 1.5.2.
op = 2 requests extract output. 
(10) Panel condition before mechanical loading
Panel prior restraint
Enter hf.
Note: hf = 0 indicates laminate is not held flat before loading systems are applied
and hf = 1 indicates laminate is held flat before loading systems are applied
(see Section 2.2.1).
(11) Panel stress-free (cure) temperature
Enter T0 (enter 0 if thermal loading is not required).

(12) Progressive damage indicator
Enter 0 or 1 as required.
Note: 0 indicates layer damage is passed on from each loading system to the next.
1 indicates each loading system is applied to a laminate free of damage.
(13) Critical layer failure fraction
Enter cfr (fraction of failure criteria required).
Note: Only data for layers with R(1) and R(2) equal to or more than this value will be
printed out. If data for all the layers is required enter 0. If extract output has been
specified enter 0.
Repeat (14) Loading systems
to (16) as
required This complete section is repeated for each loading system in turn.
Note: entries of the different systems where damage is to be passed on should be placed in
order of application, not in order of magnitude. Details of the thermal loading must
precede each entry for applied loading.
(14) Layer thermal loading
Enter 0 or 1 or 2 or 3 as required.
Note: 0 indicates no thermal loading, (no difference between T0 and Tk)

1 indicates linear variation of Tk through each half of laminate thickness
2 indicates Tk varies for each individual layer
and 3 indicates repeat previous thermal loading.
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TABLE 1.1 PROGRAM INPUT DATA (continued)
(15a) If 0 or 3 was entered in (14) no entries are required for (15a) or (15b).
If 1 was entered in (14)
enter To1 , Tm and Ton.
(Note: T o 1 = T m = T on for constant temperature.)

or (15b) If 2 was entered in (14)
enter Tk for each layer in turn starting with the most positive z layer (+z). There must be n
values. Limited to 10 entries per line; use new lines as required.
Applied (mechanical loading)
(16) Enter L Nx Ny Nxy Mx My Mxy .
Signs of loads and moments should be compatible with the conventions shown in
Sketch 1.1.
Note: A further entry of the letters “EOF” may be required when running the program in conjunction with
certain compilers (e.g. Salford compiler).
1.5 Output Data Interpretation
1.5.1 Notes
The program ESDUpac A8418 can give a full layer damage history to laminate failure for a multilayered
laminate under consecutive systems of thermal and mechanical loading with or without passing the damage
from one loading system to the next. The data output for this could be considerable and may be reduced
by choosing either the short output form, giving only the layer data for the final condition of each loading
system and the ultimate failure, or an extract output form which gives only the applied loads, failure loads
and cause of failure for each load. The full and short output forms can be further reduced by printing out
data for only those layers reaching a chosen fraction of the value of the failure criteria, R(1) and R(2).
The output of the program comprises the following principal sections.
(i) ESDU Header

(ii) Input Data Check
(iii) Results.
The header (i) gives the Data Item and Program titles and references. The input data check (ii) provides a
detailed check of all the values of data input. If an error is detected an appropriate error message is given
(see Section 1.5.2) and the program run terminated. If no error is detected the results of the analysis are
given for each loading system in turn in full, short or extract form as specified.
The full output of the results commences with an analysis of the layer construction and layer thermal loading
with the resultant A, B, and D stiffness matrices. If the laminate is held flat prior to loading, the moments
required to do so are next given followed by the associated layer damage data (if any). Each thermal and
mechanical loading system is then considered in turn for the laminate in an unrestrained condition, giving
the layer stresses and layer damage history starting with the thermal loading only and then thermal and
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mechanical loading together, until laminate failure occurs. If laminate failure does not occur due to a
particular applied loading system the program will boost that loading system to a level where laminate
failure does occur, recording matrix material failure levels in the process. It will then apply the next loading
system to either the laminate unrestrained in the condition (damage state) that resulted from the application
of that (previously unboosted) loading system or to the laminate in its initial stress free state (unrestrained
or held flat), according to the user’s choice.
The method by which the program performs the analysis is detailed in Section 2.2. If either the short form
or the extract form of output is requested a full damage history will not be given. In the case of the short
output the information given will be restricted to (1) input data check, laminate construction, stiffness
matrices and loading, (2) held flat data, and (3) final mechanical and thermal loading layer stresses and
criteria for each loading system, boosted if applicable. The extract form of output will give the laminate
construction, the stiffness matrices, applied loads and failure loads and the cause of failure, for each loading
system. It gives no layer data.
It should be noted that a matrix material failure is considered to have occurred when R(2) = 1 and this results
in the removal of the transverse and shear stiffness properties of the layer concerned (damage). The fibre
direction properties of layers are retained as is the allowance for the thickness of the layer. Whole laminate
failure is considered to have occurred at any point in the computation when R ( 2 ) ≥ 1 for all layers or
R ( 1 ) ≥ 1 for any layer. For any applied loading system the program tracks the proportionate load levels
(with the component loads in strict ratio) causing layer damage, until laminate failure occurs. The damage
analysis starts at the lowest load level causing a layer matrix material failure (R(2) = 1). If this first load
level is below the applied load level the analysis then works its way up towards the applied load level. At
each point at which layer matrix material failure occurs the transverse and shear properties of the damaged
layer are removed and the layer stresses and criterion ratios R(2) and R(1) before and after their removal
are printed. If a progressive failure occurs at this point the analysis will track that. If laminate failure has
not occurred during the damage analysis, the program will record the layer stresses, failure criteria ratios
and the numbers of failed layers at the applied load level and then boost the loads in ratio again tracking
and recording the damage until a level at which laminate failure is reached. If damage has not occurred
below the applied load level the program will go straight into the boosted load configuration.
1.5.2 Form of output
If FULL OUTPUT has been chosen this is followed by the results of the analysis in the form of the following
output Segments (a) to (o) selected as appropriate to the problem input.
If SHORT OUTPUT has been chosen the selection will be made from the following output Segments (a)
to (o) but leaving out the steps detailed in Segments (i) and (j) for reduced loading and (l) for boosted loading.
If EXTRACT OUTPUT has been chosen no layer stress or criteria data will be output. Segments (a), (b)
and (e) (minus layer data) of the following output will be followed by the failure loading data extracted
from Segments (j) and (m) and a statement as to whether total layer matrix failure or a particular layer fibre
failure has caused laminate failure.
The full output of the program, an example of which is given in Section 1.6, takes the following form.
(a) Check of input data
INPUT DATA CHECK
The values input for each entry are checked to see if they are valid. If any value is in error the run is
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terminated and an error message is given in one of the following forms.
[parameter] = [erroneous value]: must be [value] for [entry number]

[parameter] = [erroneous value]: must be positive for [layer type number]
In addition the properties of each of the types of layers used are checked to ensure that they represent a
valid elastic material by applying Equation (1.1). If this condition is not satisfied the run is terminated and
an appropriate error message is printed out.
2
1 – ν 12 E 2 /E 1 > 0 . (1.1)
If no error is found a complete labelled copy of the input data is printed in the entry order including the
loading systems.
(b) Output type requested
The output form chosen is confirmed by one of the following labels
FULL OUTPUT or SHORT OUTPUT or EXTRACT OUTPUT
as appropriate.
(c) Check of plate layer geometries, properties and thermal distribution (all output forms)
Details of the laminate geometry and thermal loading are preceded by this title:
PLATE CONSTRUCTION AND THERMAL DISTRIBUTION
Values are then given for the following quantities layer-by-layer through the laminate.
k t k z k E 1 k E 2k G 12k ν 1k ψ k δT k
(d) Laminate stiffness matrix (all output forms)
The stiffness matrix for the laminate before application of thermal loading, held flat moments or mechanical
loading is given in the form specified in Data Item No. 94003 under this heading.
STIFFNESS MATRIX OF LAMINATE BEFORE LOADING (DATA ITEM 94003)
The values of the component sub-matrices are tabulated under their respective labels:
A B
B D
(e) Laminate condition before mechanical loading (all output forms)
If the held flat condition has not been specified the statement
LAMINATE NOT HELD FLAT
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is given and the output moves on to Segment (f).
If the held flat condition has been specified the moments required to prevent curvature of the laminate under
thermal loading, but not restricting in-plane displacements, will be given under the following headings.
LAMINATE HELD FLAT

