bdkbZ 2 çkphu uxjksa ds vè;;u lacaèkh fofHkUu

fopkjèkkjk,a *
lajpuk
2-1 izLrkouk
2-2 gM+Iikdkyhu uxj
2-2-1 gM+Iikdkyhu uxjksa dk izkjafHkd iqjkrRo
2-2-2 uohu vkadM+s rFkk ubZ O;k[;k,a

2-3 gM+Iik vkSj izkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld ds eè; dk dky % uxjksa dh vuqifLFkfr\

2-4 izkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld uxj
2-4-1 xzaFkksa esa izkjfEHkd ,sfrgkfld uxj
2-4-2 izkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjhdj.k dh le>
2-4-3 izkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjh; dsanzksa dh [kkst vkSj mR[kuu

2-5 lkjka'k
2-6 vH;kl
2-7 lanHkZ xzaFk

2-1 izLrkouk
izkphure uxj tks Hkkjrh; miegk}hi ds mÙkjif'peh fgLls esa yxHkx 2600 ch lh bZ
esa vfLrRo esa vk, yxHkx 700 o"kks± rd cus jgsA ;s uxj gM+Iik ;k flaèkq dky ls lac)
gSaA 1900 ch lh bZ ds yxHkx bu clkoVksa esa ls vfèkdrj dk ifjR;kx uxjokn ds igys
pj.k dh lekfIr dk ?kksrd FkkA uxjh; dsanzksa dk vxyk pj.k ftls izkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld
dky dgk x;k yxHkx 500 ch lh bZ esa vkjaHk gqvk rFkk yxHkx 1000 o"kks± rd tkjh jgkA
gM+Iik vkSj izkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld ds chp uxjh; dsanzksa esa varjky dh Hkkafr] ,slk ijorhZ iwoZ
eè;dkyhu] eè;dkyhu ¼NBh-iUnzjgoha lnh lh bZ½] iwoZ vkèkqfud ¼lksygoha-vBkjgoha
lnh lh bZ½ vkSj vkèkqfud ¼mUuhloha-chloh lnh lh bZ½ dkyksa dh fLFkfr esa ugha FkkA
rFkkfi tks ifjofrZr gqvk og ;g Fkk fd vusd izkjfEHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjksa dk iru gqvk
vkSj blds cnys esa iwoZ eè;dky] eè;dky rFkk ckn ds pj.kksa ds izR;sd pj.k esa u,
uxjh; dsanzksa dk vH;qn; gqvkA
tgk¡ gM+Iikdkyhu uxjksa dk vè;;u iw.kZr% iqjkrkfRod vkadM+ksa ij vkèkkfjr gS] izkjfEHkd
,sfrgkfld uxjksa dk vè;;u vusd lzksrksa] xzaFkksa ls ysdj vfHkys[kksa vkSj flDdksa rFkk n`';
vkSj iqjkrkfRod vkadM+ksa ij vkèkkfjr gSA ;g le>uk vko';d gS fd le; ds Lo:i
ds lkFk uxjksa ds Lo:i esa fujarj ifjorZu gksrk jgkA bl izdkj gM+Iikdkyhu uxj
izkjfEHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjksa dh rqyuk esa fcYdqy fHkUu jgs gksaxsA u gh ,d gh dky esa lHkh
uxj ,d nwljs ds ln`'; FksA gM+Iikdkyhu uxjksa dk vkarfjd dkyØe fuèkkZj.k vHkh Hkh
Hkyh-Hkkafr ugha fd;k x;k gS ftlls fd iwoZ pj.kksa esa LFkkfir uxjksa dk mu uxjkssa ds lkFk]
*MkW- lqfiz;k oekZ] tokgjyky usg: fo'ofo|ky; ¼ts-,u-;w-½] ubZ fnYyh- 21
uxjh; bfrgkl% ftudh LFkkiuk dqN ckn esa gqbZ gks] dk rqyukRed vè;;u fd;k tk ldsA rFkkfi]
,d ifjp; izkjfEHkd ,sfrgkfld dky ds nkSjku fo'ks"kdj Hkhj Vhyk] fljdi vkSj r{kf'kyk ?kkVh esa
fljlq[k ds mÙkjorhZ uxjksa ds lanHkZ esa varjksa dks uksV fd;k x;k gSA ;gk¡ ;g Hkh è;ku
nsus dh vko';drk gS fd bu nks fHkUu-fHkUu vofèk;ksa esa uxjksa ds vè;;u dk dsanz
vleku jgk gS] bldk dkj.k va'kr% lzksrksa dh izÑfr rFkk va'kr% miyCèk vkadM+s jgs gSaA
bl bdkbZ] ftldh fo"k;oLrq izkphu dky rd lhfer gS] esa rhu Hkkx gSa] igyk
gM+Iikdkyhu uxj] nwljk gM+Iikdkyhu uxj ls izkjfEHkd ,sfrgkfld ds eè; uxjksa dk
vHkko rFkk rhljk izkjfEHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjA

