PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

QUARTER 3 – WEEK 6

Understanding Data and Ways to Systematically Collect Data

MELC:
After going through this module, you are expected to be able to:
1 Synthesizes information from relevant literature; CS_RS11-IIIfj-3
2 Writes coherent review of literature; CS_RS11-IIIfj-4

What I need to know

This lesson presents how to write a synthesis based on the materials gathered from the literature review.
The synthesis will be based on noted you took to describe, summarize, analyze, and identify key concepts. This
lesson also aims to guide you in writing a literature review coherently. Literature as in any form of writing
demands the observance of coherence.

What’s new?
Synthesis
A synthesis is a discussion that draws on one or more sources. Your ability to infer relationships among
sources such as essays, articles, fiction and also non-written sources such as lectures, interviews, and observations
will be helpful in synthesizing information taken from your review of literature.
Synthesis refers to the bringing together of materials from different sources, and the creation of an integrated
whole. In the case of your research, the “whole” is your structured review of relevant works and your coherent
argument for the study that you are doing.

GQs What are the types of synthesis?

Types of synthesis
1. Explanatory synthesis – it helps the readers to understand a topic. Its primary aim is to present the facts
in a reasonably objective manner. Explanations given may entail descriptions, sequence of events or state
of affairs.
2. Argument synthesis – its purpose is for you to present your own point of view with the support of relevant
facts drawn from services and presented in a logical manner. What is presented may be debatable.

GQs How to write a synthesis?

Ways to write a Synthesis

The procedure that you can follow in writing the synthesis of your literature review includes the following:
1. Consider your purpose in writing.
2. Select and read carefully your sources, according to your purpose.
3. Formulate a thesis. It is the main ideas that you want to present in your synthesis.
4. Decide how you will use your source materials and take down notes.
5. Develop an organizational plan according to your thesis.
6. Write the draft of your synthesis, following your organizational plan.
7. Revise your synthesis.

GQs Are there techniques which I could use to write the synthesis easier?

Techniques for writing Synthesis

1. Summary – it is the simplest way of organizing a synthesis. Here you write one after the other the most
relevant information and sources you gathered.
2. Example or Illustration – it is a reference to a particularly illuminating example or illustration that you
have included in your review. You need to credit your sources/s.

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 3. Two (or more) Reasons – this approach can be an effective method by simply stating your synthesis,
then give reasons why it is true. Your reasons need to be supported by evidence from your data and
sources.
4. Comparison and Contrast – these techniques will lead to examining two subjects or data in terms of
one another. Comparison considers similarities while contrast, highlights differences.

GQs What other helpful tips can I use to organize my literature review?

Synthesis Matrix
Synthesis matrix is a chart that will allow you to sort and categorize the different opinions and
arguments given on an issue relation to you study. Across the top of your chart are the spaces to record sources
ad along the side are the spaces to record the main points being undertaken.
Here is a suggested form for creating your own synthesis matrix:

Topic: _________________________________
Label: Author’s last name and/or few keywords from the title of the work.
Label: Main ideas that your source discussed about your topic.
Main Idea A Source # 1 Source # 2 Source # 3 Source # 4
Main Idea B

Then, fill up the chart with notes discussed in the work being examined.

Note: Supplementary materials about samples of literature review synthesis were uploaded in the Facebook page.
Encouraging everyone to visit the page and read the materials.

WRITING A COHERENT REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Structure of a Literature Review
There are three main components consistent across literature reviews. These components should be found in
your literature review; Introduction, Body, and Conclusion:
The INTRODUCTION is often a single paragraph that introduces the general topic and provides
scholarly or societal context for the review. It also identifies the overall statement of knowledge about the topic.
In the BODY, you need to address previous research on the topic grouped according to theme,
theoretical, perspective, methods used or chronological development. This section draws together the
significance of previous individual studies by highlighting the main themes, issues, and knowledge gaps. You
must connect the literature to the proposed research objectives within this parts.
The CONCLUSION is often a single paragraph that provides a summary statement of the overall state
of knowledge about the topic. This section should reconnect ideas to your introduction. It should establish the
potential significance or importance of your proposed study relative to the current state of knowledge.

GQs What are the guidelines in writing a literature review?

Guidelines in writing a Literature review

Rule 1: Define the topic and the audience. When defining a topic, consider factors such as interest, importance
and recency.
Rule 2: Search and re-search reference lists.
Rule 3: Prepare a conceptual diagram of the need for the different types of literature review.
Rule 4: Take notes while reading.
Rule 5: Choose the type of review you wish to write.
Rule 6: Keep the review focused and make it of broad interest.
Rule 7: Be critical and consistent.
Rule 8: Find a logical structure.
Rule 9: Make use of feedback.

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Example of phrases to use in the literature review for coherent presentation:
1. There appears to be strong evidences that …………..
2. The literature has shown ………….
3. The foregoing literatures have shown ……….
4. The data supporting the hypothesis are ………….

Additional tips:
Writing the main points of the study you are reading for your literature review will help you synthesize the
points easier. Here are some additional tips to note while reading:
1. Where you found the information
2. Topic
3. Paraphrased information found. DO NOT JUST COPY AND PASTE THE WORDS FROM THE
PAPER YOU ARE READING. REMEMBER OUR LESSON ON PLAGIARISM.

ACTIVITY 1: Direction: Identify what is being asked in each number.

1. It helps the readers to understand a topic.
2. Refers to the bringing together of materials from different sources, and the creation of an integrated whole.
3. Its purpose is for you to present your own point of view with the support of relevant facts drawn from
services and presented in a logical manner.
4. A discussion that draws on one or more sources.
5. Referred to as the “synthesis of the art”.
ACTIVITY 2. Direction: Read all your sources for your literature review. Construct a synthesis matrix using all
the references you gathered for your study. Make sure to follow the format.

ACTIVITY 3. Direction: Compose your coherent literature review by following the guidelines in
making a coherent literature review. Make sure to secure a copy for yourself to prepare for the defense of
your literature review in week 7-8.

Prepared by: Implemented by:

HANNAH ALEXIS M. ASILO KIM RUSSEL O. BORROMEO MYLENE S. PADUL

Special Science Teacher I Special Science Teacher I Teacher I

Reviewed by: Checked by:

CLARESA M. CAÑEDA GEMMA A. CO

Master Teacher II/Mentor Science Dep’t Head – Designate

Concurred by: Approved by:

LORLITA S. RICABLANCA MICHAEL A. REGIS, CE, MM,MAT

Assistant Principal II Secondary School Principal IV

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