THERMAL LOADING ONLY – APPLIED LOAD IS ZERO
MOMENTS REQUIRED TO HOLD LAMINATE FLAT
Those headings are followed by values for the moments
M x M y M xy
This is followed by data on the layer stresses and criteria factors (not in extract output) titled:
LAYER STRESSES AND CRITERIA AFTER DAMAGE (IF ANY)
Values are then given for the following quantities for each layer for which R(2) or R ( 1 ) ≥ cfr through the
laminate thickness.
k z k σ 1k σ 2k σ 6k R ( 2 ) k R ( 1 ) k
The presence of any layer matrix material failure is then noted.
NO LAYER FAILURE
or
THE MATRIX MATERIAL OF THE FOLLOWING
LAYER FAILS PROGRESSIVELY AT THIS LOAD LEVEL
LAYER
The layer numbers k are then given for any layers in which matrix material failure has occurred.
Note that if total laminate failure occurs at this stage it will be noted as shown in output Segment (m).
(f) First loading system (full output form)
The output for the first loading system commences with the following title.
LAMINATE UNDER LOADING SYSTEM 1
The layer stresses and criterion factors are first given for the unrestrained laminate with no applied
(mechanical) loading and only the first thermal loading system present.
The data are presented under the following headings.
15
84018
LOADING SYSTEM 1
THERMAL LOADING ONLY LAMINATE UNRESTRAINED
HELD FLAT DAMAGE (IF ANY) INCLUDED
APPLIED LOAD IS ZERO
This is followed by the heading:
LAYER STRESSES AND CRITERIA FACTORS AFTER DAMAGE (IF ANY)
laminate thickness.
k z k σ 1k σ 2k σ 6k R ( 2 ) k R ( 1 ) k
The presence of any layer matrix material failures is then noted.
NO LAYER FAILURE
or
THE MATRIX MATERIAL OF THE FOLLOWING LAYERS
FAILS PROGRESSIVELY AT THIS LOAD LEVEL
LAYER
The layer numbers k are then given for any layers in which matrix material failure occurred.
Note that if total laminate failure occurs at this stage it will be noted as shown in output Segment (m).
(g) First loading system, thermal and applied (mechanical) loading (full and short output forms)
Details of the applied loading of the first loading system are first given in the following form.
LOADING SYSTEM 1
APPLIED AND THERMAL LOADING
LAMINATE INITIALLY UNRESTRAINED
HELD FLAT DAMAGE (IF ANY) INCLUDED
APPLIED LOADING
These are followed by values for
N x N y N xy M x M y M xy
(h) If no failure occurs for this system (R(2) and R ( 1 ) ≤ 1 ) the following output is given (full and
short output forms).
NO LAYER FAILURE OCCURS

LAYER STRESSES AND CRITERIA FACTORS
16
84018
laminate thickness.
k z k σ 1k σ 2k σ 6k R ( 2 ) k R ( 1 ) k
The loading system is then boosted to obtain failure as shown in output Segment (m).
(i) If layer matrix material failure ( R ( 2 ) ≥ 1 ) occurs the following output is given (full output form).
LAYER MATRIX MATERIAL FAILURE HAS OCCURRED THEREFORE APPLIED

LOADING SYSTEM WILL BE REDUCED TO DETERMINE LEVEL AT WHICH
THE FIRST FAILURE OCCURS AND THEN INCREASED THROUGH
MATRIX MATERIAL FAILURE LEVELS BACK UP TO APPLIED LOAD LEVEL
THERMAL LOADING CONSTANT
(j) This statement is followed (full output form) by data for the laminate under the reduced applied
loading system given in the following form.
LOADING SYSTEM 1
LAYER MATRIX MATERIAL FAILURE HAS OCCURRED AT (ratio calculated) PER
CENT OF APPLIED LOAD
REDUCED APPLIED LOAD
This is followed by reduced values of the loading
These values will be in the same ratio to each other as the previous applied loading system and represent
the loads at which the initial layer matrix material (R(2)) failure will occur as the applied loading system
is put on.
The layer condition is then given under the heading:
LAYER STRESSES AND CRITERIA FACTORS BEFORE DAMAGE
Values are given for the following quantities for each layer for which R(2) or R ( 1 ) ≥ cfr through the
laminate thickness.
k z k σ 1k σ 2k σ 6k R ( 2 ) k R ( 1 ) k
These values are for the stresses and factors at the moment before the (R(2)) failure occurs with the damaged
stiffness properties of the critical layer still present.
Details of the damaged layers are then given.
THE MATRIX MATERIAL OF THE FOLLOWING LAYERS

FAILS PROGRESSIVELY AT THIS LOAD LEVEL
LAYER
17
84018
The layer numbers k are given here for the layers that initiate the matrix material failure at this load level
and any layers that fail subsequently as a result of the removal of the matrix material properties of the layers.
The layer stresses and criteria factors for those layers for which R ( 2 ) ≥ cfr in the laminate, with the failed
layers matrix material stiffness properties removed, under the same factored loading, are then given in a
similar form under the heading
LAYER STRESSES AND CRITERIA FACTORS AFTER DAMAGE
Note that if a layer fibre failure or laminate total matrix material failure occurs at this stage it will be noted
in the form shown in output Segment (m).
(k) Output for applied loading level (full and short output forms)
The output given in Segment (i) above is repeated at each higher damage level until the applied load level
is reached, at which point this fact is noted as follows:
APPLIED LOADING SYSTEM 1
followed by the input values for applied loading system 1:
and the note
REDUCED LOADING EQUALS APPLIED LOADING
This is followed by a listing of the layer stresses and criteria factors at the first applied load level and a note
of all the layers for which the matrix material properties were removed because damage occurred under
that loading system.
(l) Boosting applied loading to failure (full output form)
If laminate failure has not occurred due to a loading system by the time Segment (k) is reached the loads
will then be boosted in ratio until it does occur. This is noted by the following headings.
LAMINATE FAILURE HAS NOT YET OCCURRED SO INPUT APPLIED LOAD

WILL BE BOOSTED UNTIL LAMINATE FAILURE DOES OCCUR BEFORE NEXT
LOADING SYSTEM IS CONSIDERED
THERMAL LOAD IS CONSTANT
This statement is followed by output for the applied loading system boosted in ratio to each matrix material
failure level given in the same form as that for the reduced loading shown in output Segment (j) with the
word REDUCED replaced by BOOSTED. This is continued until laminate failure occurs which is noted
as detailed in output Segment (m). Note that the final results of this action will be given in the SHORT
and EXTRACT output forms if applicable.
18
84018
(m) Laminate failure notice (all output forms)
When either a layer fibre failure occurs or total layer matrix material failure occurs throughout the laminate
under held flat conditions, thermal loading only, reduced loading, applied loading or boosted loading the
final output of stresses and criteria factors is followed by a notice of laminate failure.
FIBRE FAILURE HAS OCCURRED IN LAYER (k)

GIVING TOTAL LAMINATE FAILURE
or
THE MATRIX MATERIAL OF ALL THE LAYERS HAS FAILED
GIVING TOTAL LAMINATE FAILURE
where (k) in the label above is replaced by the relevant layer number.
If this occurs under boosted loading it will not mean termination of the computation unless no further
loading systems have been entered. If mechanical loading is being applied when failure occurs its value
will be given under the heading:
MAXIMUM LOAD
followed by the relevant values of
If the loading system is being boosted when failure occurs this will be noted in the heading.
(n) Subsequent loading systems (all output forms)
The program can accommodate a sequence of loading systems with the choice of either: (I) passing on layer
matrix material damage from one loading system or (II) applying each new loading system to a laminate
free of damage other than that incurred by holding it flat (if specified). The output for these alternatives
will be as follows:
(I) Damage passed on
If layer matrix material damage is to be passed from each loading system to the next then
each new system is applied to the laminate as described in Segment (k) resulting from the
preceding loading system. The held flat condition is not reapplied. Output takes the form
described in Segments (a) and (d) followed by (f) to (m) as applicable. Once damage carry
over has been specified it will be applied to each load system change until laminate failure
occurs under one of the applied loading systems or in the boosted loading phase of the
final loading system.
(II) Damage not passed on
If layer damage is not to be passed on from loading system to loading system then each
subsequent loading system is applied to the laminate in its initial condition, either
unrestrained or, if specified, held flat. The output for each will then take the form
described in Segments (a) to (m) as applicable.
19
84018
(o) Completion of output (all output forms)
The program will continue until either a laminate failure occurs under held flat, thermal or applied loading
or laminate failure has occurred under loading boosted from the final loading system entered.
1.6 Examples of Input and Output
1.6.1 Input data
Three examples of the input and output of the program are given for a fibre reinforced laminate under
combined in-plane, moment and thermal loading. Example 1 requests full output with layers having a
failure criterion value greater than 0.45 only printed out and damage passed on. Example 2 requests short
output with layers having a failure criterion value greater than 0.95 printed out and damage passed on.
Example 3 requests extract output with damage not passed on. The input is taken from the following data:
Curing temperature T0 = 200°C