2-2 gM+Iikdkyhu uxj

gM+Iikdkyhu uxj mu vusd izkphu uxjksa esa ls ,d jgs gSa tks fo'kky Vhys ds :i esa
[kM+s Fks] ftls LFkkuh; yksxksa us izkphu LFky dgk gSA bUgha izkphu LFkkuksa esa ls ,d us
pkYlZ eSlu dks iatkc esa mlds lka;ksfxd vUos"k.k ds fy, viuh vksj vkÑ"V fd;k tgk¡
mlus LFky dk vkdkj uksV fd;kA ;g vysDtsaMj dfua?ke Fks] ftUgksaus miegk}hi ds
mÙkjh fgLls esa iqjkrkfRod lk{; dh [kkst djrs gq, viuh izkjfEHkd ;k=kvksa esa ls ,d
ds nkSjku gM+Iik dk nkSjk fd;k( ysfdu fQj Hkh og fof'k"V eqgj] ftldh fy[kkoV ml
le; rd iwjh rjg ls vifjfpr Fkh] dks ns[kus ds ckotwn Hkh bldh izkphurk dks ugha
le> lds FksA ,d fof'k"V f'kYiÑfr ds :i esa gM+Iik vkSj eksgutksnM+ks tSls nwjLFk
LFkyksa ij ikbZ xbZ eqgj rFkk ckn esa eslksiksVkfe;k LFkyksa ls blh izdkj dh [kkstksa ds
dkj.k tkWu ek'kZy us varr% nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa dkaL; ;qx ds lk{; dh ?kks"k.kk dhA
gM+Iikdkyhu uxjh; dsanzksa vkSj nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa rhljh lglzkfCn ch lh bZ esa uxjokn
ds lacaèk esa dkQh dqN fy[kk tk pqdk gSA ;gk¡ ge gM+Iik dky ds lacaèk esa izdkf'kr dqN
vè;;uksa ij laf{kIr n`f"Vikr djsaxsA ;g ppkZ nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr gS ,d izkjfEHkd ys[ku
vkSj nwljk ckn ds vè;;u tks fo'ks"k igyqvksa ds lacaèk esa fof'k"V vè;;u gSaA nksuksa gh
voLFkkvksa esa dqN vè;;u gSa ftUgksaus lk{; dk la'ys"k.k izLrqr djus dh fn'kk esa Hkh dke
fd;k gSA lkFk gh tgka gM+Iikdkyhu iqjkrRo ds lacaèk esa cM+h la[;k esa ys[k vkSj 'kksèk
i= fy[ks x, gSa] ;g bfrgklys[ku izkFkfed :i ls mu fofucaèkksa] ftudk lacaèk
gM+Iikdkyhu uxjksa ds fofHkUu igyqvksa ds lkFk jgk gS] ds losZ{k.k rd lhfer gSA [kaM
2 ¼bdkbZ 5-9½ Hkh vusd vè;;uksa ds lacaèk esa crkrk gS ftuds ekè;e ls gM++Iikdkyhu
igyqvksa dk vkSj vfèkd vUos"k.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA
2-2-1 gM+Iikdkyhu uxjksa dk izkjafHkd iqjkrRo
gM+Iikdkyhu uxjksa dh [kkst ds le; ds izdk'ku gesa mu dkjdksa dk ladsr nsrs gSa
ftUgksaus izkphu mR[kuuksa vkSj vUos"k.kksa dks izsfjr fd;kA fu%lUnsg ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd
dfri; f'kYiÑfr;k¡ tks gM+Iik vkSj eksgutksnM+ks esa ikbZ xb±] izkFkfed :i ls LVh,sVkbV
¼lsy[kM+h½ eqgjsa] dks fof'k"V vkSj yk{kf.kd ekuk x;kA vU; f'kYiÑfr;ka tSls fo'ks"k
vkÑfr;ksa ds yky fLyIM HkkaM ftu ij dkys jax ls fp=.k fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj vn~Hkqr
:i ls ln`'; Øhe jax ds pdedh (chert) iRFkj dh yach ik"kk.k [kqjpuh Hkh lkFk gh lkFk
fof'k"V :i ls lac) FkhaA bUgsa eq[;r% flaèkq unh dh ?kkVh esa ik;k x;k FkkA fdarq vU;
vUos"k.kksa tSls jktLFkku esa ,y-ih- VsLlhVksjh ¼1918-19½] 1930 ds n'kd ds izkjEHk esa flaèk
ds ioZrh; {ks= esa ,u-th- etwenkj ¼1934½] ;k 1940 ds n'kd ds izkjaHk esa vkWjy LVkbu
22 ¼LVkbu] 1942( xqIrk] 1989½ us pksfyLrku esa vusd LFkyksa dk jgL;ksn~?kkVu fd;k] ftuesa
ls dqN esa ln`'k iqjkrkfRod lkexzh Fkh vkSj dqN esa fHkUu izdkjksa ds fljkfed FksA bl çkphu uxjksa ds
izdkj] miegk}hi ds mÙkjif'peh Hkkx esa fufeZr fljkfed ij vkèkkfjr iqjkrkfRod v/;;u laca/kh
fofHkUu fopkj/kkjk,a
laLÑfr;ksa dk iqjkrkfRod Øe rS;kj fd;k x;kA
eksgutksnM+ks ¼ek'kZy] 1931] eSds] 1938½ vkSj gM+Iik ¼oRl] 1940½ ds lrr~ vUos"k.kksa us
nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa dkaL;dkyhu uxjh; dsanzksa dh izFke Nfo iznku dhA 1940 ds n'kd rd
flaèk ds ioZrh; {ks=ksa vkSj flaèkq ?kkVh esa vusd y?kq clkoVksa dk mR[kuu fd;k x;kA fdarq
;s nks uxj Fks ftudk vkdkj yxHkx lekuq:i Fkk vkSj ftudh vk'p;Ztud :i ls
ln`'k HkkSfrd laLÑfr Fkh ftlus fo}kuksa dh dYiuk dks vkdf"kZr fd;k vkSj mUgksaus
miyCèk lk{;ksa dk la'ys"k.k djus dk iz;Ru fd;kA fo}kuksa }kjk ;g nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds
vanj vkSj ckgj Hkh fd;k x;kA fixV ¼1952%136½ us nksuksa uxjksa dks ,d jkT; dh tqMoka
jktèkkuh ekuk ftldh ^,d:i HkkSfrd laLÑfr dks mRiknu vkSj forj.k ij fu;a=.k
djus okyh dsUnzhÑr ljdkj dh fdlh lqn`<+ iz.kkyh vkSj fu%lansg blds 'kklu ds vèkhu
iwjs Hkw-{ks= ij Vksy rFkk lhek'kqYd olwyus dh iz.kkyh ds vèkhu vR;fèkd laxfBr leqnk;
dh uhjl fu;ec)rk dh n`f"V ls ns[kk x;k gS*A gM+Iik ds uxjksa dks eslksiksVkfe;k esa
uxjksa ds ckjs esa] tks igys ls gh Kkr Fkk] ds lkaps esa Hkh j[kk x;k FkkA eslksiksVkfe;k esa
èkkfeZd vkSj èkeZfujis{k 'kfDr;ksa ds chp lacaèk us nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa l`n'k laxBukRed
lÙkkvksa ds vkjksi.k dks izsfjr fd;kA blfy, tc eksgutksnM+ksa esa iq:"k dh ,d izLrj ewfrZ
dk èkM+ feyk rks bls ^iqjksfgr jktk* dgk x;k] tks vkt Hkh izpfyr gSA
2-2-2 uohu vkadM+s rFkk ubZ O;k[;k,a
izkjafHkd izHkkooknh ekU;rkvksa ij vkt xaHkhj iz'u fd, tk jgs gSaA eksgutksnM+ks vkSj
gM+Iik ds fcYdqy ln`'k gksus rFkk ,d uhjl HkkSfrd laLÑfr dk jgL;ksn~?kkVu djus dh
èkkj.kk dks vc lgh ugha ekuk tkrk gSA ;g Hkh fd nksuksa LFkyksa ij cM+s ifjek.k esa
iqjkrkfRod dk;Z fd, x, gSa ijUrq blds ckotwn nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa dkaL;dky ds fy,
HkkSfrd ;k lajpukvksa dk èkeZ ds lkFk ldkjkRed rknkRE; vfuf'pr gh ut+j vkrk gSA
mi;qZDr nks jhfr;ka ftlesa gM+Iikdkyhu iqjkrRo ij iqu% fopkj fd;k tk jgk gS og vusd
LFkyksa dh J`a[kyk dh tkap esa fd, x, lrr~ dk;Z dk ifj.kke gSA 1947 esa miegk}hi
ds mÙkjif'peh fgLls dk foHkktu vkSj nks i`Fkd jk"Vªh; jkT;ksa ds fuekZ.k dk gM+Iikdkyhu
iqjkrRo ij lhèkk izHkko iM+kA gMIik lH;rk dh nks izeq[k clkoVksa] eksgutksnM+ks vkSj
gM+Iik ds ikfdLrku ds Hkw-{ks= esa pys tkus ls Hkkjr ds jk"Vªh; jkT; ds vanj vU;
gM+Iikdkyhu LFkyksa dh [kkst ds fy, iqjkrkfRod fØ;kdykiksa esa o`f) gqbZA xqtjkr]
jktLFkku] egkjk"Vª] iatkc] gfj;k.kk vkSj if'peh mÙkj izns'k ds cM+s fgLlksa dk l?ku
losZ{k.k fd;k x;k ftlds QyLo:i uohu gM+Iikdkyhu LFkyksa ds lkFk-lkFk vU;
iqjkrkfRod laLÑfr;ksa vkSj lkefxz;ksa] tks vc rd vKkr Fkha] mudh [kkst Hkh gqbZA vusd
xSj-gM+Iikdkyhu LFky] tks dkyØekuqlkj gM+Iikdkyhu uxjksa ds iwoZorhZ] lgorhZ ;k
mÙkjorhZ Fks] dh igpku iwoZ rkezik"kk.k ;k iwoZ ykSg;qxhu clkoVksa ds :i esa fpfUgr dh
xbZ tks gM+Iik vkSj izkjfEHkd ,sfrgkfld dkyksa ds chp ds dkyØeh; varjky dks ikVrh
gSaA
gM+Iikdkyhu LFkyksa ds mR[kuu vkSj vUos"k.k blfy, mi;ksxh jgs gSa fd mUgksaus
vofLFkfr;ksa] lkefxz;ksa vkSj fufeZr LFkkuksa dh n`f"V ls igys ls izkIr Kku dh J`a[kyk esa
vkSj vfèkd btkQk fd;kA Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo losZ{k.k ds }kjk 1950 vkSj 1960 ds n'kdksa 23
uxjh; bfrgkl% ¼yksFky vkSj dkyhcaxu½ vkSj 1990 ds n'kd ¼èkkSyhohjk] jk[khx<+h½ esa vusd LFkyksa ij
,d ifjp; mR[kuu fd, x,A bu cM+s vkSj NksVs LFkyksa tSls gM+Iik ¼ehMks] la- 1991½] yksFky ¼jko]
1979] 1985½] lqjdksVMk ¼tks'kh] 1990½] dkyhcaxu ¼yky bR;kfn] 2003] 2015( 'kekZ] 1999
'kokèkku ds fy,½] cukoyh ¼fc"V] 1982] 1984½ vkSj èkkSykohjk ¼fc"V] 1991½ dks fofHkUu
Lrjksa ij fjiksVks± esa izdkf'kr fd;k x;k gSA Hkkjrh; fo'ofo|ky;ksa tSls MsDdu dkWyst]
iq.ks] ,e-,l- ;wfuoflZVh] cM+kSnk vkSj baLVhV~;wV vkWQ jktLFkku LVMht ds }kjk y?kq LFkyksa
dk mR[kuu vkSj dfri; {ks=ksa ¼tSls xqtjkr½ dk Hkyh-Hkkafr vUos"k.k fd;k x;kA tSls
xqtjkr esa dqUrklh ¼èkkoyhdj bR;kfn 1996½] ukxokMk ¼gsxM+s bR;kfn] 1988½] ukxs'oj
¼gsxM+s bR;kfn] 1990½] cxkljk ¼lksukous bR;kfn( 2003( Hkku bR;kfn] 2005½] f'kdkjiqj
¼Hkku vkSj vthFkizlkn] dksbZ frfFk ugha½ vkSj dkuesj ¼[kjdoky bR;fkn] 2007( [kjdoky
bR;kfn] 2008½ vUos"k.k fjiksVZ] izkjafHkd vkSj foLr`r nksuksa] izdkf'kr dh xbZaA gM+Iik {ks=ksa
ds lhekUr esa vofLFkr bu LFkyksa dh vofLFkfr muds ÑR;ksa vkSj LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa ds
lkFk vUrfØZ;k] tks fd Dykfld gM+Iikdkyhu vkÑfr;ksa ds lkFk LFkkuh; fljkfed ds
vo'ks"kksa esa izfrfcfEcr gS] ds vkSfpR; ds lacaèk esa mi;ksxh tkudkjh miyCèk djkrh gSA
lhekUr {ks= ij fLFkr ,d vU; {ks= flaèk dksfgLrku gS tgka etwenkj }kjk fd;s x,
losZ{k.k dbZ n'kdksa ds i'pkr~ ¶yke ¼1988½ }kjk foLr`r losZ{k.k fd, x, ftlds
ifj.kkeLo:i vkSj vfèkd gM+Iikdkyhu LFkyksa dh [kkst gqbZA ,d vU; LFkku pksfyLrku
gS tgka losZ{k.k ¼eqxy] 1997½ ds ifj.kkeLo:i iwoZorhZ vkSj mÙkjorhZ gM+Iikdkyhu vusd
LFkyksa dh [kkst gqbZA
ubZ rduhdksa dk iz;ksx djds iqjkrkfRod vkadM+ksa dk l`tu vkSj fo|eku lkexzh dh ubZ
O;k[;kvksa ds ekè;e ls izeq[k vè;;u dk;Z iwjk djus esa lQyrk izkIr gqbZA bl lanHkZ
esa eksgutksnM+ks vkSj gM+Iik tSls LFkyksa ij vUos"k.kksa rFkk mR[kuuksa dks u, iz'uksa rFkk ubZ
rduhfd;ksa ds lkFk uksV fd;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, eksgutksnM+ks esa vkxs
mR[kuu ij jksd us fo}kuksa dks izsfjr fd;k bl LFky ij okLrfod :i ls dksbZ gLrs{ki
fd, fcuk bl LFky ij vkxs dke djus ds fy,A eksgutksnM+ks ij fd, x, egRoiw.kZ
lrgh losZ{k.k us fo}kuksa dks f'kYi fØ;kdykiksa ds lw{e lk{; [kkstus esa lQyrk iznku
dh rFkk ;g n'kkZus esa enn dh fd laHkor% f'kYi dh fof'k"V izfØ;k,a dgka gksrh Fkha
¼cksaMhvksyh] rkslh vkSj foMky] 1984½A blls Hkh vfèkd egRoiw.kZ ;g gS fd blus lpsr
vkSj O;ofLFkr lrg losZ{k.k ds ekè;e ls egRoiw.kZ tkudkjh tqVkus dh mi;ksxh j.kuhfr
dks n'kkZ;kA iqjkus QhYM fjdkWMks± ds lrr~ vè;;u vkSj f'kYiÑfr;ksa ds lacaèk esa vkadM+ksa
dks 'kkfey djus ls] tks eksgutksnM+ksa dh mR[kuu fjiksVZ esa igys mYys[k ugha fd, x,
Fks] uxj ds fofHkUu mR[kfur lsDVjksa dk iqu% fo'ys"k.k laHko gqvkA bl izdkj] ,p vkj
