General Physics Electrons will flow and passed to another object with

the same charge due to the physical contact.

Lesson 1: Electrical Charges
Electric Dipole
Electric Charge
• Determines the electric interaction and magnetic Point Dipole
interaction between subatomic particle
• “Like charges repel, unlike charges attract.” (Law - Atoms with negative and positive side
of charges)
• Represented by “q” with the unit coulomb (C) Molecular Dipole
• Subatomic particles are measured in terms of “e” - Molecules with negative and positive side.
(charge)
• 1C = 6.242X10^18 e
• CATIONS Instantaneous or Temporary Dipole -
• ANIONS
Lesson 2: Electrostatic Force
Conductors
• Materials that allow electrical charges to move from Electrostatic Force
one material to another. - The force between attraction and repulsion of
• Charging by Rubbing ( electrically neutral body can charges.
gain a charge by rubbing or friction)
Coulomb’s Law

States that an electrostatic force is directly

Charging by rubbing proportional to the product of the charges and
- Electrically neutral body can gain charge by friction inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between the two charges.
(sagot ko sa assignment)
F E =k ¿ q 1 q 2∨ ¿2 ¿
⃗
• Charging a electrically neutral bodies by rubbing r
can result a heat and eventually cause a friction k = 8.99x109 N‧m2 / C2
because it has a contact within each other.
Example
• Because of that frictions it can form electrical
charges to a neutral body , this rubbing interaction of What is the electrostatic force of attraction between a
neutral bodies can create electrical charges thats why -6.0x10-6 C charge and 4.0x10-6 C charge if they are
it can be resulted an attractive forces and because of separated by a distance of 3 meters (m)?
that atractive forces it will have atraction and Solution:
repulsion of the objects.In conclusion the purpose of
k q1 q2
rubbing a neutral bodies is that it can have charges ⃗
FE=
and activate it. r2

Charging by induction
8.99x10 9  N‧m 2  / C 2|(−6x10 −6 C) (4.0x10 −6 C)|
- Electrons move within the object making the closest ¿
(3m) 2
side oppositely charged
= 0.02 N
• Charging electrically neutral bodies by induction is
transfering charges without physical contact due to Example
repulsion ,the negatively charge body will be attract
to a neutral body so all of the positive charges of a Two identically charged one peso coin are 1.5 m
neutral body will be atracted to negatively charge apart on a table. What is the charge of one of the
body then all of the negatively charges will apply coins if each of them experiences a repulsive force of
repulsion. 2.0 N?
q=√⃗ ¿¿¿¿¿

√
Charging by Conduction (2.0 N )(1.5 m)2
- Electrons transfer to the object making it the same ¿
8.99x10 9 N‧m 2 /C 2 
charge
= 2.24x10-5 C
• Charging a electrically neutral bodies by conduction
is transfering a negative charge or electron , this
electron will transfer to another object or electrically
neutral body and became negative charge too.
Solution: in a vacuum when the test charge is placed 0.20 m
away from the other charge.
Solution:

Electric field
- The area or field around a charge where the
electrostatic force can be experienced. Example:

Test Charge Compute the electric field experienced by a test

– a single charge whose behavior is measured or charge q= +0.80µC from a source charge q= +15µC
determined based on the presence of external factors in a vacuum when the test charge is placed 0.20 m
or stimuli. away from the other charge.

Source Charge Solution:

– the charge from where the electric field comes
from. FE
⃗
E=
q
⃗ kQ
E= 2 2.7N
r ¿
0.8x10 −6 C
⃗ FE
E=
q = 3375000 N/C or 3.38X106 N/C
Electric Field Lines
Example:
- Graphical representation of electric field.
Calculate the electric field that a text charge
will experience on the following distances - The density and thickness of these lines is directly
proportional to the strength of the electric field at any
from the source charge of +5.02x10^-13 C. region in space.

- If the electric field lines are close to each other, the

a. Distance from source charge : 2.04x10^-3m electric field is stronger.