Number of layers n = 18
Data applicable to all layers
Layer thickness tk = 0.000125 m
Layer moduli E1 = 181 GN/m2
E2 = 10.3 GN/m2
Shear modulus G12 = 7.17 GN/m2
Poisson’s ratio ν12 = 0.28
Layer thermal coefficients of
expansion α1 = 0.01 × 10–6 per °C
α2 = 12.5 × 10–6 per °C
Layer allowable stresses Xt = 1500 MN/m2
Xc = 1200 MN/m2
Yt = 40 MN/m2
Yc = 40 MN/m2
Q = 68 MN/m2
20
84018
The laminate has a symmetric lay-up of the following form.
[+45° , –45° , +90° , 0° , +45° , –45° , 0° , +45° , –45°]s
The working temperature varies linearly across laminate thickness and is different for each applied loading
system. The laminate is held flat before loading.
Loading System 1
To1 = –40°C , Tm = 0°C , Ton = 40°C ,

Nx = 0.32 MN/m, Ny = 0.032 MN/m, Nxy = –0.11 MN/m,
Mx = –0.4 kN m/m, My = –0.2 kN m/m, Mxy = 0.11 kN m/m.
Loading System 2
To1 = 150°C , Tm = 175°C , Ton = 200°C ,

Nx = 0.36 MN/m, Ny = 0.024 MN/m, Nxy = –0.11 MN/m,
Mx = –0.17 kN m/m, My = –0.22 kN m/m, Mxy = 0.24 kN m/m.
1.6.2 Input data format
The above data are input using free format to the program (see Table 1.1).
INPUT EXAMPLE 1
Example 1 of Data Item No. 84018

Full output for layers with failure criterion greater than 0.45.
Laminate initially held flat. Damage passed on between loading systems.
Dimensions in m. Stresses and strengths in N/m^2. Loads in N/m.
Moments in Nm/m. Thermal coefficients in 1/degree C.
3
1, 45.0, 1.25e-4, 1.81e11, 1.03e10, 7.17e9 , 2.8e-1, 1.0e-8, 1.25e-5
1.50e9, 1.20e9, 4.0e7, 4.0e7, 6.8e7
2, 0.0, 1.25e-4, 1.81e11, 1.03e10, 7.17e9, 2.8e-1, 1.0e-8, 1.25e-5
1.50e9, 1.20e9 , 4.0e7, 4.0e7, 6.8e7
3, 90.0, 1.25e-4, 1.81e11, 1.03e10, 7.17e9, 2.8e-1, 1.0e-8, 1.25e-5
1.50e9, 1.20e9, 4.0e7, 4.0e7, 6.8e7
18
1,-1, 3, 2, 1,-1, 2, 1,-1,-1, 1, 2,-1, 1, 2, 3,-1, 1
2
1
1
200.0
0
0.45
1
-40.0, 0.0, 40.0
1, 3.2e5, 3.2e4, -1.1e5, -4.0e2, -2.0e2, 1.1e2
1
150.0, 175.0, 200.0
2, 3.6e5, 2.4e4, -1.1e4, -1.7e2, -2.2e2, 2.4e2
21
84018
INPUT EXAMPLE 2

Short output for layers with failure criterion greater than 0.95.
3
1, 45.0, 1.25e-4, 1.81e11, 1.03e10, 7.17e9 , 2.8e-1, 1.0e-8, 1.25e-5
1.50e9, 1.20e9, 4.0e7, 4.0e7, 6.8e7
2, 0.0, 1.25e-4, 1.81e11, 1.03e10, 7.17e9, 2.8e-1, 1.0e-8, 1.25e-5
1.50e9, 1.20e9 , 4.0e7, 4.0e7, 6.8e7
3, 90.0, 1.25e-4, 1.81e11, 1.03e10, 7.17e9, 2.8e-1, 1.0e-8, 1.25e-5
1.50e9, 1.20e9, 4.0e7, 4.0e7, 6.8e7
18
1,-1, 3, 2, 1,-1, 2, 1,-1,-1, 1, 2,-1, 1, 2, 3,-1, 1
2
0
1
200.0
0
0.95
1
-40.0, 0.0, 40.0
1, 3.2e5, 3.2e4, -1.1e5, -4.0e2, -2.0e2, 1.1e2
1
150.0, 175.0, 200.0
2, 3.6e5, 2.4e4, -1.1e4, -1.7e2, -2.2e2, 2.4e2
INPUT EXAMPLE 3

Extract output for laminate (therefore cfr = 0)
Laminate initially held flat. Damage not passed between loading systems.
3
1, 45.0, 1.25e-4, 1.81e11, 1.03e10, 7.17e9 , 2.8e-1, 1.0e-8, 1.25e-5
1.50e9, 1.20e9, 4.0e7, 4.0e7, 6.8e7
2, 0.0, 1.25e-4, 1.81e11, 1.03e10, 7.17e9, 2.8e-1, 1.0e-8, 1.25e-5
1.50e9, 1.20e9 , 4.0e7, 4.0e7, 6.8e7
3, 90.0, 1.25e-4, 1.81e11, 1.03e10, 7.17e9, 2.8e-1, 1.0e-8, 1.25e-5
1.50e9, 1.20e9, 4.0e7, 4.0e7, 6.8e7
18
1,-1, 3, 2, 1,-1, 2, 1,-1,-1, 1, 2,-1, 1, 2, 3,-1, 1
2
2
1
200.0
1
0.0
1
-40.0, 0.0, 40.0
1, 3.2e5, 3.2e4, -1.1e5, -4.0e2, -2.0e2, 1.1e2
1
150.0, 175.0, 200.0
2, 3.6e5, 2.4e4, -1.1e4, -1.7e2, -2.2e2, 2.4e2
22
84018
1.6.3 OUTPUT EXAMPLES
Output Example 1
Full Output
**************************************************************************
ESDU International plc
Program A8418V60
ESDUpac Number: A8418V60

ESDUpac Title: Failure analysis of fibre reinforced composite
laminates.
Data Item Number: 84018
Data item Title: Failure analysis of fibre reinforced composite

laminates.
ESDUpac Version: 6.0 Issued December 1995.
See Data Item for full input/output specification and interpretation.
**************************************************************************
S T A R T O F R U N
-----------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
INPUT DATA CHECK
================
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
RUN TITLE
---------
Full output for layers with failure criterion greater than 0.45.
UNITS USED
----------
Moments in Nm/m. Thermal coefficients in 1/degree C. Angles in degrees.
INPUT DATA ERRORS

-----------------
No error detected
LAYER TYPE PROPERTIES

---------------------
Number of layer types, Cmax = 3
Properties of layer type number, C = 1
Angle, Psi = .450E+02 Thickness, t = .125E-03

E1 = .181E+12 E2 = .103E+11
G12 = .717E+10 Nu12 = .280E+00
Alpha1 = .100E-07 Alpha2 = .125E-04
Xt = .150E+10 Xc = .120E+10
Yt = .400E+08 Yc = .400E+08
Q = .680E+08
23
84018

E1 = .181E+12 E2 = .103E+11
G12 = .717E+10 Nu12 = .280E+00
Alpha1 = .100E-07 Alpha2 = .125E-04
Xt = .150E+10 Xc = .120E+10
Yt = .400E+08 Yc = .400E+08
Q = .680E+08

E1 = .181E+12 E2 = .103E+11
G12 = .717E+10 Nu12 = .280E+00
Alpha1 = .100E-07 Alpha2 = .125E-04
Xt = .150E+10 Xc = .120E+10
Yt = .400E+08 Yc = .400E+08
Q = .680E+08
STACKING PROPERTIES
-------------------
Number of layers in laminate, n = 18
Stacking sequence of layers:

C = 1 -1 3 2 1 -1 2 1 -1 -1 1 2 -1 1 2 3 -1
1
FAILURE ANALYSIS PARAMETERS

---------------------------
Number of loading systems, Lmax = 2

Form of output, op = 1
Panel prior restraint, hf = 1
Cure temperature, T0 (deg. C) = 200.0
Progressive damage indicator = 0
C.F.R. for chosen fraction
of R(1) or R(2) = .45
APPLIED LOADING SYSTEMS

-----------------------
Loading system number 1

-------------------------
Thermal loading indicator 1
Thermal loading:
T01 = -40.0 Tm = .0 T0n = 40.0
Mechanical loading:
Nx = .3200D+06 Ny = .3200D+05 Nxy = -.1100D+06
Mx = -.4000D+03 My = -.2000D+03 Mxy = .1100D+03