{ks= esa f'kYiÑfr;ksa ds iqu% fo'ys"k.k dk izdk'ku gqvk gS ¼tkulsu ,oa vcZu] 1985½] tks]
tgka ls f'kYiÑfr;ka feyh gSa] mlds lanHkZ dks csgrj <ax ls le>us esa lgk;rk djrk
gSA ,d tkikuh ny ¼Vsjkewjk bR;kfn] 2008½ ds }kjk lw{e ls ysdj LFkwy vusd Lrjksa ij
LFkkfud Hkw-n`';ksa dk vè;;u djus ds fy, HkkSxksfyd lwpuk iz.kkyh ¼th-vkbZ-,l-½ tSlh
rduhdksa ds iz;ksx ls ubZ varnZ̀f"V Hkh vkbZ gSA
gM+Iikdkyhu iqjkrRo us tks è;ku vkdf"kZr fd;k gS vkSj tks vkadM+s l`ftr fd, x, gSa
mldk ;g ifj.kke gqvk fd fo}ku fof'k"V igyqvksa ij è;ku dsfUnzr dj ldsA bl izdkj
ge dfri; fo"k;ksa tSls O;kikj] jktuhfrd laxBu] izkS|ksfxfd;ksa vkSj f'kYiksa] HkwxHkhZ;
mn~xe vè;;u] gM+Iik laLÑfr dh [kkst( vkSj gM+Iik uxjh; dsUnzksa ds var@iru dks
24 lefiZr fof'k"V iqLrdsa@ys[k ikrs gSaA tgka O;kikj tSls fo"k;ksa dks iqjkrkfRod vkadM+ksa ds
ekè;e ls vis{kkÑr ljyrk ls le>k tkrk gS] vU; igyw tSls jktuhfrd laxBu çkphu uxjksa ds
vis{kkÑr vfèkd fooknkRed gSa vkSj muds fo'ys"k.k ds fy, iqjkrkfRod lk{;ksa rFkk v/;;u laca/kh
fofHkUu fopkj/kkjk,a
ekuo'kkL=h; varnZ̀f"V;ksa ds uoksUes"kh iz;ksxksa dh vko';drk gSA vU; igyw tSls
gM+Iikdkyhu lekt dks iqjkrkfRod lk{; ds ekè;e ls le>uk vis{kkÑr dfBu gS vkSj
blfy, bu ij cgqr gh de dke gqvk gSA
gM+Iikokfl;ksa ds yach nwjh ds O;kikj usVodZ] tks dkaL;dkyhu vFkZO;oLFkk dh çÑfr dks
tkuus ds fy, vR;ko';d gS] ds vè;;u ds fy, 'ksjhu jRukxj us iqjkrkfRod lk{;ksa dk
rkuk-ckuk cqukA tgka eslksiksVkfe;kbZ xzaFkksa us {ks= ds leqnzh O;kikj esa lk>snkjksa dh igpku
djus esa lgk;rk dh] ogha Hkwfe ij laidks± lacaèkh vfèkdrj rdZ fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa fof'k"V
iqjkrkfRod lkexzh dh izkfIr ij fuHkZj gksrs gSaA bl izdkj gM+Iikdkyhu ckaV] eqgj] dkys
fLyIM erZcku vkSj dkusZfy;u euds mrus gh y{k.kkRed gSa ftrus fd bZjku ds rjk'ks x,
DyksjkbV ik=] eslksiksVkfe;k dh csyukdkj eqgjsa ;k cgjhu ls çkIr Qkjl dh [kkM+h dh
eqgjsaA jRukxj us dkaL;dkyhu txr dh yach nwjh ds O;kikfjd usVodks± ds O;kid
fufgrkFkks± dks Hkh le>us dk iz;kl fd;k gSA
gM+Iikokfl;ksa dh jktuhfrd lajpuk yacs le; ls cgl dk fo"k; jgh gS vkSj jkT; ds
ugha gksus] ,d dsUnzhÑr jkT; ds gksus ;k vusd jkT;ksa ds gksus ds fo"k; esa vusd vyx-
vyx n`f"Vdks.k jgs gSaA igys dk izfriknu dkQh igys okWYVj Qs;jlfoZl ¼1961] 1971½
}kjk fd;k x;k Fkk] fdarq ckn dh nks fLFkfr;ka T;knk izpfyr gSaA xzsxjh ikslsgy
¼2002 % 6½ us gkykafd lkekftd-lkaLÑfrd tfVyrk ds Lrj ds fopkj ls lgefr çdV
dh ysfdu 'kkldksa dh ewfrZ;ksa] egyksa rFkk ukSdj'kkgh vkSj jktdh; èkeZ dh ekStwnxh ds
vHkko esa mudk rdZ gS fd jkT; dh vuqifLFkfr FkhA rFkkfi] ;g mudh iwoZ fopkjèkkjk
esa ifjorZu Fkk tgk¡ mUgksaus ifjiDo gM+Iik dks jkT; ds :i esa ns[kk] ftldk var gks x;k]
gkykafd dfri; ijEijk,a ckn dh vofèk;ksa esa tkjh jgha ¼ikslsgy] 1977½A cgq-jkT;ksa
lacaèkh n`f"Vdks.k tksukFku dsuks;j ¼1997½ ds bl fopkj ij fuHkZj gS fd gM+Iik dh fLFkfr
us mÙkjorhZ xaxk ds eSnku ds uxj-jkT; dks çfrfcfEcr fd;kA mlus ¼dsuks;j] 1997%69½
us lq>ko fn;k fd u rks eksgutksnM+ks vkSj u gh gM+Iik esa fdlh ,d Hkou ;k Hkouksa ds
lewg ds fof'k"V izHkqRo ds çek.k feyus ls oa'kkuqxr jktra= ds vHkko dk irk pyrk gS]
blds foijhr nksuksa uxjksa esa pgkjnhokjh ds Hkhrjh {ks= esa fo'kky Hkou vkSj lkoZtfud
{ks= Fks tks nksuksa uxjksa vkSj çR;sd uxj ds vanj i`Fkd lEHkzkUr leqnk;ksa ds lk{; dh vksj
bafxr djrs gSaA
nwljh vksj] jRukxj ¼1991% 166-167½ us Hkh eslksiksVkfe;k esa çkjfEHkd jktoa'kh; dky esa
uxj-jkT;ksa ds mnkgj.k dk ç;ksx bl nyhy ds fy, fd;k gS fd ogka leku ys[ku
ç.kkyh] ln`'k èkkfeZd LFkkiR;] èkkrq deZ vkSj eqgj mRdh.kZu 'kSyh gksus ds ckotwn fHkUu
ckV ç.kkyh] vyx-vyx LFkyksa ij cM+s egy ifjljksa rFkk vusd LFkyksa ij Lekjdh;
dyk dk feyuk cgq jktuhfrd dsUnzksa ds vfLrRo dh vksj ladsr djrs gSaA ysfdu gMIik
lH;rk esa ,d dsUnzh; jkT; ds oSdfYid ekWMy dh dYiuk dks cy çnku djrs gq, og
¼jRukxj] 1991% 1669-70½ edjku] dPN] dkfB;kokM+ vkSj vkWDll esa laHkkfor dkWyksfu;ksa(
gM+Iikdkyhu ^b±Vksa] pVZ Qydksa] èkkrq ds ;a=ksa vkSj xkfM+;ksa esa lekurk*( gM+Iikdkyhu
eqgjksa ij fdlh i'kq eksfVQ ds {ks=h; ladsUnz.k dk vHkko( vkSj oLrqr( ,d lhax okys i'kq
eksfVQ dh loZO;kidrk( eksgutksnM+ksa ds vfrfjDr fdlh Hkh vU; LFky ij fo'kky
Lukukxkj ;k LrEHk okys gkWy tSls fdlh Hkh Hkou dk vHkko( vkSj fd ,dek= eksgutksnM+ksa 25
uxjh; bfrgkl% esa gh iq:"kksa dh ik"kk.k ewfrZ;ksa dh izkfIr dk rdZ nsrh gSaA jRukxj ¼1991% 184-90½ dk rdZ
,d ifjp; gS fd gM+Iik ukrsnkjh rFkk oxZ ij vkèkkfjr laØe.kdkyhu lekt esa iqjkru jkT; dk
çfrfufèkRo djrk gSA eqæk] cktkj ç.kkyh vkSj lalkèkuksa ds futh LokfeRo ds vHkko ds
lanHkZ esa gMIikdkyhu vFkZO;oLFkk us Je dh ykecanh ds vkèkkj ij dke fd;k gksxkA
eslksiksVkfe;k esa fodflr mj III jkT; ls fHkUu çkphu jkT; ds bl Lo:i us fodflr
ukSdj'kkgh ds fcuk dke fd;k gksxk ftlesa jkT; inkfèkdkfj;ksa ds eè; ;teku ;k
O;fDrxr ;k ukrsnkjh lacaèk jgs gksaxs] nwljs 'kCnksa esa og ,d ,slh ç.kkyh Fkh ftlesa vHkh
Hkh ukrsnkjh vkèkkfjr lektksa ds vusd rRo 'kkfey FksA
f'kYi çkS|ksfxfd;ksa lacaèkh 'kksèk us foLr`r lk{;ksa] ftls gM+Iik ds iqjkrRofon~ mtkxj djus
esa l{ke jgs] ds egRo ij Hkh è;ku dsafær fd;k gSA dfri; LFkyksa tSls eksgutksnM+ks
¼cksfUMvksyh bR;kfn] 1984½ vkSj pUgwnM+ks ¼'kkj vkSj fonky] 1985½ ds O;ofLFkr lrg
losZ{k.kks1a (surface surveys) us LFkyksa dk mR[kuu fd, fcuk mudk vè;;u djus dh
mi;ksxh j.kuhfr dk jkLrk fn[kyk;k gSA vU; i)fr;ksa tSls ekuotkrh; iqjkrÙo
foKku2(ethnoarchaeology) vkSj ç;ksxkRed iqjkrÙo foKku3(experimental archaeology)
dk ç;ksx f'kYi mRiknu ds igyqvksa tSls mRiknu ds LFkkfud iSVuZ] çfØ;kvksa] fo'ks"kKrk
vkSj laxBu dks le>us ds fy, fd;k x;k gSA [kEHkkr esa rRdkyhu çLrj eudk fuekZ.k
ds ekuofoKkuh; vè;;u ¼dsuks;j vkfn] 1991] 1994½ dk ç;ksx ;g n'kkZrk gS fd fdl
rjg çkphu eudk fuekZ.k rduhfd;ksa vkSj laxBu dks le>k tk ldrk gSA e`fÙkdk
çlaLdj.k çfØ;kvksa rFkk pwfM+;ksa dks ifjf"Ñr :i nsus dh i)fr;ksa rFkk muesa ls dqN
dks vip;u Toyu rduhd ds ekè;e ls ';kei.khZ cukus dh i)fr;ksa ds iqufuZekZ.k ds
fy, iRFkj dh pwfM+;ksa ij ç;ksxkRed dk;Z ds Hkh ç;Ru fd, x,4(reduction firing
technique)
¼gyhe vkSj fonky] 1984% dsuks;j] 1994½A ;g rF; fd gM+Iik f'kYiksa vkSj çkS|ksfxfd;ksa
ds lacaèk esa nks foLr`r xzaFk fy[ks x, gSa ¼fonky] 2000] feyj] 2009½] l`ftr vkadM+ksa ds
ifjek.k dks n'kkZrk gSA ,d lac) xzaFk gM+Iikdkyhu LFkkiR; vkSj volajpukRed
O;oLFkkvksa ds lacaèk esa lkj laxzg gks ldrk gS ¼tks'kh] 2008½A jsUMky ykW ¼2011½ us gky
ds vè;;u esa gM+Iik ls mR[kfur çLrj vkSj èkkrq f'kYiÑfr;ksa ds Hkw-xHkZ'kkL=h; lzksrksa dh
igpku djus dk ç;kl fd;k gSA
gM+Iik dh [kkst vius vki esa ,d jkspd dgkuh gS ftldk u;utksr ykfgjh ¼2005½ us
vfHkys[kkxkjksa esa çpqjrk ds lkFk izkIr fooj.kksa dk HkyhHkk¡fr fp=.k fd;k gSA ;g ys[ku
dh ml 'kSyh dk fgLlk gS ftlus Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo ds bfrgkl] lfEefyr O;fDr;ksa vkSj
mUgksaus tks dkjZokbZ dh ij è;ku dsafær fd;k gSA fdl çdkj LFkyksa dk mR[kuu fd;k
tkrk gS vkSj fdl çdkj mlds ckjs esa crk;k tkrk gS ds lacaèk esa ;g dgkuh mi;ksxh
fVIi.kh gSA gM+Iikdkyhu uxjksa dk var ;k iru fdl dkj.k gqvk] tks fd gM+Iikdkyhu
1½ lrg losZ{k.k esa fdlh LFky ;k Hkwn`'; dh lrg ij n`';eku f'kYiÑfr;ksa vkSj okLrq vo'ks"kksa dh
fjdkfM±x 'kkfey gSA
2½ ekuotkrh; iqjkrRo foKku vrhr ds iqjkrkfRod vkadM+ksa dh O;k[;k djus ds fy, iqjkrRofon~ksa }kjk
ml le; dh HkkSfrd laLÑfr dk vkèkqfud vè;;u
3½ ç;ksxkRed iqjkrÙo esa vrhr dh çkS|ksfxfd;ksa vkSj fofuekZ.k çfØ;kvksa dks le>us esa iqjkrRofon~ksa ds
}kjk ç;ksx'kkyk ;k QhYM esa fd, x, vkèkqfud ç;ksxkRed vè;;u vkrs gSaA
4½ vip;u Toyu rduhd ,d i)fr gS ftlesa ,d can HkV~Bh rkfd blesa ok;q ços'k u dj lds
26
çTtofyr dh tkrh gSA
iqjkrRo esa lokZfèkd fookfnr eqík gS] ds lacaèk esa ykfgjh ¼2000½ dh laikfnr iqLrd çkphu uxjksa ds
iqjkrRofonksa rFkk mudh ifjdYiukvksa dk laxzg gSA blh fo"k; ij] blh o"kZ izdkf'kr ,d v/;;u laca/kh
fofHkUu fopkj/kkjk,a
iqLrd jRukxj ¼2000½ }kjk fy[kh xbZ mUgksaus eksgutksnM+ks tSls LFky ds Åijh Lrjksa esa
ncko ds fpUgksa dk fp=.k djus rFkk ;g O;k[;k djus ds fy, fd nwljh lgL=kfcn ch
lh bZ ds var ds yxHkx dkSu lh ?kVuk,a gqbZ gksaxh tSls eqíksa ij iqjkrkfRod lk{;ksa dh
lokZfèkd uoksUes"kh rjhds ls tkap dh gSA
bl dky ds vè;;u us fo}kuksa vkSj xSj-fo'ks"kKksa dh :fp dks cuk, j[kk gS tSlk fd
vusd iqLrdksa] ftlesa dkQh ek=k esa n`';-fooj.k fn, x, gSa vkSj ftudk y{; vke
ikBd vfèkd gS] ds çdk'ku ls Li"V gS ¼Oghyj] 1953( yky] 1997( dsuks;j] 1998( jRukxj]
2001( ikslsg~y] 2002( gchc] 2002( ,jksuksoLdh vkSj xksihukFk] 2004( dsuks;j vkSj áwLVu]
2005( eSdbUVkW'k] 2008( jkbV] 2010½A bu lcdk ,d fuf'pr çk:i gS] gM+Iik Hkw-n`';
dks çLrqr djuk] ml Hkw-n`'; esa LFkyksa ds forj.k dk fooj.k nsuk vkSj fQj uxjksa dk
[kkdk cukuk] O;kikj vkSj f'kYiksa ds lkFk vFkZO;oLFkk rFkk uxjh; laLÑfr ds var dh
ppkZ djukA ikslsg~y ¼2002½ us tsaMj ¼fyax lacaèkh½ lacaèkh igyqvksa esa tkus dk ç;Ru fd;k
fdarq ;g ,d lhfer iz;ksx jgkA gM+Iik ,d ,slh dkaL;dkyhu laLÑfr gS ftldh fo'ks"k
:i ls Hkyh-Hkkafr tkap blfy, dh xbZ gS D;ksafd ;g ,dek= ,slk çkFkfed lkèku gS
ftlds }kjk ge ml lekt dks fo'kq)r% iqjkrkfRod ifjçs{; esa le> ldrs gSaA fQj Hkh
gM+Iik ds ckjs esa ftruk dqN igys fy[kk tk pqdk gS mlds ckotwn Hkh dkQh dqN vkSj
vfèkd 'kksèk fd, tkus dh laHkkouk,a gSaA