Solution: - Positive charges have electric field lines drawn from

them while negative charges have field lines drawn to
⃗ kQ them
E= 2
r

(8.99x10 9  N‧m 2  / C 2 )(5.02x10− 13 C)

¿
(1.55x10 −12 m)2
= 1.88x1021 N/C

Example

A charge of +3.0x10^-8 C experiences an

electrostatic force of 6.0x10^-8 N.Compute the force
per coulomb that the charge experiences
Solution: Electric Flux
- Measures the flow of an electric field through a
FE given
⃗
E=
q Φ =( ⃗E ) ( A ) ( cos θ ) area.
E

6.0x10 −8 N N‧m2/C
¿
3.0x10 −8 C
= 2.0 N/C Example:
Example
Compute the electric field experienced by a test ⃗
E =9.5 x 10 13 N /C
charge q= +0.80µC from a source charge q= +15µC A=1.6 x 10 −5 m 2
θ=75°
Solution:
 r

Lesson 3: Electric Potential

Work and Potential Energy

Energy
- capacity to do work

Potential Energy
- energy at rest
Resistance and Resistivity
Gravitational Potential Energy
• Resistance – limitation of current flow.
- a body's potential energy due to a body's elevation
from the ground •Resistance and electric current are inversely
proportional.
Electric Potential
- amount of electric potential energy per unit charge. •A lower resistance means less restrictions, allowing
more current to flow through the conductor.
kQ ⃗
Formula: V E= =E
r • Electrical Resistivity – an intrinsic property of the
material that describes how it resists electric current
Example:
Compute the electric potential from a source flowing through it.
charge of +5.02 x10-13 C if a test charge will be • Higher electrical resistivity means higher overall
placed 2.08x10-3 m from it.
resistance of the material, whereas lower resistivity
VE = indicates the materia l’s lower resistance.
(8.99x109 N‧m 2  / C2 )( +5.02 x10−13) •Electrical Conductivity- increase in electrical
2.08x10−3  conductivity of the material results in a lower
resistance
VE = 2.17 V
Example:
Compute the electric potential from a source charge
of +4.02 x10-15 C if a test charge will be placed pL
R = A Factors
= Ω (ohm) Effect on Resis Effect on C
4.55x10-12 m from it tance urrent Flow
(8.99x109N‧m 2  / C2 )( +4.02 x10−15)
VE =4.55x10− 12
Electrical Resistivity Increase Increase Decrease
Example :
VE = 7.94x106 V / 7942813.19 V Compute the resistance
Decreaseof aDecrease
conductor given a
Increase
Voltage, Current and Resistance resistivity of 10.4 Ω-m,
Electrical Conductivit Higher lengthDecrease
of 4 m, and Increase
cross-
y
Current : Flow of Electrical Charges sectional area of 7.85x10 -3 m2 .Increase
Lower Decrease
- Electrons move from one point to another.
- Electric potential energy can be transferred to Temperature Higher Increase Decrease
electrons through work. ¿
R= (10.4 Ω−m ¿( 4 m) 7.85x10−3 m
Lower 2 = 5299.36
Decrease
Ω
Increase
- Drift Velocity
- Drift velocity and electric current are directly Length of Conductor Longer Increase Decrease
proportional.
Shorter Decrease Increase
q q
I¿ t (C/s or A) t= Cross sectional area o Higher Decrease Increase
I f conductor
Lower Increase Decrease
Example :
Compute the current produced by a +6.5x10-18 C
charge flowing in 15 s
 – allow the current to flow from the source of the
current to the load where the current is needed.

Open Circuit
– have gaps where current cannot flow, thus, electric
current cannot be delivered to the load where it is
needed.
Electromotive Force (EMF)
EMF is not a force, instead it is the potential energy Schematic Diagrams
given to a unit charge to make it flow through a - helps to draw a circuit easier

conductor or around a complete circuit. (V)

Ohm’s Law
George Simon Ohm discovered the relationship
among voltage, current and resistance.
Ohm’s Law stated that voltage (V) is directly
proportional to current (I) and resistance (R).
V=IR

Example

Using Ohm’s law, solve for the electric current of a

conductor given a voltage of 25 V and a resistance of 10Ω.

V 25V
I = R = 10Ω = 2.5 A

An electric water heater uses 15A of current when plugged to

a 220-V outlet. What is the resistance provided by the
appliance?

V 220V
R = I = 15 A = 14.67 Ω

Electric Circuits
- The pathway for the current to move to and from
the source.

Closed and Open Circuit

Closed Circuit