-------------------------
Thermal loading:
T01 = 150.0 Tm = 175.0 T0n = 200.0
24
84018
Mechanical loading:
Nx = .3600D+06 Ny = .2400D+05 Nxy = -.1100D+05
Mx = -.1700D+03 My = -.2200D+03 Mxy = .2400D+03
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
RESULTS
=======
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
...............
. FULL OUTPUT .
...............
************************************
* LAMINATE UNDER LOADING SYSTEM 1 *
************************************
Plate construction and thermal distribution

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
k t z E1 E2 G12 Nu1 Psi dT(oC)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 .125D-03 .106D-02 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 45.00 237.8
2 .125D-03 .938D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 -45.00 233.3
3 .125D-03 .813D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 90.00 228.9
4 .125D-03 .688D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 .00 224.4
5 .125D-03 .563D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 45.00 220.0
6 .125D-03 .437D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 -45.00 215.6
7 .125D-03 .312D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 .00 211.1
8 .125D-03 .187D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 45.00 206.7
9 .125D-03 .625D-04 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 -45.00 202.2
10 .125D-03 -.625D-04 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 -45.00 197.8
11 .125D-03 -.188D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 45.00 193.3
12 .125D-03 -.313D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 .00 188.9
13 .125D-03 -.438D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 -45.00 184.4
14 .125D-03 -.563D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 45.00 180.0
15 .125D-03 -.688D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 .00 175.6
16 .125D-03 -.813D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 90.00 171.1
17 .125D-03 -.938D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 -45.00 166.7
18 .125D-03 -.106D-02 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 45.00 162.2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Stiffness matrix of laminate before loading (Data Item number 75002):

A B
.1785D+09 .6565D+08 -.8792D-05 -.4884D-10 -.1677D-10 .3061D-11
.6565D+08 .1356D+09 -.2100D-03 -.1839D-10 -.2404D-10 .3026D-11
-.8792D-05 -.2100D-03 .7526D+08 .3061D-11 .3026D-11 -.1398D-10
B D
-.4884D-10 -.1677D-10 .3061D-11 .6405D+02 .2800D+02 .4354D+01
-.1839D-10 -.2404D-10 .3026D-11 .2800D+02 .6784D+02 .4354D+01
.3061D-11 .3026D-11 -.1398D-10 .4354D+01 .4354D+01 .3206D+02
************************************************
* LAMINATE CONDITION BEFORE MECHANICAL LOADING *
************************************************
Laminate held flat : Thermal loading only : Applied load is zero

----------------------------------------------------------------
Moments required to hold laminate flat:

Mx = .2852D+01 My = .2779D+01 Mxy = -.1649D+00
25
84018
Layer stresses and criteria factors after damage (if any):
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Layer stresses Criteria factors
No. z Sigma1 Sigma2 Sigma6 R(2) R(1)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 .1063D-02 -.2337D+08 .2843D+08 -.9483D+06 .5055D+00 .1948D-01
2 .9375D-03 -.2354D+08 .2786D+08 .9483D+06 .4853D+00 .1962D-01
3 .8125D-03 -.3554D+08 .2778D+08 .1682D-04 .4822D+00 .2962D-01
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
NO LAYER FAILURE
************************************
************************************
Thermal loading only : Laminate unrestrained

--------------------------------------------
Held flat damage (if any) included : Applied load is zero
---------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 .1063D-02 -.2811D+08 .2795D+08 -.9103D+06 .4884D+00 .2342D-01
2 .9375D-03 -.2998D+08 .2753D+08 .9148D+06 .4737D+00 .2498D-01
3 .8125D-03 -.3978D+08 .2743D+08 -.7845D+05 .4703D+00 .3315D-01
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
NO LAYER FAILURE
Loading system 1 : Applied and thermal loading

-----------------------------------------------
Laminate initially unrestrained : Held flat damage (if any) included
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Applied loading:
Nx = .3200D+06 Ny = .3200D+05 Nxy = -.1100D+06
Mx = -.4000D+03 My = -.2000D+03 Mxy = .1100D+03
***********************************************************************
* LAYER MATRIX MATERIAL FAILURES HAVE OCCURRED THEREFORE APPLIED *
* LOADING SYSTEM WILL BE REDUCED TO DETERMINE LEVEL AT WHICH *
* THE FIRST MATRIX MATERIAL FAILURE OCCURS AND THEN INCREASED THROUGH *
* MATRIX MATERIAL FAILURE LEVELS BACK UP TO APPLIED LOAD LEVELS *
* THERMAL LOADING IS CONSTANT *
***********************************************************************
Loading system 1 : Matrix material failures

--------------------------------------------
occur at 24.6 per cent of applied load
---------------------------------------
Reduced applied load:

Nx = .7866D+05 Ny = .7866D+04 Nxy = -.2704D+05
Mx = -.9833D+02 My = -.4916D+02 Mxy = .2704D+02
26
84018
Layer stresses and criteria factors before damage:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
11 -.1875D-03 -.1532D+08 .2909D+08 -.7825D+07 .5422D+00 .1276D-01
14 -.5625D-03 .8604D+07 .3325D+08 -.1155D+08 .7200D+00 .5736D-02
16 -.8125D-03 -.3938D+08 .3869D+08 .8911D+07 .9527D+00 .3281D-01
17 -.9375D-03 .2792D+09 .2714D+08 .1528D+08 .5110D+00 .1861D+00
18 -.1063D-02 .4050D+08 .3880D+08 -.1652D+08 .1000D+01 .2700D-01
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
THE MATRIX MATERIAL FAILS PROGRESSIVELY AT THIS

LOAD LEVEL IN THE FOLLOWING LAYERS:
18
Layer stresses and criteria factors after damage:

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
11 -.1875D-03 -.1496D+08 .2949D+08 -.8306D+07 .5586D+00 .1247D-01
14 -.5625D-03 .9412D+07 .3396D+08 -.1238D+08 .7538D+00 .6274D-02
16 -.8125D-03 -.4421D+08 .3984D+08 .9493D+07 .1011D+01 .3684D-01
17 -.9375D-03 .2966D+09 .2748D+08 .1645D+08 .5304D+00 .1977D+00
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

16

--------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------

Nx = .1048D+06 Ny = .1048D+05 Nxy = -.3604D+05
Mx = -.1310D+03 My = -.6552D+02 Mxy = .3604D+02

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
11 -.1875D-03 -.1076D+08 .3208D+08 -.1119D+08 .6701D+00 .8966D-02
13 -.4375D-03 .2294D+09 .2743D+08 .1498D+08 .5190D+00 .1530D+00
14 -.5625D-03 .2207D+08 .3875D+08 -.1688D+08 .1000D+01 .1471D-01
17 -.9375D-03 .4145D+09 .3045D+08 .2257D+08 .6895D+00 .2764D+00
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

14

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
11 -.1875D-03 -.1053D+08 .3242D+08 -.1161D+08 .6859D+00 .8778D-02
13 -.4375D-03 .2373D+09 .2758D+08 .1554D+08 .5275D+00 .1582D+00
27
84018
17 -.9375D-03 .4263D+09 .3066D+08 .2340D+08 .7060D+00 .2842D+00
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------

Nx = .1490D+06 Ny = .1490D+05 Nxy = -.5123D+05
Mx = -.1863D+03 My = -.9314D+02 Mxy = .5123D+02

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 -.6250D-04 .1431D+09 .2600D+08 .1325D+08 .4605D+00 .9538D-01

11 -.1875D-03 -.5741D+07 .3625D+08 -.1602D+08 .8767D+00 .4784D-02
13 -.4375D-03 .3414D+09 .2990D+08 .2155D+08 .6592D+00 .2276D+00
15 -.6875D-03 .6025D+09 .2714D+08 -.1675D+08 .5209D+00 .4016D+00
17 -.9375D-03 .6058D+09 .3510D+08 .3261D+08 .1000D+01 .4039D+00
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

17

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 -.6250D-04 .1428D+09 .2623D+08 .1412D+08 .4731D+00 .9522D-01
11 -.1875D-03 -.4910D+06 .3633D+08 -.1710D+08 .8882D+00 .4091D-03
13 -.4375D-03 .3420D+09 .3034D+08 .2308D+08 .6904D+00 .2280D+00
15 -.6875D-03 .6326D+09 .2650D+08 -.1640D+08 .4971D+00 .4217D+00
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------

Nx = .1719D+06 Ny = .1719D+05 Nxy = -.5908D+05
Mx = -.2149D+03 My = -.1074D+03 Mxy = .5908D+02