2-3 gM+Iik vkSj çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld ds e/; dk dky %

uxjksa dh vuqifLFkfr\
vfèkdrj iqjkrRofonksa ds chp vkerkSj ij ;g lgefr gS fd gM+Iik ds var vkSj çkjafHkd
,sfrgkfld dky ¼1900-500 chlhbZ½ ds çkjEHk ds eè; dh vofèk esa uxjh; dsaæksa dk vHkko
FkkA ,slk ugha gS fd miegk}hi ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa dksbZ clkoV ugha Fkh] vfirq bu
clkoVksa dh çÑfr izeq[kr% xzkeh.k FkhA rFkkfi] ,d iqjkrRofon~ ¼'ksQj] 1993½] ,sls gSa
ftUgksaus bl vofèk ds nkSjku orZeku ikfdLrku ds pksfyLrku rFkk iwohZ iatkc] ftlesa
mUgksaus ledkyhu Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa ds iatkc] gfj;k.kk] mÙkjh jktLFkku rFkk if'peh mÙkj
çns'k ds if'peh Hkkx 'kkfey fd, gSa] esa uxjh; dsaæksa ds vfLrRo dk rdZ çLrqr fd;k
gSA fte 'ksQj ds }kjk fn;s x;s lk{;ksa esa bu nks {ks=ksa esa mÙkj gM+Iik vkSj gMIikdky
ds i'pkr~ dh vofèk;ksa esa Hkh vfèkokl tkjh jguk rFkk pksfyLrku esa dqN c`gr~ LFkyksa ¼10-
1-20 gsDVsvj dh Js.kh esa Ng vkSj 38-1 gsDVsvj dk ,d½ vkSj iwohZ iatkc esa ,d LFky
¼9-6 gsDVsvj½ ds vfLrRo dk gksuk 'kkfey gSA bu vkdkjksa dh ,sls vusd ifjiDo
gM+Iikdkyhu uxjksa ls drbZ rqyuk ugha dh tk ldrh] tks 200 gsDVs;j ls vfèkd ds FksA
'ksQj }kjk mBk, x, vU; vusd ç'uksa dh esuu vkSj oekZ ¼2005½ }kjk foLrkjiwoZd
vkykspuk dh xbZ gSA
gM+Iik vkSj çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjksa ds chp dksbZ lacaèk Fkk ;g Hkh fookn dk fo"k; jgk
gSA ;gk¡ fQj 'ksQj ¼1993½ dks NksM+dj cM+h la[;k esa iqjkrRofonksa us bu nks vofèk;ksa ds
uxjh; dsaæksa ds chp 'kk;n gh dksbZ ln`';rk ns[kh gS ¼?kks"k] 1973( vkyfpu] 1982( yky]
1982( yky] 1997( tkulsu] 1997( esuu vkSj oekZ] 2005½A bu nks vofèk;ksa esa uxjksa dh
lw{e tk¡p us clkoV ds iSVuZ esa vR;Ur lekukUrjksa dks n'kkZ;k gS tks fdyscanh] uxj 27
uxjh; bfrgkl% ;kstukvksa] tyfudklh ç.kkyh] lkoZtfud Hkouksa vkSj ?kjsyw LFkkiR; esa vusd fHkUurkvksa
,d ifjp; ds vè;;u ls Li"V gksrk gS ¼esuu vkSj oekZ] 2005½A ;g è;ku j[kus dh vko';drk gS
fd gM+Iik vkSj çkjfEHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjksa ds chp HkkSfrd vlekurk,a eq[;r% bu nks
vofèk;ksa dh jkT; O;oLFkkvksa] vFkZO;oLFkkvksa vkSj lektksa esa egRoiw.kZ varjksa dk çfrfcEc
gSa] ;|fi buesa ls dqN igyqvksa esa Hkh fojksèkkHkkl gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] dsuks;j ¼1997]
1998½ dk fopkj gS fd nksuksa vofèk;ksa esa jkT; vkSj lkekftd lajpuk,a ln`'; Fkha gkykafd
muds }kjk dksbZ lk{; blds leFkZu esa ugha fn, x, gSaA
vHkh rd miyCèk lk{;ksa ds n`f"Vxr bl miegk}hi esa uxjhdj.k dh igyh vkSj nwljh
voLFkkvksa ds chp yxHkx 1400 o"kks± dk varjky çrhr gksrk gSA bruk gh ugha bu nks
vofèk;ksa esa uxjksa ds Lo:i esa Hkh dkQh fHkUurk FkhA ,d vU; fojksèkkHkklh igyw bu nks
vofèk;ksa esa uxjksa vkSj uxjksa dh HkkSxksfyd vofLFkfr esa gS] tks fd [kaM 2 vkSj 3
¼bdkb;ka 5-11 vkSj 14½ esa ppkZ ls Li"V gksxkA

