JAWAHAR nAVODAYA VIDYALAYA,

MUDIPU, DAKSHINA KANNADA

Chemistry Investigatory project work

(2021-2022)
TOPIC:
TOTAL FATTY MATTER IN SOAPS
FROM:
M.BARATH
CLASS: - XIIth
ROLL NO:-25

UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF:-

KAVYA P
{PGT-Chemistry}

(a)
 INDEX
CONTENTS Page No.
1. SYNOPSIS 01
2. CERTIFICATE 02
3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 03
4. INTRODUCTION 04
5. EXPERIMENT 06
6. OBSERVATIONS 06
7. RESULT 07
8. CONCLUSION

PHOTO

(b)
 SYNOPSIS
(Project work)
Synopsis approval proforma
Name:- M.Barath
Class:- 12
Institution:- JNV DK
Centre:- Mudipu , Dakshina kannada
Submitted to:- Ms.Kavya P
(PGT-Chemistry)
Title of project:- TOTAL FATTY
MATTER IN SOAPS
Prerequisites:- Grade 1 soaps
- minimum 76% TFM
content
Grade 2 soaps
- minimum 70% TFM
content
Grade 3 soaps
- minimum 60% TFM
content

01
JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA, MUDIPU,
DAKSHINA KANNADA

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that thisprojectwork in the subject of

CHEMISTRY has been done by M.Barath of class 12
(Science)in the academic year 2021-2022 on the topic
“TOTAL FATTY MATTER IN SOAPS”and is submitted
on__________

Teacher in Charge Principal

Signature of Examiner

02
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I hereby acknowledge my deep gratitude and

indebtedness to the following personalities
whose immense help, guidance,
encouragement, necessary suggestion,
initiation, enthusiasm and inspiration made
this work a master art & joint enterprise.

Mr P Rajesh (Principal)
Ms Rekha Ashok (Vice principal)
Ms Kavya p (PGT Chemistry)

And all other teachers and classmates.

 03

INTRODUCTION
Soap is a sodium or potassium salts of various naturally
occurring fatty acids. The total fatty matter (TFM) is one of
the most important characteristics describing the quality
of soap and it is always specified in commercial
transactions. It is defined as total amount of fatty matter,
mostly fatty acids, that can be separated from a sample
after splitting with mineral acid, usually HCl. This is the
method and idea that we used here to determine the
total fatty matter in soaps. Soaps are graded in terms of
total fatty matter. TFM is usually associated with hardness
and lower quality of soaps. The fatty acids most
commonly present in soaps are oleic, stearic and palmitic
and pure, dry, sodium oleate has TFM 92.8%, while top
quality soap noodles now increasingly used for making
soap tablets in small and medium size factories, are
typically traded with a specification TFM 78% min.,
moisture 14% max. But besides moisture, finished
commercial soap, especially laundry soap, also contains
fillers used to lower its cost or confer special properties,
plus emollients, preservatives, etc. and then the TFM can
be as low as 50% .Fillers, which are usually dry powders,
also make the soap harder, harsher on the skin and with
greater tendency to become ‘mushy’ in water and so low
 04

TFM matter is usually associated with hardness and lower

quality. In older days in Europe and in some countries
now, soap with TFM 75% minimum was referred to as
Grade 1 and 65% minimum as Grade 2. The soap with the
higher TFM gives more lather, lasts longer and, more
importantly, cleans your skin better and more gently. The
least quality soap (Grade 3) has to have at least 60% TFM.
TFM is a measure of identifying the amount of fatty
matter present in soap. Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)
has categorized bath or toilet soaps as ‘normal’, ‘baby,
transparent, and antibacterial soaps. The last three are
called specialty soaps targeted to specific users. A toilet
soap is a cosmetic by law and it must fulfil the
requirements of the relevant Indian standard. BIS
categorized toilet soaps in to three grades based on the
total fatty matter present in them. If TFM is above 76%,
grade I, which is having good quality. TFM above 60%,
belongs to grade II and TFM above 50% belongs to grade
III. According to International Standards (ISO), good
quality soaps must have TFM above 76% .In the present
study, the total alkali content and total fatty matter
content of different soap samples were determined and
compared with standard values. These values are
important in determining the quality of a soap and
suitability in the cleansing applications.
 05

EXPERIMENT

PROCEDURE:-
Soap (5.0 g) was weighed out and the hot water (100 ml)
was added, then it was shaken well and heated directly
until the soap dissolves. Then concentric sulphuric acid
was added until fatty acid layer separated. Solution was
filtered by using filter paper and transferred to a pre
weighed petri dish. Finally, content was evaporated in hot
airoven (10 min, 90 °C) and residue was weighed after
cooling it.
PHOTO

CALCULATIONS:-
Weight of the china dish (x) = _____________
Weight of china dish + Soap after drying (y) =___________
Weight of soap sample = ______________
% of fatty mater = (y – x) x 100/Weight of soap sample
 06

OBSERVATIONS

SI. SOAP Weight of china Weight of china dish % of fatty

NO dish (g) (X) with content(g) (Y) matter
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

RESULT
Higher Total Fatty Matter (TFM) confirms that soaps are
less damaging to the skin and do not cause dryness in bars
for “bathing". Less Total Fatty Matter (TFM) means very
harmful soap, soap captures all the moisture in the skin
that makes it dry. While dry skin progresses, it becomes
more sensitive to skin break down, and causes the
infection and rashes. This disorder is sometimes referred
to as xerosis. Bathing soaps are categorized into three
grades, Grade 1: Soaps should have a minimum of 76%
Total Fatty Matter (TFM), Grade 2: soaps should have a
minimum of 70% Total Fatty Matter (TFM) and Grade 3:
60% minimum Total Fatty Matter (TFM).
For washing soaps, they are categorized in two grades.
Grade 1: 62% lowest Total Fatty Matter (TFM) and Grade
2: 50% of lowest Total Fatty Matter (TFM). Basically,
higher the Total Fatty Matter (TFM) of soap better is its
cleansing capacity.

PHOTO

CONCLUSION

Align 4