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 -.6250D-04 .1673D+09 .2662D+08 .1611D+08 .4991D+00 .1115D+00
11 -.1875D-03 .2265D+07 .3831D+08 -.1954D+08 .1000D+01 .1510D-02
13 -.4375D-03 .3958D+09 .3156D+08 .2641D+08 .7736D+00 .2639D+00
15 -.6875D-03 .7280D+09 .2737D+08 -.1886D+08 .5450D+00 .4854D+00
17 -.9375D-03 .6897D+09 .0000D+00 .0000D+00 .0000D+00 .4598D+00
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
28
84018
11

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 .1875D-03 -.5416D+08 .2642D+08 -.9580D+07 .4561D+00 .4513D-01
10 -.6250D-04 .1718D+09 .2669D+08 .1652D+08 .5043D+00 .1145D+00
13 -.4375D-03 .4013D+09 .3166D+08 .2692D+08 .7831D+00 .2675D+00
15 -.6875D-03 .7385D+09 .2730D+08 -.1910D+08 .5446D+00 .4923D+00
17 -.9375D-03 .6966D+09 .0000D+00 .0000D+00 .0000D+00 .4644D+00
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------

Nx = .2235D+06 Ny = .2235D+05 Nxy = -.7684D+05
Mx = -.2794D+03 My = -.1397D+03 Mxy = .7684D+02

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 .9375D-03 -.5616D+09 .9313D+07 -.1477D+08 .1014D+00 .4680D+00
8 .1875D-03 -.6370D+08 .2693D+08 -.1216D+08 .4851D+00 .5308D-01
9 .6250D-04 .1289D+09 .2530D+08 .1665D+08 .4600D+00 .8592D-01
10 -.6250D-04 .2275D+09 .2758D+08 .2114D+08 .5721D+00 .1517D+00
13 -.4375D-03 .5235D+09 .3443D+08 .3460D+08 .1000D+01 .3490D+00
15 -.6875D-03 .9565D+09 .2919D+08 -.2469D+08 .6642D+00 .6377D+00
17 -.9375D-03 .9059D+09 .0000D+00 .0000D+00 .0000D+00 .6039D+00
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

13

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 .9375D-03 -.5631D+09 .9247D+07 -.1489D+08 .1014D+00 .4693D+00
8 .1875D-03 -.6118D+08 .2693D+08 -.1278D+08 .4884D+00 .5098D-01
9 .6250D-04 .1283D+09 .2546D+08 .1739D+08 .4707D+00 .8557D-01
10 -.6250D-04 .2271D+09 .2778D+08 .2200D+08 .5870D+00 .1514D+00
15 -.6875D-03 .9782D+09 .2866D+08 -.2444D+08 .6424D+00 .6521D+00
17 -.9375D-03 .9063D+09 .0000D+00 .0000D+00 .0000D+00 .6042D+00
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Applied loading system 1

-------------------------
Applied loading:
Nx = .3200D+06 Ny = .3200D+05 Nxy = -.1100D+06
Mx = -.4000D+03 My = -.2000D+03 Mxy = .1100D+03
29
84018
******************************************
* REDUCED LOADING EQUALS APPLIED LOADING *
******************************************
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 .1063D-02 -.3203D+09 -.2744D+08 .2809D+08 .6414D+00 .2669D+00
2 .9375D-03 -.7905D+09 .1471D+07 -.2153D+08 .1016D+00 .6588D+00
8 .1875D-03 -.7891D+08 .2785D+08 -.1787D+08 .5539D+00 .6576D-01
9 .6250D-04 .1908D+09 .2596D+08 .2444D+08 .5503D+00 .1272D+00
10 -.6250D-04 .3309D+09 .2945D+08 .3101D+08 .7502D+00 .2206D+00
12 -.3125D-03 .8859D+09 .2502D+08 -.2213D+08 .4972D+00 .5906D+00
13 -.4375D-03 .7403D+09 .0000D+00 .0000D+00 .0000D+00 .4935D+00
15 -.6875D-03 .1394D+10 .3188D+08 -.3484D+08 .8978D+00 .9291D+00
17 -.9375D-03 .1297D+10 .0000D+00 .0000D+00 .0000D+00 .8647D+00
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
THE MATRIX MATERIAL WAS REMOVED UNDER LOADING SYSTEM 1 FROM THE
FOLLOWING LAYERS (IN ORDER OF FAILURE):
18
16
14
17
11
13
*******************************************************
* LAMINATE FAILURE HAS NOT YET OCCURRED SO INPUT *
* APPLIED LOAD WILL BE BOOSTED UNTIL LAMINATE FAILURE *
* DOES OCCUR BEFORE NEXT LOADING SYSTEM IS CONSIDERED *
*******************************************************
Loading system 1 : Fibre failures

-----------------------------------
---------------------------------------
Boosted applied load:

Nx = .3447D+06 Ny = .3447D+05 Nxy = -.1185D+06
Mx = -.4309D+03 My = -.2154D+03 Mxy = .1185D+03
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 .1063D-02 -.3425D+09 -.3168D+08 .3029D+08 .8256D+00 .2854D+00
2 .9375D-03 -.8487D+09 -.5197D+06 -.2323D+08 .1168D+00 .7073D+00
8 .1875D-03 -.8345D+08 .2809D+08 -.1918D+08 .5726D+00 .6954D-01
9 .6250D-04 .2067D+09 .2608D+08 .2625D+08 .5742D+00 .1378D+00
10 -.6250D-04 .3575D+09 .2988D+08 .3331D+08 .7981D+00 .2383D+00
12 -.3125D-03 .9538D+09 .2521D+08 -.2383D+08 .5201D+00 .6359D+00
13 -.4375D-03 .7983D+09 .0000D+00 .0000D+00 .0000D+00 .5322D+00
15 -.6875D-03 .1500D+10 .3271D+08 -.3750D+08 .9728D+00 .1000D+01
17 -.9375D-03 .1397D+10 .0000D+00 .0000D+00 .0000D+00 .9314D+00
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
***************************************
* FIBRE FAILURE HAS OCCURRED IN LAYER *
* 15 *
30
84018
* GIVING TOTAL LAMINATE FAILURE *
***************************************
Maximum boosted loading for loading system 1:

Nx = .3447D+06 Ny = .3447D+05 Nxy = -.1185D+06
Mx = -.4309D+03 My = -.2154D+03 Mxy = .1185D+03
...............
. FULL OUTPUT .
...............
************************************
************************************
Damage from previous loading systems included

---------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 .125D-03 .106D-02 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 45.00 48.6
2 .125D-03 .938D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 -45.00 45.8
3 .125D-03 .813D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 90.00 43.1
4 .125D-03 .688D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 .00 40.3
5 .125D-03 .563D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 45.00 37.5
6 .125D-03 .437D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 -45.00 34.7
7 .125D-03 .312D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 .00 31.9
8 .125D-03 .187D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 45.00 29.2
9 .125D-03 .625D-04 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 -45.00 26.4
10 .125D-03 -.625D-04 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 -45.00 23.6
11 .125D-03 -.188D-03 .181D+12 .000D+00 .000D+00 .280 45.00 20.8
12 .125D-03 -.313D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 .00 18.1
13 .125D-03 -.438D-03 .181D+12 .000D+00 .000D+00 .280 -45.00 15.3
14 .125D-03 -.563D-03 .181D+12 .000D+00 .000D+00 .280 45.00 12.5
15 .125D-03 -.688D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 .00 9.7
16 .125D-03 -.813D-03 .181D+12 .000D+00 .000D+00 .280 90.00 6.9
17 .125D-03 -.938D-03 .181D+12 .000D+00 .000D+00 .280 -45.00 4.2
18 .125D-03 -.106D-02 .181D+12 .000D+00 .000D+00 .280 45.00 1.4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

A B
.1701D+09 .6712D+08 .2980D+06 .5596D+04 -.8741D+03 -.1304D+03
.6712D+08 .1284D+09 .2980D+06 -.8741D+03 .4628D+04 -.1304D+03
.2980D+06 .2980D+06 .7353D+08 -.1304D+03 -.1304D+03 .1262D+04
B D
.5596D+04 -.8741D+03 -.1304D+03 .5955D+02 .2870D+02 .4476D+01
-.8741D+03 .4628D+04 -.1304D+03 .2870D+02 .6413D+02 .4476D+01
-.1304D+03 -.1304D+03 .1262D+04 .4476D+01 .4476D+01 .3104D+02
Loading system 2 : Thermal loading only : Laminate unrestrained

----------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
31
84018
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
NO LAYER FAILURE

-----------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Applied loading:
Nx = .3600D+06 Ny = .2400D+05 Nxy = -.1100D+05
Mx = -.1700D+03 My = -.2200D+03 Mxy = .2400D+03
***********************************************************************
* LAYER MATRIX MATERIAL FAILURES HAVE OCCURRED THEREFORE APPLIED *
* LOADING SYSTEM WILL BE REDUCED TO DETERMINE LEVEL AT WHICH *
* THE FIRST MATRIX MATERIAL FAILURE OCCURS AND THEN INCREASED THROUGH *
* MATRIX MATERIAL FAILURE LEVELS BACK UP TO APPLIED LOAD LEVELS *