2-4 çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld uxj

çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjokn lacaèkh vè;;u dks eksVsrkSj ij rhu Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr
fd;k tk ldrk gSA igyh Js.kh esa og vkrs gSa tks çkFkfed :i ls xazFkksa ij vkèkkfjr gSa]
tks funsZ'kkRed ;k o.kZukRed ço`fÙk ds gSaA bUgsa lh-ih- oh- v¸;j dh Vkmu Iykfuax bu
,fUl,UV MsDdu ¼1916½ vkSj ch-ch- nÙk dh Vkmu Iykfuax bu ,fUl,UV bafM;k ¼1925½
ds xzaFkksa esa yxHkx ,d lnh iwoZ ls ns[kk tk ldrk gS ftldk vuqdj.k dbZ vU; ds }kjk
Hkh fd;k x;k vkSj blesa c`tnqyky pêksikè;k; ¼2003½ vkSj 'kksukfydk dkSy ¼2010½ ds
gky ds vè;;uksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tk ldrk gSA nwljh Js.kh esa iqjkrRofonksa ¼?kks"k] 1973(
vkyfpu] 1989( vkyfpu 1990( vkyfpu] 1995( pØorhZ] 1995( >k] 1998½ vkSj bfrgkldkjksa
¼Bkdqj] 1981( çlkn] 1984( clUr] 2012½ }kjk izkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld dky esa uxjhdj.k
vkSj uxjokn ds voyksdu 'kkfey gSaA rhljh Js.kh esa izkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjhdj.k vkSj
uxjokn ds çèkkur% QhYM losZ{k.kksa rFkk mR[kuuksa ds ekè;e ls tkap ds fo'k"V ç;kstu
ds lkFk fd;k x;k iqjkrkfRod 'kksèk 'kkfey gSA ;|fi fo'ks"k :i ls uxjhdj.k ;k
uxjokn dh tk¡p ds fy, fd, x, O;ofLFkr losZ{k.k miegk}hi esa vis{kkÑr foyEc ls
vkjEHk gq, ¼,MksZlh] 1988( fLeFk] 2001( fLeFk] 2002½] çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjksa ds
mR[kuu ds lacaèk esa ,slk ugha FkkA Hkkjrh; miegk}hi esa çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjksa dk
yack vrhr gS tks iwoZorhZ uxjksa tSls bykgkckn ds lehi HkhVk ¼ek'kZy] 1915½] vkSj
ikfdLrku esa r{kf'kyk ?kkVh esa fljdi ¼1913 ls 1934 rd½ esa gky ds dk;Z ¼ek'kZy
1991½] mM+hlk esa fllqikyx<+ ¼eksgUrh vkSj fLeFk] 2008½ vkSj Åijh xaxk ds eSnku esa
vuwi'kgj ds lehi bUnksj [ksM+k ¼esuu vkSj oekZ] 2010( oekZ vkSj esuu 2015½ vkSj eè;
nDdu esa ,Me ¼ukFk] 2016½ ds iqjkrkfRod mR[kuuksa ds lkFk vkjEHk gqvkA
2-4-1 xzaFkksa esa çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld uxj
bl Hkkx esa çkphu Hkkjr esa uxj ds lacaèk esa xzaFkksa ij vkèkkfjr gky ds vè;;uksa
¼pêksikè;k;] 2003( dkSy 2010] 2016½ dh ppkZ dh tk,xhA pêksikè;k; }kjk vusd
egRoiw.kZ ç'u mBk, x, Fks] ftldk ckn esa dkSy us vfèkd foLrkjiwoZd vuqlj.k fd;kA
pêksikè;k; ds fy, xzaFk uxjksa ds ckjs esa lkfgfR;d Nfo vkSj ekudh; funsZ'ku miyCèk
djkrs gSaA fu%lansg lkfgfR;d o`ÙkkUr uxj fuokfl;ksa dh thoUr okLrfodrk ls fy, x,
28 gksaxs] fQj Hkh pêksikè;k; ¼2003( 128½ gesa lpsr djrs gSa fd ^lkfgR; ls ekufp=.kh;
lw{erk ds lkFk fooj.k miyCèk djkus dh vk'kk djuk dfBu gSA* bruk gh ugha] og çkphu uxjksa ds
¼pêksikè;k;] 2003% 106½ ;g Hkh crkrs gSa fd ^uxjhdj.k] uxjh; Hkw-lajpuk,a vkSj v/;;u laca/kh
fofHkUu fopkj/kkjk,a
tulkaf[;dh] uxjh; HkkSfrd laLÑfr rFkk uxj ds ,sls vU; i{k] ftlls lkfgR; dk
okLro esa dksbZ ysuk-nsuk ugha gS] ds ckjs esa lkfgR;] 'kksèk ds ifjçs{; dk LFkku ugha ys
ldrkA lkfgR; dsoy vU; fyf[kr lzksrksa tSls vfHkys[kksa ls dgha vfèkd okd~iqVrk ls
uxj dh HkkSfrd lajpuk ds ckgj bldh ^uxjh;rk* ds ckjs esa crkrs gSa] bl çdkj xzaFkksa
dh 'kfDr ;g gS fd os gesa ;g le>us esa lgk;rk iznku djrs gSa fd çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld
dky esa fdl çdkj uxjksa dh ifjdYiuk dh xbZ vkSj bUgsa fdl rjg voèkkfjr fd;k
x;kA mUgksaus ;g Hkh cryk;k fd fofHkUu lkekftd lewgksa }kjk uxj dks vyx-vyx
:i esa ns[kk x;k gksxk] ysfdu ;g çèkkur% funsZ'kkRed n`f"Vdks.k gS tks xzaFkksa esa fn[kyk;k
x;k gksxkA fo'ks"k:i ls og nks ifjçs{;ksa ij çdk'k Mkyrs gSa] ;Fkk] jk"Vª dk n`f"Vdks.k
tks vFkZ'kkL= tSls funsZ'kkRed xzaFk esa fu:fir Fkk vkSj flykiíhdkje] tks ,d o.kZukRed
xzaFk gS] esa uxj dk vfèkd lkalkfjd fooj.kA vFkZ'kkL= esa uxj dks inkuqØe ij vkèkkfjr
LFky ds :i esa ns[kk x;k gS tks izk;% jktk dsafær gSA nwljh vksj oSdfYid ifjçs{; us
uxj dh ckr ,d ,sls LFkku ds :i esa dh ftlesa fHkUu-fHkUu lkekftd vkSj O;olkf;d
lewgksa ds O;fDr;ksa ds tqM+us ls ogk¡ vusd çdkj ds dk;Zdyki gksrs Fks ftlesa vusd
fodYiksa dk ç;ksx fd;k tk ldrk FkkA
dkSy ¼2010½ dk vè;;u laLÑr dkO;ksa] tks igyh lgL=kfCn lh bZ ds gtkj o"kks± esa
dkyØekuqlkj QSys gq, gSa] ij vkèkkfjr uxjokn ds dYiukRed fu:i.k ls lacafèkr gSA
uxj dh lkekU;hÑr Nfo;ka gSa ftUgsa fdlh fof'k"V uxjh; dsaæ esa vofLFkr ugha fd;k
tk ldrk gSA bruk gh ugha muds vè;;u dk dkyØfed <k¡pk çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld ds
lkFk-lkFk iwoZ eè;dky dks Hkh 'kkfey djrk gSA bl çdkj ;g le>uk dfBu gks tkrk
gS fd D;k nks Øfed vofèk;ksa esa uxjokn ds ifjçs{; fHkUu FksA dkSy ¼2016½ pêksikè;k;
ds dqN rdks± dk vuqlj.k djrs gq, ;g Hkh rdZ nsrh gSa fd funsZ'kkRed vkSj o.kZukRed
xzaFkksa ds chp u dsoy ifjçs{; esa fHkUurk gS] vfirq bu nks Jsf.k;ksa dh çR;sd Js.kh ds vanj
Hkh fHkUurk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, rhu funsZ'kkRed xzaFkksa vFkZ'kkL=] èkeZlw= vkSj dkelw=
esa uxjokn ds vyx-vyx laLdj.k fu:fir fd, x, gSaA Bhd blh çdkj o.kZukRed
xzaFkksa tSls jkek;.k vkSj ikMkrnhfrdk esa Hkh uxjksa dks fHkUu n`f"V;ksa ls n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
dkSy ¼2016½ us czkge.koknh laLÑr xzaFkksa tSls èkeZlw= vkSj ckS) ikyh xzaFkksa ds chp uxjksa
ds fopkj esa Hkh fHkUurk dk mYys[k fd;k gSA czkge.koknh èkeZlw= uxjksa ds cgqr vfèkd
i{kèkj ugha Fks D;ksafd os mUgsa vfo'okl ls ns[krs Fks rFkk ,slk LFkku ekurs Fks tgk¡ oSfnd
;K vuq"Bku ugha fd;k tk ldrk FkkA nwljh vksj] ckS) ikyh xzaFk uxjokn ds çfr
vfrmRlkfgr FksA
fu%lansg lkfgfR;d xzaFk gesa uxjokn dh fofHkUu dYiukvksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh çnku
djrs gSa( rFkkfi dsoy iqjkrRo ds ekè;e ls gh çkjafHkd uxjksa ds HkkSfrd vo'ks"kksa dks
okLro esa vuko`Ùk fd;k tk ldrk gSA
2-4-2 çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjhdj.k dh le>
jke 'kj.k 'kekZ ¼1974½ us nkeksnj èkekZuan dkslkEch ¼1952 [iqueqZfær 2006]½ ds fopkjksa dks
vkxs c<+krs gq, igyh ckj çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld dky esa ykSg çkSèkksfxdh rFkk jkT;ksa vkSj
uxjksa dh mRifÙk ds chp dkj.kkRed lacaèk LFkkfir fd;kA rFkkfi] veykuan ?kks"k ¼1973½
29
us u flQZ vH;qn; ls lacafèkr vusd egRoiw.kZ eqíksa dks mBk;k vfirq ikfjHkkf"kd
uxjh; bfrgkl% fo'ks"krkvksa rFkk xzkeh.k dks uxjh; ls fHkUu djus okys rRoksa ds ckjs esa Hkh crk;kA ?kks"k
,d ifjp; ds vuqlkj ykSg çkS|ksfxdh dh vis{kk uxjksa dh LFkkiuk esa jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd
dkjdksa us dgha vfèkd egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk;hA mudk o`ÙkkUr xzaFkksa vkSj iqjkrkfRod
vkadM+ksa nksuksa ds vkykspukRed vè;;u ij vkèkkfjr gSA cgqr gn rd ?kks"k igys fo}ku
Fks ftUgksaus çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjh; dsaæksa dks iwjh rjg ls le>us ds fy, iqjkrkfRod
vkadM+ksa dh çklafxdrk ij cy fn;kA bls fot; dqekj Bkdqj ¼1981%25½ us nksgjk;k
ftudk ;g rdZ gS fd iqjkrRo dh lhekvksa ds ckotwn ^^;g lH;rk ds HkkSfrd igyqvksa
dk vè;;u djus ds fy, loksZÙke lzksr gS**A
dkslkEch vkSj 'kekZ dk vuqlj.k djrs gq, Bkdqj us Hkh çkjfEHkd ,sfrgkfld voLFkk esa
uxjhdj.k dk dkj.k ykSg çkS|ksfxdh ds O;kid ç;ksx vkSj Ñf"k mRiknu esa o`f) dks
crk;k gSA mudh iqLrd esa eq[;r% lkfgfR;d xzaFkksa vkSj n`'; lk{;ksa ij vkèkkfjr uxjh;
vFkZO;oLFkk] lekt vkSj laLÑfr ds fo"k; esa foLr`r vè;k; FksA rFkkfi fo'ks"kdj LFkkiR;
;kstukvksa] ?kjksa vkSj f'kYi mRiknu ds lanHkks± esa tks fof'kf"V;ka iqjkrkfRod vkadM+ksa }kjk
miyCèk djkbZ tk ldrh gSa dk vHkko gSA bruk gh ugha çkjfEHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjksa ds
iru ds lacaèk esa mudk fo'ys"k.k O;kid :i ls yxHkx 300 ls 1000 lh bZ ds chp dh
vofèk esa uxjh; iru ds 'kekZ ¼1972½ ds fopkj ls çsfjr gSA
tgk¡ Bkdqj ds vè;;u us çkjfEHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjh; dsaæksa esa ykSfdd vFkok LFkkfud
dksbZ foHksn ugha fd;k] dkes'oj çlkn ¼1984½ us vius dk;Z esa eq[; :i ls dq"kk.k uxjksa
ij è;ku dsafær fd;kA yxHkx 500 ch lh bZ ls uxjokn ds iqu% çknqHkkZo ds lkFk uxjksa
vkSj uxjksa ds fodkl esa lrr~ o`f) gqbZ vkSj uxjhdj.k dh çfØ;k dq"kk.kdky esa pje
fcanq ij igq¡p xbZA muds dk;Z esa dq"kk.k dky ds nkSjku vofLFkfr] uxj lajpuk] f'kYi]
O;kikj vkSj O;kikj ekxks± ij è;ku dsafær fd;k x;k gSA çlkn us vius o`ÙkkUr dks eq[;
:i ls iqjkrkfRod vkadM+ksa ij vkèkkfjr fd;k gS gkykafd dHkh-dHkh xzaFkh; lk{; ds
mnkgj.k Hkh fn, x, gSaA ;fn tkWu ek'kZy us vfèkd O;kid :i ls r{kf'kyk ?kkVh esa
fljlq[k ds dq"kk.k uxj dk mR[kuu fd;k gksrk rks çlkn ds ikl vc rd tks QqVdj
tkudkjh miyCèk gS mlls gVdj dgha T;knk vkadM+s ekStwn gksrsA ge dsoy ;g vk'kk
dj ldrs gSa fd Hkfo"; esa bl çdkj dk mR[kuu fd;k tk,xkA 'kekZ vkSj Bkdqj dh Hkkafr
çlkn us Hkh mÙkj dq"kk.k dky esa uxjh; dsaæksa ds iru dk rdZ çLrqr fd;k gSA
ÝSad jse.M vkyfpu ¼1989] 1990] 1995½ us rdZ fn;k gS fd uxjhdj.k vkSj uxjokn dks
miegk}hi esa le:i çfØ;k ds :i esa ugha ns[kk tkuk pkfg,A çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld
nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa uxj fuekZ.k ds {ks=h; iSVuZ dk fp=.k djus dk ç;kl djrs gq, mUgksaus
vyx-vyx ç{ksi-iFkksa ds lkFk Ng fHkUu {ks=ksa dks fpfUgr fd;k ftlesa xaxk csflu]
mÙkjif'pe ¼ftlesa orZeku ikfdLrku vkSj v¶xkfuLrku 'kkfey Fkk½] eè; Hkkjr] nDdu]
izk;}hi ls yxh if'peh vkSj iwohZ rVh; iêh rFkk Jhyadk }hi 'kkfey FkkA vkdkj ds
vkèkkj ij mUgksaus uxjksa dh Ng Jsf.k;ka cukb±A vius rdZ dks vkxs c<+krs gq, mlus rdZ
fn;k fd fo'kkyre uxj eè; xaxk ?kkVh esa Fks vkSj nwljs {ks=ksa esa tSls mÙkjif'pe] eè;
Hkkjr] nDdu ;k iwohZ Hkkjr esa mudk vkdkj vkis{kkÑr NksVk FkkA dkyØe dh n`f"V ls
tks uxj lcls igys çdV gq, os eè; xaxk ?kkVh] xaxk-;equk nksvkc vkSj mÙkjif'pe esa
vofLFkr FksA mUgksaus ;g Hkh rdZ fn;k fd miegk}hi ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa uxjksa ds
vH;qn; ds vyx-vyx dkj.k jgs gksaxs vkSj budh iqjkrkfRod n`f"V ls tk¡p fd, tkus
30 dh vko';drk gSA vius ls iwoZ ds fo}kuksa dh gh Hkkafr mUgksaus Hkh Bksl nyhy nh] rFkkfi
nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa çkjfEHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjksa ds lacaèk esa O;ofLFkr vkSj leL;k mUeq[kh çkphu uxjksa ds
iqjkrkfRod 'kksèk ij eksVsrkSj ij vHkh rd è;ku ugha fn;k x;k gSA v/;;u laca/kh
fofHkUu fopkj/kkjk,a
fnyhi ds- pØcrhZ ¼1995½ dh iqLrd çkjafHkd Hkkjrh; uxjksa dh ,d lwph gSA mudh
jpuk eq[; :i ls gM+Iikdkyhu vkSj çkjfEHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjksa dh mR[kuu fjiksVks± ls
fy, x, iqjkrkfRod vkadM+ksa dk ladyu gSA mUgksaus gM+Iikdkyhu vkSj çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld
uxjh; dsaæksa lacaèkh iqjkrkfRod tkudkjh dk tks ladyu fd;k gS og o.kZukRed çÑfr
dk gSA tgk¡ uxjokn ds lacaèk esa vR;Yi fo'ys"k.k gSa] ogha og dqN dkjdksa ds ckjs esa
crkrs gSa ftUgksaus bu nks fHkUu voLFkkvksa esa uxjksa ds vH;qn; esa Hkwfedk fuHkk;h gksxhA
mudk ekuuk gS fd gM+Iik dky esa uxjhdj.k ds fy, flapkbZ vkSj f'kYi fo'ks"kKrk
egRoiw.kZ dkj.k jgs gksaxsA çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld dky esa uxjksa ds iqu% çdV gksus ds fy,
mUgksaus yxHkx 500 ch lh bZ ds {ks=h; jkT;ksa ds xBu dks egRoiw.kZ rRo ekuk gSA
lR;sUæ dqekj >k ¼1998½ xkaxs; ?kkVh esa uxjhdj.k ds çknqHkkZo dks le:i fodkl ds :i
esa ugha ns[kus dk vkxzg djrs gSa] blds ctk, mUgksaus LFkkfud vkSj lkalkfjd nksuksa varjksa
dh laHkkoukvksa ds ckjs esa lpsr fd;k gSA rFkkfi xkaxs; ?kkVh {ks= ds vanj Hkh çR;sd uxj
vkSj uxj ds çknqHkkZo vkSj fof'k"V y{k.kksa nksuksa gh ds fofHkUu ç{ksi-iFkksa dk iwjh rjg ls
vè;;u djus ds Øe esa gesa rn~uq:ih foLr`r iqjkrkfRod vkadM+ksa dh vko';drk gksxh
tks nqHkkZX;o'k vHkh rd miyCèk ugha gSA
ih- ds- clUr ¼2012½ us Hkh eè; Hkkjr esa ekyok {ks= esa uxjhdj.k dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k gSA
mudk vè;;u fofoèk lzksrksa] iqjkrkfRod vkSj n`'; vkadM+ksa ls ysdj vfHkys[kksa rFkk xzaFkksa
ij vkèkkfjr gSA vU; vusd bfrgkldkjksa dh Hkkafr og Hkh jkT; vkSj uxjh; dsaæksa ds
vH;qn; ds chp lacaèk ds ckjs esa crkrs gSaA uxjh; dsaæksa dks muds }kjk ,d ,sls LFkku
ds :i esa ns[kk x;k tgk¡ fHkUu lkekftd vkSj èkkfeZd leqnk; jgrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk]
mUgksaus ;g Hkh rdZ fn;k gS fd uxj dks i`FkdRo esa ugha ns[kk tk ldrk fdarq bls c`gr
Hkw-n`'; esa vofLFkr djuk vko';d gSA bl çdkj uxjhdj.k dh çfØ;kvksa dks dsoy
uxj vkSj blds vkarfjd Hkw-Hkkx ds chp lgyXurk dh n`f"V ls gh le>k tk ldrk gSA
,d ckj fQj dsoy iqjkrkfRod vkadM+s gh iwoZ ,sfrgkfld dky esa ekyok esa uxjhdj.k
rFkk uxjh; dsaæksa ds LFkkuh; vkSj {ks=h; usVodks± ls lacafèkr ç'u dks csgrj <ax ls
le>us esa gekjh lgk;rk dj ldrs gSaA
bl çdkj ge ikrs gSa fd çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjhdj.k vkSj uxjokn lacaèkh vfèkdrj
vè;;u iqjkrkfRod vkadM+ksa ds vHkko ds dkj.k vius fo'ys"k.k esa lhfer jgrs gSaA bl
leL;k dk lekèkku miegk}hi ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa çkjfEHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjksa vkSj uxjksa
dh tk¡p ds fof'k"V mís'; ds lkFk Hkfo"; esa vkSj vfèkd iqjkrkfRod QhYM dk;Z dks
çksRlkfgr djds fudkyuk gksxkA
2-4-3 çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjh; dsaæksa dh [kkst vkSj mR[kuu
Hkkjr esa çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld dky esa uxjhdj.k ;k uxjh; dsaæksa dks le>us ds fof'k"V
mís'; ds lkFk Hkkjr esa fd, x, iqjkrkfRod losZ{k.kksa ds mnkgj.k vR;Ur gh de gSaA
laHkor% tkWtZ ,MksZlh ¼1988½ us mÙkj izns'k ds bykgkckn ftys dh nksvkc rglhyksa pSy]
ea>kiqj vkSj fljFkw esa vius losZ{k.kks± ds ekè;e ls bl çdkj dk igyk ç;kl fd;k FkkA
muds vè;;u us çkphu ,sfrgkfld mÙkj Hkkjr esa uxjhdj.k dh leL;k dks csgrj <+ax
ls le>us ds fy, QhYM losZ{k.k ds egRo ij çdk'k MkykA 31
uxjh; bfrgkl% eksfudk fLeFk ¼2001½ }kjk eè; Hkkjr esa dkSfUMU;kiqj ds çphu ,sfrgkfld uxj esa
,d ifjp; ç.kkyhc) çfrn'khZ j.kuhfr (systematic sampling strategy) dks 'kkfey djrs gq, ,d
QhYM losZ{k.k fd;k x;k FkkA dkSfUMU;kiqj vkSj blds lehiLFk vkarfjd Hkw-Hkkx ds chp
lacaèk dk ewY;kadu djus ds fy, bl LFky ds lehi 10 fdyksehVj dh ifjfèk esa Hkh
losZ{k.k fd;k x;kA bl ckgjh losZ{k.k tksu ds vanj dkSfUMU;kiqj ls 4 fd-eh- ij ,d
NksVs Vhys èkekU=h dk Hkh losZ{k.k fd;k x;k FkkA muds vè;;u us ;g n'kkZ;k fd
çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld dky esa yach nwjh ds lacaèkksa dh rqyuk esa LFkkuh; vkSj {ks=h;
lkekftd rFkk vkfFkZd usVodZ dgha vfèkd egRoiw.kZ jgs gksaxsA
dkSfUMU;kiqj dk losZ{k.k djus ds i'pkr~ fLeFk ¼2002%121½ mM+hlk esa çkjfEHkd ,sfrgkfld
uxj fllqikyx< ds ç.kkyhc) QhYM losZ{k.k dk dke djus xb±A muds vè;;u us ^,d
vkuq"Bkfud ;k ç'kklfud dsaæ* ds ctk, iwjs fdyscan {ks= esa clkoV ds lk{; dks
mn~?kkfVr fd;kA blds vfrfjDr LFkkiR; lacaèkh [kaMksa esa fHkUurk,a fHkUu lkefxz;ksa dh
lqyHkrk dh n`f"V ls vyx-vyx iM+kslh {ks=ksa dh fo|ekurk n'kkZrh gSaA mUgksaus ;g Hkh
rdZ fn;k gS fd vkerkSj ij ekuh tkus okyh eq[; fo'ks"krk fd çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld dky
esa fu;fer :i ls yach nwjh ds lacaèk Fks ds er dh iqf"V bl LFky ls çkIr iqjkrkfRod
lk{; }kjk ugha gksrh gSA muds losZ{k.k ls ckgj dh f'kYiÑfr;ksa dh rqyuk esa LFkkuh;
:i ls fufeZr enksa ds mPp vuqikr dk irk pyk gSA bruk gh ugha mRiknu ds lwpdksa
tSls iFkjhyk eyck ;k èkkrqvksa dh drjuksa ds nqyZHk lk{;ksa ls irk pyrk gS fd mRiknu
dk dsUnz uxj dh lhekvksa ds ckgj jgk gksxkA
nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjh; dsaæksa ds vusd mR[kuuksa esa ls lcls vfèkd
lwpukçn mR[kuu bykgkckn ds lehi HkhVk ¼ek'kZy] 1915½] ifdLrku esa r{kf'kyk ?kkVh
esa fljdi ¼ek'kZy] 1951½] eFkqjk ds lehi lksa[k ¼gkVsZy] 1993½] iqMqpsjh ds lehi vfjdesMq
¼csxys bR;kfn] 1996] 2004½] Jhyadk esa vuqjkèkiqjk ¼dfua?ke] 1999] 2006½] ckaXykns'k esa
egkLFkkux<+ ¼vkye vkSj lkysl] 2001½] iwohZ nDdu esa ukxktqZudksaMk ¼lqanj jktu]
2006½] mM+hlk esa fllqikyx<+ ¼fLeFk vkSj eksgarh] 2008½ vkSj vuwi'kgj ds lehi bankSj
[ksM+k ¼esuu vkSj oekZ] 2010] oekZ vkSj esuu] 2015½ vkSj eè; nDdu esa ,Me ¼ukFk] 2016½
gSaA bu mR[kuuksa us çkphu ,sfrgkfld uxjksa vkSj uxjksa ds fofHkUu igyqvksa esa ckjs esa
lk{;ksa dh lEink miyCèk djkbZ gSA bu lk{;ksa esa vkdkj] fdyscanh] lajpuk vkSj uxjh;
dsaæksa ds ckgjh LFkku 'kkfey gSaA blds vfrfjDr fljdi esa ,d egy lfgr lkoZtfud
rFkk èkkfeZd Hkouksa rFkk ?kjksa dh foLr`r ;kstuk,a miyCèk gSaA çkS|ksfxdh; çfØ;kvksa]
LFkkfud lanHkks± vkSj laxBu lfgr f'kYi mRiknu lacaèkh dqN iqjkrkfRod vkadM+s Hkh
miyCèk gSaA
rFkkfi] ;g è;ku esa j[kus dh vko';drk gS fd iqjkrkfRod QhYM çFkkvksa dk fujarj
fodkl gks jgk gS] bldk dkj.k flQZ vfèkd ifj"Ñr çkS|ksfxfd;ksa dh miyCèkrk gh ugha
gS vfirq bldk dkj.k ;g Hkh gS fd foxr le; esa u, fo"k;ksa vkSj ç'uksa ij Hkh yxkrkj
è;ku vkdf"kZr fd;k tkrk jgk gSA bl çdkj] orZeku losZ{k.k vkSj vUos"k.k i)fr;ka
fiNyh lnh esa çpfyr i)fr;ksa ls dkQh fHkUu gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] vc ekud çpyu
;g gS fd mR[kuu ls iwoZ] LFky dk O;ofLFkr losZ{k.k igys fd;k tk, tSlk fd
fllqikyx<+ vkSj banksj [ksM+k nksuksa ds mR[kuu ds lanHkZ esa fd;k x;kA blds foijhr Hkhj
Vhyk] fljdi ;k fljlq[k esa mR[kuu ls iwoZ] r{kf'kyk ?kkVh esa dksbZ O;ofLFkr l?ku
32 losZ{k.k ugha fd;k x;kA
nwljh fHkUurk [kqnkbZ vkSj laxzg.k i)fr;ksa ds lkFk-lkFk fjdkWMZ djus dh çFkk esa Hkh gSA çkphu uxjksa ds
igys cM+h ek=k esa feêh dks tYn gVkus ds fy, dqnkyksa (pick axes) ls [kqnkbZ dh tkrh v/;;u laca/kh
fofHkUu fopkj/kkjk,a
FkhA lkekU;r% igys vfèkdrj laiw.kZ f'kYiÑfr;ksa dks u fd VwVh gqbZ ;k viw.kZ oLrqvksa dks
,d= djus dh çFkk FkhA fjdkWMZ djus esa Hkh tgk¡ ls f'kYiÑfr feyh gS mlds lVhd
LFkku dks 'kk;n gh ntZ fd;k tkrk Fkk] Qyr% çkjafHkd mR[kuu fjiksVks± esa cgqr ls
çklafxd vk¡dM+s vuqiyCèk FksA ;g Hkh mYys[kuh; gS fd vusd mR[kuu tks foxr esa fd,
x, muesa iqjkrRofonksa us vif'k"Vksa ¼debitage½ ds ¼f'kYi oLrqvksa ds cukus esa cps-[kqps
VqdM+s] drjus vkfn½ ds ladyu ij 'kk;n gh dHkh è;ku fn;k Fkk tks f'kYi mRiknu ds
ckjs esa egRoiw.kZ lk{; miyCèk djk ldrk gSA tgk¡ f'kYi mRiknu fd;k x;k gksxk mu
{ks=ksa ds ckjs esa Hkh gekjs ikl dksbZ lwpuk ugha gSA
mR[kuu esa orZeku çpyu vR;Ur gh lkoèkkuhiwoZd [kqnkbZ djus dk gS ftlesa NksVs
vkStkj tSls dUuh ¼[kqjih½ dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rFkk lHkh f'kYiÑfr;ksa] tSfod
vo'ks"kksa rFkk vif'k"V dk lw{erkiwoZd fjdkMZ j[kk tkrk gSA ikbZ xbZ lHkh phtksa dk
fjdkMZ j[kuk rFkk os dgk¡ ikbZ xbZ gSa mudk mYys[k djuk D;ksa vko';d gS\ bl çdkj
dk lkoèkkuhiwoZd fjdkMZ j[kus dk dkj.k ;g gS fd dsoy ;gh tkudkjh iqjkrRofon~ dks
;g le>us esa lgk;rk djrh gS fd çkphu uxjksa dh xfrfofèk;ka D;k FkhaA blds leku
çpqj iqjkrkfRod vkadM+s uxj fuokfl;ksa ds nSfud thou rFkk foxr esa nSfud dk;Zdykiksa
dh iqujZpuk dh laHkkouk mRiUu djrs gSaA

2-5 lkjka'k
eksgutksnM+ks vkSj gM+Iik çkphure uxjksa esa Fks tks 2600 vkSj 1900 ch lh bZ ds chp
miegk}hi ds mÙkjif'peh fgLls esa vfLrRo esa vk,A cM+h la[;k eas gM+Iik dkyhu LFkyksa]
cM+s vkSj NksVs nksuksa] dk mR[kuu fd;k x;k gS ftlds dkj.k çpqj ek=k esa iqjkrkfRod
vkadM+s izkIr gq, gSaA bu çpqj vkadM+ksa us vusd fo"k;ksa tSls O;kikj] jktuhfrd laxBu]
çkS|ksfxfd;ksa vkSj f'kYiksa] HkwxHkhZ; mn~xe LFky vè;;uksa vkSj gM+Iikdkyhu uxjh; dsaæksa
ds iru ds lacaèk esa foLr`r vè;;u dks laHko cuk;k gSA yxHkx 1400 o"kks± ds varjky
ds i'pkr~ uxjh; dsaæksa dh vxyh voLFkk yxHkx 500 ch lh bZ esa n`f"Vxr gksrh gSA
gM+Iikdky ls fHkUu] tc uxjksa dk foLrkj eq[;r% mÙkjif'peh Hkkx esa lhfer Fkk] çkphu
,sfrgkfld uxjh; dsaæksa dk vH;qn; miegk}hi ds fHkUu {ks=ksa esa gqvkA çkjafHkd
,sfrgkfld uxjksa lacaèkh vè;;uksa dks rhu lewgksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS% izFke
tks xzaFkksa ij vkèkkfjr gS( nwljk uxjhdj.k vkSj uxjokn dk la'ys"k.k gS( vkSj rhljs esa
uxjh; dsaæksa ds fofHkUu igyqvksa dh fo'ks"k:i ls tk¡p ds fy, fd, x, losZ{k.k rFkk
mR[kuu vkrs gSaA xzaFkksa ds vè;;u ds ekè;e ls gesa bl ckr dh >yd feyrh gS fd fdl
çdkj çkjafHkd uxjksa dh ifjdYiuk dh xbZ vkSj ;kstuk cukbZ xbZA çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld
uxjksa lacaèkh fofucaèkksa vkSj xzaFkksa us vofLFkfr] lajpuk] f'kYiksa] O;kikj vkSj O;kikj ekxks± ij
è;ku dsafær fd;k gSA gM+Iik lH;rk dh rqyuk esa çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjksa ds ckjs esa
dkQh de tkudkjh miyCèk gS D;ksafd bu nksuksa vofèk;ksa ds iqjkrkfRod 'kksèkksa esa dkQh
vlekurk gSA gM+Iik vkSj çkphu ,sfrgkfld uxjksa ds lacaèk esa tks dqN igys fy[kk tk
pqdk gS mlds ckotwn fo'ks"kdj vfèkd O;ofLFkr losZ{k.kksa rFkk foLr`r lanHkhZ; çys[khdj.k
ds lkFk ltx mR[kuuksa ds ekè;e ls Hkfo"; esa dkQh dqN tk¡p dh tk ldrh gSA

33
uxjh; bfrgkl%
,d ifjp;
2-6 vH;kl
1½ gM+Iikdkyhu uxjksa dh loZizFke [kkst ds le; ls gq, vè;;uksa ds fodkl dks
fpfUgr dhft,A
2½ gM+Iikdkyhu uxjksa dk vè;;u djus ds fy, iqjkrRofonksa }kjk ç;qDr ubZ çfofèk;k¡
D;k gSa\
3½ gM+Iikdkyhu uxjksa dks iqjkrRofonksa us fdl çdkj ns[kk rFkk mldk vè;;u fd;k\
4½ D;k vki ts-th- 'ksQj ds bl fopkj ls lger gSa fd uxjh; dsaæ 1900 vkSj 500
ch lh bZ ds chp dh vofèk esa fo|eku Fks\
5½ xzaFk fdl izdkj uxjksa dh fHkUu-fHkUu Nfo;ka miyCèk djkrs gSa\ mnkgj.k lfgr
vius rdZ dh iqf"V dhft,A
6½ vusd bfrgkldkjksa us ykSg çkS|ksfxdh ds vH;qn; rFkk jkT; lajpukvksa vkSj uxjksa
ds vH;qn; ds chp lacaèk n'kkZ;k gS\ bl dkj.kkRed lacaèk ds ckjs esa foLrkjiwoZd
crkb;sA
7½ çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjksa ds çeq[k losZ{k.kksa rFkk mR[kuuksa dh ppkZ dhft,A mudh
D;k lhek,a gSa\
8½ gM+Iikdkyhu uxjksa dh rqyuk esa çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh
vis{kkÑr de D;ksa gSa\