***********************************************************************

--------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------

Nx = .2647D+06 Ny = .1765D+05 Nxy = -.8090D+04
Mx = -.1250D+03 My = -.1618D+03 Mxy = .1765D+03

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 .1063D-02 .2954D+09 -.3782D+08 -.2214D+08 .1000D+01 .1969D+00
2 .9375D-03 -.7395D+09 .9996D+07 .2184D+08 .1657D+00 .6163D+00
17 -.9375D-03 .9809D+09 .0000D+00 .0000D+00 .0000D+00 .6539D+00
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

1

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 .9375D-03 -.7570D+09 .9635D+07 .2352D+08 .1776D+00 .6309D+00
17 -.9375D-03 .9880D+09 .0000D+00 .0000D+00 .0000D+00 .6586D+00
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Applied loading system 2

-------------------------
Applied loading:
Nx = .3600D+06 Ny = .2400D+05 Nxy = -.1100D+05
Mx = -.1700D+03 My = -.2200D+03 Mxy = .2400D+03
******************************************
* REDUCED LOADING EQUALS APPLIED LOADING *
******************************************
32
84018
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 .9375D-03 -.1028D+10 .1113D+08 .3195D+08 .2982D+00 .8567D+00
3 .8125D-03 -.6597D+09 .2470D+07 -.4817D+08 .5057D+00 .5497D+00
4 .6875D-03 .1767D+09 -.2568D+08 .4045D+08 .7660D+00 .1178D+00
5 .5625D-03 .2637D+09 -.2263D+08 -.3011D+08 .5161D+00 .1758D+00
13 -.4375D-03 .7102D+09 .0000D+00 .0000D+00 .0000D+00 .4734D+00
15 -.6875D-03 .7745D+09 .2285D+08 -.4447D+08 .7542D+00 .5163D+00
17 -.9375D-03 .1343D+10 .0000D+00 .0000D+00 .0000D+00 .8956D+00
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
1
*******************************************************
*******************************************************

-----------------------------------
---------------------------------------

Nx = .4020D+06 Ny = .2680D+05 Nxy = -.1228D+05
Mx = -.1898D+03 My = -.2457D+03 Mxy = .2680D+03
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 .9375D-03 -.1147D+10 .1179D+08 .3567D+08 .3621D+00 .9562D+00
3 .8125D-03 -.7360D+09 .2151D+07 -.5379D+08 .6287D+00 .6133D+00
4 .6875D-03 .1976D+09 -.2923D+08 .4517D+08 .9753D+00 .1317D+00
5 .5625D-03 .2949D+09 -.2579D+08 -.3361D+08 .6601D+00 .1966D+00
12 -.3125D-03 .6827D+09 .1049D+08 -.2379D+08 .1912D+00 .4552D+00
13 -.4375D-03 .7931D+09 .0000D+00 .0000D+00 .0000D+00 .5288D+00
15 -.6875D-03 .8647D+09 .2539D+08 -.4966D+08 .9361D+00 .5764D+00
17 -.9375D-03 .1500D+10 .0000D+00 .0000D+00 .0000D+00 .1000D+01
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
***************************************
* 17 *
***************************************

Nx = .4020D+06 Ny = .2680D+05 Nxy = -.1228D+05
Mx = -.1898D+03 My = -.2457D+03 Mxy = .2680D+03
*** RUN COMPLETED
END OF OUTPUT -----------------------------------------------------------
33
84018
Output Example 2
Short Output
**************************************************************************
Program A8418V60

laminates.
laminates.
**************************************************************************
S T A R T O F R U N
-----------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
INPUT DATA CHECK
================
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
RUN TITLE
---------
Short output for layers with failure criterion greater than 0.95.
UNITS USED
----------
INPUT DATA ERRORS

-----------------
No error detected

---------------------

E1 = .181E+12 E2 = .103E+11
G12 = .717E+10 Nu12 = .280E+00
Alpha1 = .100E-07 Alpha2 = .125E-04
Xt = .150E+10 Xc = .120E+10
Yt = .400E+08 Yc = .400E+08
Q = .680E+08
34
84018
E1 = .181E+12 E2 = .103E+11
G12 = .717E+10 Nu12 = .280E+00
Alpha1 = .100E-07 Alpha2 = .125E-04
Xt = .150E+10 Xc = .120E+10
Yt = .400E+08 Yc = .400E+08
Q = .680E+08

E1 = .181E+12 E2 = .103E+11
G12 = .717E+10 Nu12 = .280E+00
Alpha1 = .100E-07 Alpha2 = .125E-04
Xt = .150E+10 Xc = .120E+10
Yt = .400E+08 Yc = .400E+08
Q = .680E+08
STACKING PROPERTIES
-------------------

C = 1 -1 3 2 1 -1 2 1 -1 -1 1 2 -1 1 2 3 -1
1

---------------------------

of R(1) or R(2) = .95

-----------------------

-------------------------
Thermal loading:
T01 = -40.0 Tm = .0 T0n = 40.0
Mechanical loading:
Nx = .3200D+06 Ny = .3200D+05 Nxy = -.1100D+06
Mx = -.4000D+03 My = -.2000D+03 Mxy = .1100D+03

-------------------------
Thermal loading:
T01 = 150.0 Tm = 175.0 T0n = 200.0
35
84018
Mechanical loading:
Nx = .3600D+06 Ny = .2400D+05 Nxy = -.1100D+05
Mx = -.1700D+03 My = -.2200D+03 Mxy = .2400D+03
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
RESULTS
=======
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
................
. SHORT OUTPUT .
................
************************************
************************************

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 .125D-03 .106D-02 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 45.00 237.8
2 .125D-03 .938D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 -45.00 233.3
3 .125D-03 .813D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 90.00 228.9
4 .125D-03 .688D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 .00 224.4
5 .125D-03 .563D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 45.00 220.0
6 .125D-03 .437D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 -45.00 215.6
7 .125D-03 .312D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 .00 211.1
8 .125D-03 .187D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 45.00 206.7
9 .125D-03 .625D-04 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 -45.00 202.2
10 .125D-03 -.625D-04 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 -45.00 197.8
11 .125D-03 -.188D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 45.00 193.3
12 .125D-03 -.313D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 .00 188.9
13 .125D-03 -.438D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 -45.00 184.4
14 .125D-03 -.563D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 45.00 180.0
15 .125D-03 -.688D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 .00 175.6
16 .125D-03 -.813D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 90.00 171.1
17 .125D-03 -.938D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 -45.00 166.7
18 .125D-03 -.106D-02 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 45.00 162.2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

A B
.1785D+09 .6565D+08 -.8792D-05 -.4884D-10 -.1677D-10 .3061D-11
.6565D+08 .1356D+09 -.2100D-03 -.1839D-10 -.2404D-10 .3026D-11
-.8792D-05 -.2100D-03 .7526D+08 .3061D-11 .3026D-11 -.1398D-10
B D
-.4884D-10 -.1677D-10 .3061D-11 .6405D+02 .2800D+02 .4354D+01
-.1839D-10 -.2404D-10 .3026D-11 .2800D+02 .6784D+02 .4354D+01
.3061D-11 .3026D-11 -.1398D-10 .4354D+01 .4354D+01 .3206D+02
************************************************
* LAMINATE CONDITION BEFORE MECHANICAL LOADING *
************************************************
Laminate held flat : Thermal loading only : Applied load is zero

----------------------------------------------------------------

Mx = .2852D+01 My = .2779D+01 Mxy = -.1649D+00
36
84018
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
NO LAYER FAILURE
************************************
************************************
Thermal loading only : Laminate unrestrained

--------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
NO LAYER FAILURE

-----------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Applied loading:
Nx = .3200D+06 Ny = .3200D+05 Nxy = -.1100D+06
Mx = -.4000D+03 My = -.2000D+03 Mxy = .1100D+03
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
18
16
14
17
11
13
*******************************************************
*******************************************************

-----------------------------------
---------------------------------------
37
84018
Nx = .3447D+06 Ny = .3447D+05 Nxy = -.1185D+06
Mx = -.4309D+03 My = -.2154D+03 Mxy = .1185D+03
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
15 -.6875D-03 .1500D+10 .3271D+08 -.3750D+08 .9728D+00 .1000D+01
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
***************************************
* 15 *
***************************************