2-7 lanHkZ xazFk

vkye] ,e- Mh-] vkSj ts- ,Q- lkysl] laik-] ¼2001½ QLVZ barfje fjiksVZ 1993-1999% Ýkal]
caxykns'k tkWbaV osUpj ,DldSos'kUl ,sV egkLFkkux<+ ¼<kdk% fMikVZesaV vkWQ vkdhZvkyth½A
vkyfpu] ,Q-vkj-] ¼1982½ ^fn yhxSlh vkWQ bUMl flfoykbts'ku*] th-,y- ikslsgy]
laik-] gM+Iiu flfoykbts'ku% , dUVsEijsjh ilZisfDVo] ¼ubZ fnYyh% vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh
izsl ,aM vkbZ ch ,p½ i`- 325-33-
vkyfpu] ,Q- vkj-] ¼1989½ ^flVh ,aM LVsV QkWesZ'ku bu vyhZ fgLVkWfjd lkmFk ,f'k;k*]
lkmFk ,f'k;u LVMht] Hkkx 5] i`- 1-16-
vkyfpu] ,Q- vkj-] ¼1990½ ^iSVuZ~l vkWQ flVh QkWesZ'ku bu vyhZ fgLVkWfjd lkmFk
,f'k;k* lkmFk ,f'k;u LVMht] Hkkx 6] i`- 163-173-
vkyfpu] ,Q- vkj-] ¼1993½ fn vkdhZvkyth vkWQ vyhZ fgLVkWfjd lkmFk ,f'k;k
¼dSfEczt% dSfEczt ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-
,jksuksoLdh] vkbZ- vkSj ,l- xksihukFk] ¼2004½ fn bUMl oSyh ¼vkWDlQksMZ% gkbuheSu
ykbczsjh½-
clUr] ih- ds-] ¼2012½ fn flVh ,aM fn daVªh bu vyhZ bafM;k % , LVMh vkWQ ekyok
¼fnYyh% çkbel cqDl½-
34
cSxys] oh-] bR;kfn] ¼1996 vkSj 2004½ fn ,fUl,UV iksVZ vkWQ vfjdesMq % U;w ,DldSos'kUl çkphu uxjksa ds
,aM fjlpsZt] 1989-1992] Hkkx I vkSj II] ¼ikafMpsjh % lsaVj M* fgLVªkW;j ,V Mh] v/;;u laca/kh
fofHkUu fopkj/kkjk,a
vkdhZvkyth½-
Hkku] ds- ds-] oh- ,p- lksuo.ks] ih- vftFkçlkn vkSj ,l- çrkipUæu] ¼2005½ ^, gM+Iiu
VªsfMax ,aM Øk¶V çksMD'ku lsaVj ,sV xksykaèkksjks ¼cxkljk½*] ,UVhfDoVh] Hkkx 79 ¼304½] i`-
1-7-
Hkku] ds- ds- vkSj ih- vftFkçlkn] ¼,u-Mh-½ ^,DldSos'kUl ,sV f'kdkjiqj 2007-2008 % ,
dksLVy iksVZ ,aM , Øk¶V çksMD'ku lsaVj vkWQ fn baMl flfoykbts'ku bu dPN] bafM;k*
¼vçdkf'kr ikaMqfyfi½-
fc"V] vkj- ,l-] ¼1982½ ^,DldSos'kUl ,sV cukoyh*] th- ,y- ikslsg~y] laik-] gM+Iiu
flfoykbts'ku% , dUVsEijsjh ilZisfDVo % 1974-1977* ¼ubZ fnYyh% vkWDlQksMZ ,aM vkbZ ch
,p½] i`- 113-124-
fc"V] vkj- ,l-] ¼1984½ ^LVªDpjy fjesUl ,aM Vkmu Iykfuax vkWQ cukoyh*] ch-ch- yky
vkSj ,l- ih- xqIrk] laik-] ÝafV;lZ vkWQ fn bUMl flfoykbts'ku ¼ubZ fnYyh% bafM;u
vkdhZvkyftdy lkslkbVh ,aM cqDl ,aM cqDl½] i`- 89-97-
fc"V] vkj- ,l-] ¼1991½ ^èkkSykohjk % , U;w gksjkbtu vkWQ fn baM~l flfoykbts'ku*]
iqjkrRo] Hkkx 20] i`- 71-82-
CySdeSu] ts- ,e-] vkSj ,e- fonky] ¼1992½ ^fn çksMD'ku ,aM fMfLVªC;w'ku vkWQ LVksuos;j
cSaxYl ,sV eksgutksnM+ks ,aM gM+Iik ,st ekWfuVMZ ck; dsfedy dSjsDVjkbts'ku LVMht*]
lh- tSfjt] laik-] lkmFk ,f'k;u vkdsZykWth 1989 ¼eSfMlu% fçfgLVªh çsl½] i`- 37-44-
ckWfUMvksyh] ,y] ,e- rkslh vkSj ,e- fonky] ¼1984½ ^Øk¶V ,sfDVfoVh ,fj;kt ,aM ljQsl
losZ ,sV eksgutksnM+ks % dEIyhesaVjh izkslhtlZ QkWj fn boSY;q'ku vkWQ , jsfLVªDVsM lkbV*]
,e- tkulsu vkSj th- vcZu ¼laik-½ fjiksVZl vkWu QhYM ,sV eksgutksnM+ks % barfje fjiksVZl]
Hkkx I¼vkpsu vkSj jkse% vkj MCY;w Vh ,p vkSj baLVhV~;wVks bVkfy;kuksa isj fby esfMvks ,M
,LVªheks vksfj,UVs½] i`- 9-37-
pØcrhZ] Mh- ds-] ¼1995½ fn vkdhZvkyth vkWQ ,fUl,UV bafM;u flVht ¼fnYyh%
vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-
pêksikè;k;] ch-] ¼2003½ ^fn flVh bu vyhZ bafM;k % ilZisfDVOl ÝkWe VsDLV~l*] ch-
pêksikè;k;] LVMhbax vyhZ bafM;k % vkdhZvkyth] VsDLV~l] ,aM fgLVkWfjdy b';wt
¼fnYyh% iekZusaV CySd½] i`- 105-134
dksfua?ke] vkj-] ¼1999½ vuqjkèkiqjk % fn fczfV'k] Jhyadu ,DldSos'kUl ,sV vuqjkèkiqjk
lYxkgk oÙkk 2] Hkkx I ¼vkWDlQksMZ% ch , vkj bUVjus'kuy lhjht 824½-
dksfua?ke] vkj-] ¼2006½ vuqjkèkiqjk% fn fczfV'k] Jhyadu ,DldSos'kUl ,sV vuqjkèkiqjk
lYxkgk oÙkk 2] Hkkx II ¼vkWDlQksMZ% ch , vkj baVjus'kuy lhjht 1508½-
èkoyhdj] ,e- ds-] vkSj ,e-,p- jkoy] ¼1996½ dqUrklh% , gM+Iiu ,Eiksfj;e vkWu osLV
dksLV ¼iq.ks % MsDdu dkWyst½-
35
uxjh; bfrgkl% ,MksZlh] th-] ¼1998½ vcZukbts'ku bu vyhZ fgLVkWfjd bafM;k ¼vkWDlQksMZ% ch , vkj
,d ifjp; baVjus'kuy fljht½-
Qs;jlfoZl] MCY;w- ,-] ¼1961 [iqueqZfær 1979] ^fn gM+Iiu flfoykbts'ku % U;w ,foMsUl
,aM eksj F;ksjh*] th-,y% ikslsg~y] laik-] ,fUl,UV flVht vkWQ fn bUMl ¼ubZ fnYyh %
fodkl½] i`- 49-65-
Qs;jlfoZl] MCY;w- ,-] ¼1971½ fn :V~l vkWQ ,fUl,UV bafM;k ¼yanu% tkWtZ ,ysu vkSj
vufou½-
¶yke] ,y-] ¼1988½ fn iSfy;ksT;ksxzQh ,aM çh-fgLVkWfjd lsVyesaV iSVu~Zl bu flaèk
ikfdLrku ¼ca.] 4000-2000 ch- lh-½ ¼,sUu vcksj% ;wfuoflZVh ekbØksfQYe~l baVjus'kuy½A
?kks"k] ,-] ¼1973½ fn flVh bu vyhZ fgLVkWfjdy bafM;k ¼f'keyk% bafM;u baLVhV~;qV vkWQ
,MokULM LVMh½-
xqIrk] ,l-ih-] laik-] ¼1989½ ,su vkdhZvkykftdy Vwvj ,ykax fn ?kX?kj-gkdjk fjoj ckbZ
ekdZ vkWjsy LVkbu ¼esjB% dqlqekatyh çdk'ku½-
gchc] vkbZ-] ¼2002½ fn baMl flfoykbts'ku ¼ubZ fnYyh% rwfydk½-
gyhe] ,e- ,- vkSj ,e- fonky] ¼1984½ ^fdYUl] cSaxYl ,aM dksfVM oslsYl% fljkfed
çksMD'ku bu DyksTM dUVsulZ ,sV eksgutksnM+ks*] ,e- tkulsu vkSj th- vcZu] ¼laik-½]
barfje fjiksVZl] Hkkx I] fjiksVZl vkWu QhYM odZ dSjhM vkmV ,sV eksgutksnM+ks ¼vkpsu
,aM jksek % vkj MCY;w Vh ,p vkSj vkbZ ,l ,e bZ vks½] i`- 63-97-
gkVZsy] ,p] ¼1993½ ,DldSos'kUl ,sV lksa[k ¼cfyZu% MkbzfVªp jkSej oykZx½
gsxM+s ds- Vh- ,e-] oh- ,p- lksuko.ks] Mh- vkj] 'kkg] ds- ds- Hkku] ih- vftFkçlkn] ds-
Ñ".ku vkSj ,l- çrkipUæ] ¼1988½ ^,DldSos'kUl ,sV uxokMk* ¼1986 ,aM 1987% ,
fçfyeujh fjiksVZ*] eSu ,aM ,Uok;jUesaV] [kaM XII i`- 55-66-
gsxM+s] ds-Vh-,e-] ch- ,p- lksukous] ds- Ñ".ku] Mh-vkj- 'kkg] ¼1990½ ,DldSos'kUl ,sV
ukxs'oj] xqtjkr% , gM+Iiu 'ksy ofd±x lkbV vkWu fn xYQ vkWQ dPN ¼cM+ksnjk% ,e-
,l- ;wfuoflZVh vkWQ cM+kSnk½-
tkulsu] ,e-] ¼1997½ ^flVh Iykfuax bu fn gM+Iik dYpj] ,Q- vkj- vkyfpu vkSj Mh-
ds- pØorhZ] laik-] , lksl-Z cqd vkWQ baqfM;u vkfdZvkWyth] [kaM II ¼ubZ fnYyh% eq'khjke
euksgjyky½] i`- 217-28
tkulsu] ,e- vkSj th- vcZu] ¼1985½ eksgutksnM+ks MkVk dysD'ku [kaM 1% dSVsykWx ,aM
dkUdkWMUl vkWQ fn QhYM jftLVlZ] Hkkx ,d% ,p vkj-,fj;k QhYM jftLVj 1925-1927
¼ykbMsu] fczya½-
tks'kh] ts- ih-] ¼1990½ ,DldSos'ku ,sV lqjdksVMk 1971-72 ,aM ,DlIyksjs'ku bu dPN
¼ubZ fnYyh% Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo losZ{k.k½A
tks'kh] ts- ih-] ¼2008½ gM+Iiu vkfdZVsDpj ,aM flfoy bathfu;fjax ¼ubZ fnYyh% :ik ,aM
dEiuh vkSj bfUQfuVh QkmUMs'ku½-
36
>k] ,l- ds-] ¼1998½ fcfxfuaXl vkWQ vcZukbts'ku bu vyhZ fgLVkWfjd bafM;k% , LVMh çkphu uxjksa ds
vkWQ fn xSaxfs Vd IysUl ¼iVuk% uksoYs Vh ,aM dEiuh½- v/;;u laca/kh
fofHkUu fopkj/kkjk,a
dkSy] ,l-] ¼2016½ ^flVht bu VsDlV~~l*] vcZukbts'ku bu bafM;k] [kaM 3] bdkbZ 13 ¼ubZ
fnYyh% bfrgkl foHkkx] lekftd foKku fo|kihB] bafnjk xkaèkh jk"Vªh; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;½
i`- 67-77-
dsuks;j] ts- ,e-] ¼1984½ 'ksy ofd±x bUMLVªht vkWQ fn bUMl flfoykbts'ku% ,su
vkfdZvkWyftdy ,aM ,FkuksxzkfQd ilZisfDVo¼,su vcksZj% ;w fuoflZVh ekbØksfQYEl ba Vjus'kuy½-
dsuks;j] ts- ,e-] ¼1994½ ^,DlisjhesaVy LVMht vkWQ baMl oSyh VsDuksykWth ,aV gM+Iik*]
,- ikiksZyk vkSj ih- dksfLddkfyvks] laik-] lkmFk ,f'k;u vkfdZvkWyth 1993] Hkkx I]
¼gsfYladh% lqvksekykbusu VhfMvkdjsfevk½-
dsuks;j] ts- ,e-] ¼1997½ ^vyhZ flVh-LVsV~l bu lkmFk ,f'k;k% dEis;fjax fn gM+Iiu Qst
,aM vyhZ fgLVkWfjd ihfj;M*] Mh- ,y-] fudksyl vkSj Vh- ,p- pkyZVu] ¼laik-½] n
vkdsZykWth vkWQ flVh-LVsV~l% ØkWl-dYpjy ,çkspst ¼okf'kaxVu% fLeFklksfu;u baLVhV~;qV
çsl½ i`- 51-70-
dsuks;j] ts- ,e- ¼1998½ ,fUl,UV flVht vkWQ fn bUMl oSyh flfoykbts'ku ¼djkph%
vkWDlQksMZ ;qfuoflZVh çsl½-
dsuks;j] ts- ,e- vkSj ds- áwLVu] ¼2005½ fn ,fUl,UV lkmFk ,f'k;u oYMZ ¼vkWDlQksMZ%
;wfuoflZVh çsl½-
dsuks;j] ts-,e-] ,e- foMky vkSj ds- ds- Hkku] ¼1991½ ^dUVsEijjh LVksu chMesfdax bu
[kEHkkr] bafM;k% iSVu~Zl vkWQ Øk¶V Lisf'k;ykbts'ku ,aM vkWxsZukbts'ku vkWQ çksMD'ku
,st fj¶ysDVsM bu fn vkWdsZykWftd fjdkWMZ*] oYMZ vkdsWykWth] Hkkx 23] 1- i`- 44-63-
[kjdoky] ts- ,l-] okbZ- ,p- jkor vkSj Vh- ,lo- vkslkMk- ¼2007½ ^dkUesj% , gM+Iiu
lkbV bu dPN] xqtjkr] bafM;k*] ik-Vh- vkslkMk] laik-] fyafXofLVDl] vkfdZvkWyth ,aM
fn áweu ikLV] vksdstuy isij ua- 2 ¼D;ksrks% vkj vkbZ ,p ,u½ i`- 21-46-
[kjdoky] ts- ,l-] okbZ- ,p- jkor vkSj Vh- vkslkMk] ¼2008½ ^çhfyeujh vkWCtosZ'ku
dkUesj% , gM+Iiu lkbV bu dPN] xqtjkr] bafM;k*] Vh- vkslkMk vkSj ,- m,Rlqxh] laik-
fyafXofLVDl] vkfdZvkWyth ,aM fn áweu ikLV] vksdstuy isij ua- 5 ¼D;ksrks% vkj vkbZ
,p ,u½ i`- 5-24-
dkslkEch] Mh-Mh-] ¼1952 [iqueZqfær 2006] ^,fUl,UV dksly ,aM exèk*] ch- ih- lkgw laik-
vk;ju ,aM lks'ky psUt bu vyhZ bafM;k ¼ubZ fnYyh% vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl½] i`- 35-
41-
th-,y- ikslsg~y] laik- gM+Iiu flfoykbts'ku% , dUVsEijjh ilZisfDVo ¼ubZ fnYyh%
vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl vkSj vkbZ ch ,p½ yky] ch- ch- ¼1982½ ^osLV okt osLV ,aM bZLV
okl bZLV] cV Ogsu ,aM gkm fMM fn fV~ou ehV\ fn jksy vkWQ Hkxokuiqj ,st , fczt
fcVohu lVsZu LVstst vkWQ fn baMl ,aM xSaxst flfoykbts'ku*] i`- 335-8-