Nx = .3447D+06 Ny = .3447D+05 Nxy = -.1185D+06
Mx = -.4309D+03 My = -.2154D+03 Mxy = .1185D+03
................
. SHORT OUTPUT .
................
************************************
************************************
Damage from previous loading systems included

---------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 .125D-03 .106D-02 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 45.00 48.6
2 .125D-03 .938D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 -45.00 45.8
3 .125D-03 .813D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 90.00 43.1
4 .125D-03 .688D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 .00 40.3
5 .125D-03 .563D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 45.00 37.5
6 .125D-03 .437D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 -45.00 34.7
7 .125D-03 .312D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 .00 31.9
8 .125D-03 .187D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 45.00 29.2
9 .125D-03 .625D-04 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 -45.00 26.4
10 .125D-03 -.625D-04 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 -45.00 23.6
11 .125D-03 -.188D-03 .181D+12 .000D+00 .000D+00 .280 45.00 20.8
12 .125D-03 -.313D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 .00 18.1
13 .125D-03 -.438D-03 .181D+12 .000D+00 .000D+00 .280 -45.00 15.3
14 .125D-03 -.563D-03 .181D+12 .000D+00 .000D+00 .280 45.00 12.5
15 .125D-03 -.688D-03 .181D+12 .103D+11 .717D+10 .280 .00 9.7
16 .125D-03 -.813D-03 .181D+12 .000D+00 .000D+00 .280 90.00 6.9
17 .125D-03 -.938D-03 .181D+12 .000D+00 .000D+00 .280 -45.00 4.2
18 .125D-03 -.106D-02 .181D+12 .000D+00 .000D+00 .280 45.00 1.4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

A B
.1701D+09 .6712D+08 .2980D+06 .5596D+04 -.8741D+03 -.1304D+03
.6712D+08 .1284D+09 .2980D+06 -.8741D+03 .4628D+04 -.1304D+03
.2980D+06 .2980D+06 .7353D+08 -.1304D+03 -.1304D+03 .1262D+04
38
84018
B D
.5596D+04 -.8741D+03 -.1304D+03 .5955D+02 .2870D+02 .4476D+01
-.8741D+03 .4628D+04 -.1304D+03 .2870D+02 .6413D+02 .4476D+01
-.1304D+03 -.1304D+03 .1262D+04 .4476D+01 .4476D+01 .3104D+02
Loading system 2 : Thermal loading only : Laminate unrestrained

----------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
NO LAYER FAILURE

-----------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Applied loading:
Nx = .3600D+06 Ny = .2400D+05 Nxy = -.1100D+05
Mx = -.1700D+03 My = -.2200D+03 Mxy = .2400D+03
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
1
*******************************************************
*******************************************************

-----------------------------------
---------------------------------------

Nx = .4020D+06 Ny = .2680D+05 Nxy = -.1228D+05
Mx = -.1898D+03 My = -.2457D+03 Mxy = .2680D+03
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 .9375D-03 -.1147D+10 .1179D+08 .3567D+08 .3621D+00 .9562D+00
4 .6875D-03 .1976D+09 -.2923D+08 .4517D+08 .9753D+00 .1317D+00
17 -.9375D-03 .1500D+10 .0000D+00 .0000D+00 .0000D+00 .1000D+01
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
39
84018
***************************************
* 17 *
***************************************

Nx = .4020D+06 Ny = .2680D+05 Nxy = -.1228D+05
Mx = -.1898D+03 My = -.2457D+03 Mxy = .2680D+03
*** RUN COMPLETED
END OF OUTPUT -----------------------------------------------------------
Output Example 3
Extract Output
**************************************************************************
Program A8418V60

laminates.
laminates.
**************************************************************************
S T A R T O F R U N
-----------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
INPUT DATA CHECK
================
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
RUN TITLE
---------
Extract output for laminate (therefore cfr = 0)
Laminate initially held flat. Damage not passed between loading systems.
UNITS USED
----------
INPUT DATA ERRORS

-----------------
No error detected
40
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---------------------

E1 = .181E+12 E2 = .103E+11
G12 = .717E+10 Nu12 = .280E+00
Alpha1 = .100E-07 Alpha2 = .125E-04
Xt = .150E+10 Xc = .120E+10
Yt = .400E+08 Yc = .400E+08
Q = .680E+08


E1 = .181E+12 E2 = .103E+11
G12 = .717E+10 Nu12 = .280E+00
Alpha1 = .100E-07 Alpha2 = .125E-04
Xt = .150E+10 Xc = .120E+10
Yt = .400E+08 Yc = .400E+08
Q = .680E+08

E1 = .181E+12 E2 = .103E+11
G12 = .717E+10 Nu12 = .280E+00
Alpha1 = .100E-07 Alpha2 = .125E-04
Xt = .150E+10 Xc = .120E+10
Yt = .400E+08 Yc = .400E+08
Q = .680E+08
STACKING PROPERTIES
-------------------

C = 1 -1 3 2 1 -1 2 1 -1 -1 1 2 -1 1 2 3 -1
1

---------------------------

of R(1) or R(2) = .00

-----------------------

-------------------------
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84018
Thermal loading:
T01 = -40.0 Tm = .0 T0n = 40.0
Mechanical loading:
Nx = .3200D+06 Ny = .3200D+05 Nxy = -.1100D+06
Mx = -.4000D+03 My = -.2000D+03 Mxy = .1100D+03

-------------------------
Thermal loading:
T01 = 150.0 Tm = 175.0 T0n = 200.0
Mechanical loading:
Nx = .3600D+06 Ny = .2400D+05 Nxy = -.1100D+05
Mx = -.1700D+03 My = -.2200D+03 Mxy = .2400D+03
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
RESULTS
=======
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
..................
. EXTRACT OUTPUT .
..................
Loading system 1
-----------------

Mx = .2852D+01 My = .2779D+01 Mxy = -.1649D+00
Applied loading:
Nx = .3200D+06 Ny = .3200D+05 Nxy = -.1100D+06
Mx = -.4000D+03 My = -.2000D+03 Mxy = .1100D+03
Laminate failure load:

Nx = .3447D+06 Ny = .3447D+05 Nxy = -.1185D+06
Mx = -.4309D+03 My = -.2154D+03 Mxy = .1185D+03
CAUSE OF FAILURE
***********************************
* FIBRE FAILURE IN LAYER *
* 15 *
***********************************
Loading system 2
-----------------

Mx = .1783D+01 My = .1737D+01 Mxy = -.1031D+00
Applied loading:
Nx = .3600D+06 Ny = .2400D+05 Nxy = -.1100D+05
Mx = -.1700D+03 My = -.2200D+03 Mxy = .2400D+03
Laminate failure load:

Nx = .4024D+06 Ny = .2683D+05 Nxy = -.1230D+05
Mx = -.1900D+03 My = -.2459D+03 Mxy = .2683D+03
42
84018
CAUSE OF FAILURE
***********************************
* FIBRE FAILURE IN LAYER *
* 17 *
***********************************
*** RUN COMPLETED
END OF OUTPUT -----------------------------------------------------------

43
84018
2. PROGRAM SUPPORT INFORMATION AND FLOW CHART
2.1 Introduction
The stress analysis of the laminate performed by the program given in ESDUpac A8418V60 is based on
Data Items Nos 94004 and 94003. The method of determining failure of the layers and laminate was
developed from the work in Derivations 1, 2, 3, and Data Items Nos 82025 and 83014. The criterion used
as a basis for assessing layer fibre failure (R(1)) and layer matrix material failure (R(2)) is the Puck Modified
Criterion as set out in Section 8.2 of Data Item No. 83014. The derivation is given in Section 1.3.
Every reasonable effort has been made to ensure that the program of ESDUpac A8418 performs the intended
calculations satisfactorily. No representation as to the suitability or fitness of the program for any particular
purpose is made and no liability for any loss occasioned by any persons as a direct or indirect result of use
of the program whether arising from negligence or otherwise can be accepted. In no event shall ESDU or
any individuals associated with the development of the program be liable for any damages, including loss
of profit or consequential loss, arising out of or in connection with the program.
2.2 Notes on Program Organisation and Flow Chart
2.2.1 Method of analysis
The program determines the stresses σ 1 , σ 2 and σ6 in each layer of the laminate from the input geometry,
materials properties and loading data using the method detailed in Data Items Nos 94004 and 94003. The
principal equations used are those for an unrestrained laminate under applied mechanical and thermal
loading, Equations (5.1) and (5.6) of Data Item No. 94004. If the held-flat condition is specified prior to
loading (with thermal loading only) then Equations (6.2) and (6.3) of Data Item No. 94004 have been used.
When the layer stresses have been obtained they are compared to the allowable stresses by using the Puck
Modified Criterion which has been generalised in the form of the failure criteria ratios R(1) and R(2) (see
Section 1.2, Notation). The equation for R(1) is identified with longitudinal fibre failure and the equation
for R(2) with transverse and shear matrix material failure. The program gives a damage history of the
laminate by detailing the sequence of matrix material failure (damage) for any sequence of applied loading
systems until either matrix material failure ( R ( 2 ) ≥ 1 ) occurs in all the layers or fibre failure ( R ( 1 ) ≥ 1 )
occurs in any one layer. Either of these events is assumed to constitute laminate failure. If no laminate
failure has occurred after any applied loading system has been considered that system will be boosted in
ratio until such a failure occurs before considering the next applied loading system.
The program starts by computing the laminate stiffness matrices and calculating the initial thermal stresses
(loading system 1) in the layers. If the held-flat condition has been specified, the moments required to hold
the laminate flat (while free to displace in-plane) are calculated and output with the layer stresses and criteria
factors. If matrix material layer failure has occurred, the matrix stiffness properties of the relevant layers
are removed.
The program next considers the laminate unrestrained (not held flat) subjected to the first loading system,
determining first the layer stresses and criteria factors when only the thermal loading is applied. These
data are then printed out with the matrix material properties of layers having damage removed. The laminate
is then subjected to the first applied loading system but this initial application can result in layer stresses
that when related to the allowable stresses may give values of R(1) and R(2) greater than unity for some
layers. Such initial values are unlikely to reflect the true development of layer damage in the laminate
under that applied loading system. Only if no damage has occurred will results be given at this stage. If
damage has occurred the loading system will be reduced in ratio to the level that makes the highest value
of R(2) equal to 1. The reduced loading system at this level, the stresses, and the R(2) and R(1) values are
then printed with the critical layers matrix material stiffnesses still present.
44
84018
The matrix material stiffnesses (only) of the layers for which R(2) = 1 are next removed and the loading
system at that level is reapplied to see if further layers fail, ( R ( 2 ) ≥ 1 ) . If they do, their matrix stiffnesses
(only) are also removed and the process is repeated at the same load level until the situation stabilises (that
is, all R ( 2 ) < 1 ) or laminate failure occurs. If the situation stabilises at this load level the layers having
their matrix stiffnesses removed (damaged layers) are noted. The layer stresses and criteria ratios at this
same reduced load level are then listed before the loading system is boosted until a level is reached at which
the next layer R(2) failure occurs (that is, R(2) = 1). The loading, layer stresses and R(1) and R(2) values
are then printed with the matrix stiffnesses of the new critical layer still present as before. The process of
checking for stability or progressive failure is then repeated at this load level before the loading is further
boosted.
This process of boosting the loading to each critical layer level (R(2) = 1) and subsequent removal of the
matrix material stiffnesses of that layer and other progressively failed (R(2) = 1) layers at that level is
repeated until the level of the initially applied loading system is reached. This situation now represents the
‘true’ damaged condition of the laminate under the applied loading and a printout is therefore given of the
applied loading system, layer stresses, criteria ratios R(1) and R(2), and the identification numbers of layers
that have been damaged.
If initial damage has not occurred at the applied load level or laminate failure, as previously defined, has
not occurred during the analysis of the applied loading system, then that system is boosted in ratio to obtain
the level at which laminate failure does occur, examining each damage step on the way as was done for the
applied loading system. This does not of course constitute real laminate failure under the applied loading
system and if further loading systems have been specified the program will subsequently return to the next.
If damage carry over between loading systems has been specified this next loading system will be applied
to the laminate in its ‘true’ damaged state as at the end of the analysis for the previous applied loading
system with the stiffness of the layers that suffered matrix material failure under that loading system already
removed. If damage carry over is not specified the new loading system will be applied to the original matrix
material laminate before the held flat condition is applied (if specified).
The program will stop when a laminate failure has occurred as a result of (1) the laminate being held flat
with only thermal loading applied, (2) the unrestrained laminate being subjected to thermal loading only,
(3) the unrestrained laminate being subjected to thermal and applied loading and (4) the unrestrained
laminate being subjected to boosted loading after the final loading system has been considered. The output
can be given in full, shortened or extract forms as detailed in Section 1.5.
45
84018
2.2.2 Flow chart for program
A general flow chart of program operations with the full output form is presented here.
46
84018
THE PREPARATION OF THIS DATA ITEM
The work on this particular Data Item was monitored and guided by the Aerospace Structures Committee,
which first met in 1940 and now has the following membership:
Chairman
Mr. J.H. van der Sloot – Fokker B.V., Schiphol, The Netherlands
Vice–Chairman
Mr. J.K. Bennett – Independent
Members
Dr. P. Bartholomew – Defence Research Agency
Mr. A. Dickson – British Aerospace Defence Ltd

Mr. K. Fitzsimons – Westland Helicopters Ltd
Mr. P.J. Mitchelmore – Independent
Mr. B. Popham – British Aerospace Space Systems Ltd
Mr. M.S. Pressnell – University of Hertfordshire
Professor A. Rothwell – Technische Universiteit Delft, The Netherlands
Mr. P. Stocking – Cranfield Institute of Technology
Mr. K. van Katwijk* – European Space Agency, Noordwijk, The Netherlands.
*
Corresponding Member
The technical work involved in the assessment of the available information and the construction and
subsequent development of the Data Item was undertaken by
Mr. R.L. Penning – Senior Engineer.
The person with overall responsibility for the work in this subject area is Mr M. E. Grayley, Head of Strength
Analysis Group.
47

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84018

FAILURE ANALYSIS OF FIBRE REINFORCED COMPOSITE LAMINATES

1. USE OF THE PROGRAM

1.1.1 General notes

1.1.2 Scope of the program

1.2.1 Coordinate system (see Sketch 1.1)

0 ( x, y, z ) laminate reference axes

0 ( 1, 2 ) principal axes of orthotropy of layer

1.2.2 Sign convention for stresses

X allowable direct stress of layer in fibre direction N/m2 lbf/in2

Y allowable direct stress of layer normal to fibre (in-plane) N/m2 lbf/in2

σ6 layer shear stress in 1, 2-plane (see Sketch 1.2) N/m2 lbf/in2

1.2.4 Loading (mechanical)

L sequential identification numbers for loading systems (from 1 to

1.2.5 Loading (thermal)

T0 initial (cure) temperature at which laminate is stress free °C °C

Tk final (working) temperature of layer °C °C

α 1 ,α 2 layer coefficients of linear thermal expansion in 1-direction °C–1 °C–1

T o1 value of T k at outside of laminate at layer 1 °C °C

Tm value of T k for mid-plane (z = 0) of laminate °C °C

T on value of T k at outside of laminate at layer n °C °C

δT difference between initial and final temperature, °C °C

R(1) ratio of layer direct stress in longitudinal (in-plane, fibre)

Note: R ( 1 ) ≥ 1 is assumed fibre failure

R(2) relationship between layer transverse (in-plane) direct and shear

1.2.7 Moduli, stiffnesses, compliances and Poisson’s ratios

A in-plane stiffness matrix for laminate N/m lbf/in

B coupled in-plane and flexural stiffness matrix for laminate N lbf

D flexural stiffness matrix for laminate Nm lbf in

E1 , E2 modulus of elasticity of layer in 1- and 2-directions N/m2 lbf/in2

G 12 shear modulus of layer, G 12 = 1/S 66 N/m2 lbf/in2

ν 12 longitudinal Poisson’s ratio of layer, ratio of transverse

ν 21 transverse Poisson’s ratio of layer, ratio of longitudinal strain

C sequential identification number for layer configurations

hf identification for held flat condition

n number of layers in laminate

op identification of output form

t thickness of layer (see Sketch 1.1) m in

z distance of layer middle surface from reference plane m in

ψ angle of principal axis of orthotropy, 1-direction of layer degree degree

x, y, z refer to laminate coordinate system (see Sketch 1.1)

1, 2, 6 refer to layer coordinate system (see Sketch 1.2)

Sketch 1.1 Sign convention for forces and moments

1.4 Data Input Information

Enter Cmax (highest value of C), where C max ≤ 50 .

(4) Material properties and geometry of each layer configuration

Enter n where 1 ≤ n ≤ 500 .

Enter C for each layer.

(9) Form of output

Note: op = 0 requests short output 

(10) Panel condition before mechanical loading

Panel prior restraint

Enter T0 (enter 0 if thermal loading is not required).

Enter cfr (fraction of failure criteria required).

Note: 0 indicates no thermal loading, (no difference between T0 and Tk)

If 1 was entered in (14)

enter To1 , Tm and Ton.

(Note: T o 1 = T m = T on for constant temperature.)