37
uxjh; bfrgkl% yky] ch- ch-] ¼1997½ fn vfyZ,LV flfoykbts'ku vkWQ lkmFk ,f'k;k ¼ubZ fnYyh% vk;Zu½-
,d ifjp;
yky] ch- ch-] ch- ds Fkkij] ts- ih- tks'kh vkSj eèkq ckyk] ,DldSos'kUl ,sV dkfycaxu% fn
vyhZ gM+IiUl ¼1961-1969½ ¼ubZ fnYyh% Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo losZ{k.k½-
yky] ch- ch-] ts-ih- tks'kh] eèkq ckyk] ,-ds- 'kekZ vkSj ds-,l- jkepaæu] ¼2015½ ,DldSos'kUl
,sV dkfycaxu% fn gM+IiUl ¼1960-1969½ Hkkx I ¼ubZ fnYyh% Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo losZ{k.k½-
ykW] vkj- MCY;w-] ¼2011½ baVjjhtuy baVj,sD'ku ,aM vcZfuTe bu fn ,fUl,UV bUMj oSyh%
, ftvksykWftdy çksosfu,Ul LVMh vkWQ gM+Iikt jkWd ,aM feujy vlsEcyst ¼ubZ fnYyh%
euksgj½-
eSds] bZ- ts- ,p-] ¼1938½ QnZj ,DldSos'kUl ,sV eksgutksnM+ks ¼fnYyh% Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo
losZ{k.k½-
eSds] bZ- ts- ,p-] ¼1943½ pUgwnM+ks ,DldSos'kUl 1935-36 ¼U;w gsosu] lhVh% vesfjdu
vksfj,UVy lkslkbVh½-
etwenkj] ,u-th-] ¼1934½ ,DlIyksjs'kUl bu flaèk ¼ubZ fnYyh% Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo losZ{k.k½-
ek'kZy] ts-,p-] ¼laik-½¼1931½ eksgutksnM+ksa ,aM fn baMl flfoykbt+s'ku] Hkkx I-III ¼yanu%
vkFkZj çkWClFksu½-
ek'kZy] ts-,p-] ¼1915 [iqueqZfær 2002] ^,DldSos'kUl ,sV HkhVk*] Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo losZ{k.k
dh okf"kZd fjiksVZ 1911-12 ¼ubZ fnYyh% Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo losZ{k.k½] i`- 29-94-
ek'kZy] ts- ,p-] ¼1951 [iqueqZfær 2013]½ r{kf'kyk% ,su byLVªsVsM ,dkmUV vkWQ
vkfdZvkWyftdy ,DldSos'kUl 1913-1934] Hkkx I-III ¼dsfEczt% dsfEczt ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-
eSDbUVkW'k] ts-] ¼2008½ fn ,fUl,UV bUMl oSyh% U;w ilZisfDVOl ¼lkUrk ckjckjk] dSfyQksfuZ;k%
,chlh-lh,yvkbZvks½-
ehMks] vkj-,p-] laik-] ¼1991½ gM+Iik ,DldSos'kUl 1986-1990% , eYVhfMflIyhujh ,çksp
Vw FkMZ feysfu;e vcZfuTe ¼esfMlu% çhfgLVªh çsl½-
esuu ts- vkSj ,l-oekZ] ¼2009½ ^fMQkbfuax VªsfM'ku% ,su vkfdZvkWyftdy ilZisfDVo*] ,l-
lcjoky vkSj ,l- oekZ] laik- VªsfM'kUl bu eks'ku% fjyhtu ,aM lkslkbVh bu fgLVªh
¼fnYyh% vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh½] i`- 23-49-
esuu] ts- vkSj ,l- oekZ] ¼2010½ ^jhfMax vkfdZvkWyftdy ,foMsUl% fljSfed ,aM VsjkdksVk
çksMD'ku ,sV bUnksj [ksM+k] mÙkj çns'k ¼200 ch lh bZ-500 lh bZ½*] bafM;u fgLVkWfjdy
fjO;q] Hkkx 37] ua- 2 i`- 187-216-
feyj] ,p- ,e- ,y-] ¼2007½ vkfdZvkWyftdy ,çkspst Vw VsDuksykWth ¼,ElVMZe% ,Ylfo;j½A
eksgUrh] vkj- ds- vkSj ,e- ,y- fLeFk] ¼2008½% ,DlDsos'kUl ,sV fllqikyx<+ ¼ubZ fnYyh%
Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo losZ{k.k½-
eqxy] ,e-vkj-] ¼1997½ ,fUl,UV pksfyLrku% vkfdsZvkWyth ,aM vkfdZVsDpj ¼jkoyfiaMh%
fQjkstlUl½-
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ukFk] ,-] ¼2016½ ,DldSos'kUl ,sV ,Me ¼1988-1992½] Hkkx I-II ¼ubZ fnYyh% Hkkjrh; çkphu uxjksa ds
iqjkrRo losZ{k.k½- v/;;u laca/kh
fofHkUu fopkj/kkjk,a
fixV] ,l-] ¼1952½ çhfgLVkWfjd bafM;k ¼gkeZUM~loFkZ% isafX;qbu½-
ikslsg~y] th- ,p-] ¼1977½ ^fn ,UM vkWQ , LVsV ,aM dUVhU;qVh vkWQ , VªsfM'ku% ,
fMLd'ku vkWQ fn ysV gM+Iiu*] vkj- QkWDl] laik-] jhYe ,aM jhtu bu VªsfM'kuy bafM;k
¼fnYyh% fodkl½] i`- 234-254-
ikslsg~y] th-,y-] ¼2002½ fn bUMl flfoykbts'ku% , dUVsEijjh ilZisfDVo ¼ubZ fnYyh%
foLrkj½-
çlkn] ds- ¼1984½ flVht] Øk¶V~l ,aM dkWelZ vaMj fn dq"kk.k~l ¼fnYyh% vxe dyk
çdk'ku½-
jko] ,l- vkj-] ¼1879] 1985½ yksFky% , gM+Iiu iksVZ Vkmu 1955-1962 ¼ubZ fnYyh% Hkkjrh;
iqjkrRo losZ{k.k½-
jRukxj] ,l-] ¼1981½ ,udkmUVlZ% fn osLVyhZ VªsM vkWQ fn gM+Iik flfoykbts'ku ¼ubZ
fnYyh% vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-
jRukxj] ,l-] ¼1981½ bUDok;jht bUVw fn ikWfyfVdy vkWxsZukbts'ku vkWQ gM+Iiu
lkslkbVh ¼iq.ks% joh'k½-
jRukxj] ,l-] ¼2000½ fn ,.M vkWQ fn xzsV gM+Iiu VªsfM'ku ¼ubZ fnYyh% euksgj½-
jRukxj] ,l-] ¼2001½ vaMjLVSafMax gM+Ii flfoykbts'ku bu fn xzsVj bUMl oSyh ¼ubZ
fnYyh % rwfydk½-
jRukxj] ,l-] ¼2004½ VªsfMax ,UdkmUVlZ ÝkWe fn QqjsV~l Vw fn bUMl bu fn czksUt ,st
¼ubZ fnYyh% vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-
jRukxj] ,l-] ¼2016½ gM+Iiu vkfdZvkWyth% vyhZ LVsV ilZisfDVo ¼fnYyh% çkbel½-
'ksQj] ts-th-] ¼1993½ ^jh vcZukbts'ku% n bZLVuZ iatkc ,aM fc;ksUM*] ,p- LisMsd vkSj Mh-
,e- Jhfuoklu] laik-] vcZu QkWeZ ,aM ehfuax bu lkmFk ,f'k;k% fn 'ksfiax vkWQ flVht
ÝkWe çhfgLVkWfjd Vw çhdksyksfu;y VkbEl ¼okf'kaxVu% us'kuy xSyjh vkWQ vkVZ½ i`- 53-
67-
'kkj th- ,e- vkSj ,e- foMky] ¼1985½ ^lQZsl ,foMsUl vkWQ Øk¶V ,sfDVfoVht ,sV
pUgwnM+ks] ekpZ 1984*] ,ukfyMsy ^bULVhV~;wVks ;wfuoflZVkfjvks vksfj,UVsy 45] i`- 585-98-
'kekZ] ,- ds- ¼1999½ fn fMikfVZM gM+IiUl vkWQ dkfycaxt ¼ubZ fnYyh% lanhi çdk'ku½-
'kekZ] vkj- ,l-] ¼1974½ ^vk;ju ,aM vcZukbts'ku bu fn xaxk csflu*] bafM;u fgLVkWfjdy
fjO;q] Hkkx 1] ua- 1 i`- 98-103-
fLeFk] ,e-,y- ¼2001½ fn vkdsZykWth vkWQ ,su vyhZ fgLVkWfjd Vkmu bu lsaVªy bafM;k
¼vkWDlQksMZ% ch , vkj baVjus'kuy lhjht 1002½-

39
uxjh; bfrgkl% fLeFk] ,e- ,y-] ¼2002½ ^flLVeSfVd losZ ,sV fn vyhZ vcZu lkbV vkWQ fllqikyx<+]
,d ifjp; mM+hlk] th- lsuxqIr vkSj ,l- ikatk] laik- vkfdZvkWyth vkWQ bZLVuZ bafM;k% U;w
ilZisfDVOl ¼dksydkrk% lsaVj Qksj vkfdZvkWyftdy LVMht ,aM Vªsfuax] bZLVuZ bafM;k½]
i`- 111-25-
lksuous] ch- ,p-] ih- vftrçlkn ds- ds- Hkku] ds- Ñ".ku] ,l- çrkipUæu] ,- etwenkj]
,-ds- iVsy vkSj ts- esuu] ¼2003½ ^,DldSos'kUl ,sV cxkljk 1996-2003*] eSu ,UM
,Uok;juesaV] Hkkx XXVIII ¼2½ i`- 21-50-
lqanjjktu- ds- oh-] ¼2006½ ukxktqZudksaMk 1954-60] Hkkx II ubZ fnYyh% Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo
losZ{k.k½-
LVkbu] ,-] ¼1942½ ^, losZ vkWQ ,fUl,UV lkbV~l ,ykax fn ^ykWLV* ljLorh fjoj*]
T;kWxzfQdy tuZy 99] i`- 173-182-
Vsjkeqjk] ,p-] okbZ- dksUMks- Vh- muks] ,- dkUrks] Vh- fdflUMk vkSj ,p- ldkbZ] ¼2008½
^vkfdZvkWyth fon th vkbZ ,l bu fn bUMl çkstsDV* Vh- vkslMk vkSj ,- m,lqxh] laik-
fyafXofLVDl] vkfdZvkWyth ,aM fn áweu ikLV] vksdstuy isij u- 5 ¼D;ksVks% vkj vkbZ
,p ,u½] i`- 45-101-
,sflVksjh] ,y- ih-] ¼1918-19½ ^,DlIyksjs'ku chdkusj*] ,uqvyfjiksVZ vkWQ fn vkfdZvkWyftdy
losZ vkWQ bafM;k 1918-19 ¼ubZ fnYyh% Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo losZ{k.k½] i`- 22-23-
Bkdqj] oh- ds- ¼1981½] vcZukbts'ku bu ,fUl,UV bafM;k ¼ubZ fnYyh% vfHku çdk'ku½-
oekZ] ,l- vkSj ts- esuu ¼2015½ ^eSfiax fgLVªht ,aM çSfDVlst vkWQ ikWVlZ* gkmlgksYM bu
,fUl,UV bUnksj [ksM+k ¼200 ch lh bZ- 500 lh bZ½] ds- jkW;] laik- yqfdax fonhu] yqfdax
fonkmV] ,DlIyksfjax gkmlgksYM~l bu fn lcdkSfUVusaV Fkzw Vkbe ¼ubZ fnYyh% çkbel
cqDl½ i`- 19-45-
oRl] ,e- ,l- ¼1940½ ,DldSos'kUl ,sV gM+Iik ¼fnYyh% Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo losZ{k.k½-
foMky] ,e-] ¼2000½ fn vkfdZvkWyth vkWQ bUMl Øk¶V~l ¼jkse% vkb ,l vkbZ , vks½-
Oghyj] vkj- bZ- ,e-] ¼1953 [iqueqZfær 2010]½ fn bUMl flfoykbts'ku ¼dsfEczt% ØsfEczt
;wfuoflZVh çsl½-
jkbV] vkj- ih-] ¼2010½ fn ,fUl,UV bUMl% vcZfuTe] bdksukseh ,aM lkslkbVh ¼U;w;kdZ%
dsfEczt ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-

40